裺ǽۼ


 ࡤ


һ찲ŶĴֱ

  ǽǰһλʫԼʫѪڣͷҲѪڡ
һЩ˻عǽ˵λʫˡǹʫ˻衣
  ֪ˣȴΪʫ¡һ߰ʮһµĳ
һ죬ҺͽԪ찲Ź㳡ľΧǽϿĴֱ
£ǡ¿ͳȱ䶯Чöģûֱӹ
ֱë󶫱߿Ļۡº
ɺ䶯ıʵȫԻ֣֮ļƷôˢӵ
ɷдȥġ󣬻һ̸£ǻɫɷ˵
ī֭һǳɵͿĴֽϺ󣬲ע⵽ˣת
һͷܶ飬ͷԲɺһ죬סϵͷ
Ƿڲϡѻŵû겻ȺУҺͺҲǡ̳
֮һĽԪ
  Ĵֱһ͹糱ʱ˺͵ġ
ֱ찲Ź㳡Դ˵˵ǣ찲Ź㳡ҲǴٲ
ŸƨҲǾףʵһص㻹жԱǿҵЧë󶫵ı
ľë󶫼øֱͱǶľΧǽ
Ϊë󶫼öȦΧǽ
  ʱͱλʱʹֻ裬Ҳ衣߰
ıȻȲëһֱλʲô仯
ǣʲô仯ҲûУµͼװ¾µ
ͳη϶ʶΪƶͻĵٳǵĲ
ǰδеٶǰֻеĺ˽飬
ڲȷ壬ĹڳҲй
еڱ緱ǵĸСȦ໰⼸ÿ۱顣Щ
໥ڼڵȴͻǻѹֶϿջʱ
  ºͱѸڱε˴֪顣
ʮǽȻһйǵע⽹תƣ
ĵ˻ı£̸ǽ뵽찲Ź㳡¸
ı¡ǶǽΪǽʱޣıȷʵ
ǽǵԭ⻹Сıʱ
ǽĵ̫һվھ˼ϵİӲעģһվ
ɽµľעĿǽڻԣȷʵһɽ
ֿ˵ʱı˵ɺ䶯򣬵
ʮŴֱ²ųĵҫĿġ뿨ͳ̸Ȩ
йʱȨʶλ׼ظڹٷ䳰ȷñ
ӹӵ׷£һջȨΪĮ̬£ʵ
㷺Ӻͬ顣˵찲Ź㳡Զ
ԭźôһʵһ㣬豾ڲڱܱܲ
˽⣬µӡҲܲһ赽ȥҴңû
ʱһúѲ
  ڻعǽʷʱʱڵãǡ硶졷౱ԣ
ǽĲӰ졣˵ʫǽ籡ǰۼ
Ǽ߰ǽǰĳźΪǽĵ
Χ

ڴгԡ

  찲Ź㳡ǰ軹йһαУҲһЩӰ
Լ˵߰죬ʫһͻȻолʷ
ġ˲䡱һʹеӦðպжġ˲䡱һʮʮ
գ迸һٶֽдĳʫԱһϵһ
л˫ʮڣ֪Ƿʶһ쿪ʼġʷֱ
ƺڤڤĳ̣ĸȷǹ񵳵Ľʫ
ձΧǽϡĦࡢ֮꣬ǿš
Ժ̸ʫΧȺҪʫ˵Сڴ
гԡ⾳ʱид½ʮľʵı
ִٺһϴˢԼǸʱ˾е
Ҫһλʱ˵ɱɣǴҶ
ҲԹ
  һڽͷڽͷʫΪһЩ̸۵Ļ⣬ʵʫ
Ȩ顣ʫȨǿҵ
ȥעʫĲ飬еʱ򡣻жҵΧ
Ⱥѯʽżò飿񳤳Ǹòòÿζ
ĻӦҲ˵ʫƵȨ顣
һص㣬ڵʱйŻҵķ죬Ҳſֶصķʽ
ʱйʱй˵ҲãҰĵʿҲãԼ
С̽˼ֻʫһңŻǹȥͲǽ
ƾ˲ĸоͲȡʷ֤ʮΣյ¸ҡðʧж
⣬ҲֻʫܹᣬֱӾȨ飬ſ
µйϰвҵĻӦ
  ܵٻйڴгԡ֪Ƿʶʵ
йһɡйĽʷУй˺δش
ڱʡ֮һϵηƣξĻĵ
ܾãͷȴûʲô̵ʡڱγɸ߳
ͽ˶򣬸߳ͽڱ˶Ͼ߳ͽ
ǱӲʤö١һμȽΪǽ˶Ȼȫ
ͬͷʡȴҲʡܵ

ԻһЩӡ

  ʱ֪ٷ֮ʮŲסô
ˡǴξǻ찲Ź㳡ڸ߸ߵ̨ˢı¡ɣ
ǸոտʼʱҺͽԪȥǰŵļң·Ǵĸ
ˣͰһֽţʮĿľΧǽһʼж찲
Ź㳡ϴ˱ӻȥôʹ˷ܣԱѰ಻סƿ
ױֽĻ飬ˢӻҶԽԪ˵ס
һȥʶʶ
  ˢ´̨ʱҺͽԪ⣬мΧ
ȥŴ˵ģ񲻻ǡȣȻԵԺҲ
ЩźͻңشĲɣææѿߵǼ
Եø߸ϣƺмڻشǵ⣬Ļȥץס
Ի˵ʶʶɲԸǵ͵ַҵ
̫ͻأһЩûͬĹ۵Ͷ͡һ
㣬ϸ˻ɣҷĴʱһϹ˵
ˣ´̸ɡͦĿһۣ˵ڡֺһ
£ֻҲ˵ڡʵϣǲ˴˾ͿԶʧã
ã˺ˡԪ˵Ǻ£Ըⱻɵ֪ݡҲΪȻ˵
ƵĴסвˣֻס
Ȥҽһܺˡ
  ǽֺ󣬻軹˵ġڱ1476ţ
Ҳǡ񿯺֯ϯ顷졷̳ͬ͡ʹõһ
ªСһҪߣ˵͹ʫ˻ĵصи
ԼᡣԿóͦԼᣬԸʶԼصͷ
ʫˣȫķΧڣҲϣ졷иĺߺ׫ˡ
ûϸ̸λ棬Իֻһ䣺̫񡱡
  ȤҲǹ˳ǶԻӡ󡣻˵˳ǼͳƻΪйĻ
˵ȺӢƵģǰŵСʱ֪˳
Իòǵò̫壬Ҳǲ̫塣һΡ졷Ԩ̶ٰ
ʫлϣ˳Զ˳Ҵкһ衣ҲҺͻ
м󣬵顢̸ֹòһʫ˴Σ
֪˳ͷа쵽һġ

ġļһ

  ǿһţйҲһ
жݺ͵ҲȽ˵壬һȽ
ûֽţͲЩɫҵҵ
ʱйȷʵмǵһ
  ۼһЩ飬ԷѵϽСɡʫĻĻ
ǵһҲܽﵽһЩʽǰУҪ
ӵߺִţȺҪƽҲ⡣
ʫʽйȤǰû˵
  Ľ磬ǵȫһ߰ʮһѮ
;нģǽڶĸ֯Լ˰¡Ŀɹ
֮Ҳı죬˼ʶϻʽϣûֺ
֣Ǿͬǰӵڵŵĸ֯ġȻ
һ糤ܱ༭ǻ裬糤渱ܱһУҪԱ
зһĪպˣ֪һû
õȫ֧֣ʵС
  ȨţĻкشݲȨ֮󣬻ǵһ
һ
  ⼸µģйҲڣ߰ǲ
߹ơ⼸еκһֻҪʱ䲻ԣȻٲĶˣ
һ߰˭Ҳ޷˵ʱ˵һꡣڲǰ˰ѵ̨ȫ
ɱһˣϺϡ()ƷˣȫԩѾ
ǽһشЩνУ˼ͽĿ
ʵĻŤһЩ˼˼Ϊ
뾭ѵس̶ȿȥԶǴЧҲͬն
ǵ̸ֻӰǺܽһЩˣ£ԵЧ
Ӧ
  ȻۻͬʱӦùĿܹЧӦ븶޴
Ӱ첻֮Ĺϵʷ̵濴ûзҵȵ˶Ƶ
˸صĴۣûй䡢Ϻϵ˵ûĶ
רƻɶҲûкĻ衢Ժֵǽһ
ʷ󣬿ԳΪĹغ㶨ɣǲʲôĹ
ûһʧδ˿Ӱ졣˹ʮǰɭɱ
ٱִ֪ܵеģʮȴԲ
϶·áʵϣǧǰĳλϵ˼
ãǽ֮Ӷһӡе
ãеĹҲʷгĹܡЩЩ¼
ṦЧ󣬳˱Ĺ⣬Ҫǡý϶Ľʷг
ܡµѴڣʷгĹƮɢ̣Ԥʲô
γɸӦ˵һСĸЩ˼
ܲŻӰ졣

塢ǽ

  Ȼǽ֮ǰҲǽһԱԼ߾
ҲǽܵһδǰԾʱڣĳԱ˱
˵ԼǹȫȨ͸֯ӴʮֻԾҪ
Ǹ˵˵һžϲֻҪûе޾ֻ˵ˡ
ڡ̳֯˵˶չ̫̫ԶԶ
ĽűҲǽ˱ҪҪ¸Ҫ
ϹҽӴˣ֪ȫԻԾ󡣵ǣ
ˣһ˶ʱȻ֣ұȻкܴúӰ
죬һʱɿ;ۼһЩǽЩ³֯
һ籱磬Ȼڻθ˺ܴӰ
Ҳ˵ʹ󵨣ΪЩ˾ۻ˺üҲûܹ
ȥ˲ųԪ¶ʮϯ״ǽٿĿ鼯
ϣ˵ܸɣƾΪǴλˡһ
ʹɿ;ۼ˫нҲ˶ɱ󣬰˾
Ҫö࣬˱˺Ҳöࡣû̳ʧܣ
˼άµķʽҲ鷳Σعã˵
緢ڧѣһɡ
  ʵϣһΪһһɣһɵĳ
ΪίһһɳΪ༭һ
ٷֳȥƽⶳ硣֣˼߾ļʱңΪ
˭Ҳ˭Ѿܸ߸ϷʩԵµĶҪ췴
굽ŦԼʱһ˵˵ڲϵķ˷ѣ
ʮͷ˶һȫλľ˶һ
˶ȥҰѵ֣˼˵Ļ˵Ҳ
Ӱ죬Ϳ϶Ʋã
ԪĴ
  һΪڵƾеҲν˭ռй
ȥӰ죬Ͳ˭ȨȥĹ⡣뵽
ϣϯһ⡣뷨Ĵ죬
˶̸ϯҲԼ⣬˵Ҳʵ޴Ӳ
֣ϣԼڹϢǹҪ
ۣϯΪٿֻ顣ʱĹٷǽ˲
ϷǼٰͬѳŲǻˣί
ġԼǷһĪȺҹҼΣȻҪϯΪ
һ۵Ļ顣ҽϯۺͿǣһ
˵軹Ҫ̸Լ˸ʱ䡣
  һģҰ76ǰС豾˻
࣬Ҫ̸ѵǷֱͱ۵ıҪԿ϶
˵мλҲ塣ǽ˱Щϲ
նƣϯΪڱֻĵ󻹿Ц˵һ
ҪҲϯҲҪμӣȥȺ̸̸ĺô塣ǸԱʾ
󣬾ûм⣬˵˼ıָ𡣻Ǻ
˿ۻ顣

ģʽ

  ǽ֯һԱץģҲǹ磬ʮ
߾ѮץҪԱֻѣ֣˼˵Ƕ㵽
ɽȥˡʮȻǷѺ֯У첢ϸ֮
ȫصһС塱Ŀȥˣȫһ˵
ǣǲطץ˾ͲţǴԼֻһ±Ⱥˡ
  ڡ졷־йƶԻǵĴʽΪģʽ
ڡģʽģ˵Ҫģʽһ׾飬
ȫ񿯺֯Ҫǽʵй
ΪģʽڱȫùûãԺᳵ·ʹ˼
ĴǽŶžǽϵĻӰ졣򵥵˵ģʽ
ʡһ߹ԱӼǽҪԱȰϲ·
ģʽɾѧϰ࣬ʹ֪Ѷϲ·
  ֣˼ʱѾͨ˿ѧϰࡣ֣˼˵ǳ
ʱߣ˲ȡʳǣ첻˶
˼ɣǵλ촦дĿ鰤ȥѵ⣬
ôѾߵΣյıԵݿŵòᡣ˲Ը
ſʼʳҲͷʳ֣˼Ц˵Ҳάֲס߰
ʫ󣬶ʣµľʳ˵ģҪͶҶͶ
  ŦԼҸ仰ʱȻŭ˵֣˼Ƕˡ˵ʲô
ͶдϴڹͶд˼ѧϰĵܲϴʵ
Ļⲻ֣˼Ǿ仰ҪԾʳԵġȻй
ΪʾڿʲôģʽͶͶ
ҪֻҪǲǿҵĶԿͷźҪԭĹ
ʮһʱӱΪй˾ʽƱԱȻ
׵һΪʡЭĻԱ
֤йǽһζѹ
  ģʽʵ翴ģԸǿŴĿģʵ
ĿǣһйѾп켺ĿоϣǸж
йִΰȷνġģʽʵû⣬
ʵۺ͹񵳵ĽǾôɵġйһ
ʵۺ͹񵳵Ľ˼ʮĹ򣬻ǿѧϰ
Ͳʱ䡣Ҳһʵۺ͹񵳵Ľȷʵв
ΪԼдڻͷдȴй͹
йûܹʵԼĿġһ߾°꣬й»硢
ձձй걨ȵȫԵĴŻȺҹ裬
ѯʵߺǷ泩ҪԹĽ̸̸˵Ϊʲ
ôҪȵȡԼûн⣬軹Ǳ˼


ߡͰ

  ;ⶣǻĸһʼԭĳ
ĸǶܾ־ֳһ񵳾ͳԣ˾ʱھ
Ϸˣ׼ʶǿҵũ˵Ͷ廨νʾڣη
ȴԶҲ˵ĻԴĻеĲԭϢס˸ո
Ļ裬šȹֻǰԭʵȴǱ
ץ͸ĶӣһЩ˵Ļ롪ͼ͵Խ͸ģʮ
йΪߣСڱ֮Ψֲ뿪͸Ķ
ˡ򣬸һпҵõΣյĻĻͻʱ
˵һĲ賡Һһλ˼ͥϣƽ嵭
йͳ衣йڵĽ׼Ǽ
ڷϱȽ⣬ȺûûҹѺɽȥලͶ
ʹֱ࣬зñӹţ
һڼȥĵһӣӤţ
ģû뿪ţӤ߹һûлһ۵ˡľ
ڱˣһ˵ķˣ⵹ʹ뿪ţھԺ
ơ
  Ժ󣬽׼һץľûйȥôҵ߰ռ
ɡⱾǻ赹ù˵һתھϻʹһ
иĹۣҲдЩûзյʫʺ£ôƾ
ˣǽԼʹɹ۷ʶʫģʹԼ㷭
ʲôңʹһ˵ĹΡǣ츳ڻ˵
裬Ҳ츳죬ȴмڴˣӲҪԼڱʯͯɽҰ
¾ѡ硢ǽΣյʽکȨΣյ
ݡһѡʹ˼ⶣëαץһ
ʱ䣬Ǿһףûйûס
  ׻˵ĳʧ鳡⡱еĵ˺Լڰϻò
⻰Ϊ׫ġڻһ˺һƮУڲ賡
һʵĹ˴ȵʫİıš˭˵Ǹʱ
ĲֵǮʫľ˹ȫģķ׺Ǹ
һУͥ֯ɣֹɷݲļͥͽ׼᷺
ģӰҵǧλܵ׼Ӵľ棬
ͶǧټƽǸĸҪɢĶŮһ
ӺǣһжԻλﾡǰ׷ѣѹԴݻ
ǵİ顣ڴ˺ĴԼʮһƶޱϱӵ
ʱ״£˻αץѺʹʧӼ辫ѵȵһ
һѣʲô±ƽ
  ꣬ļͥһѡʮһ꣬ȴһʮŮ
ѧÿţ˵һֱڴˡԻļ
ͥȻ󲨡й·˶Ϊ˱
αΪ·ҪŮѧṩУ˵
оĳ׽⣬ҪȥһĶС참
ҹʡרҵܣֻҪϲԼ
Ůѧ̹סԼǸܺˡһԪ쵼µѧУҲд
ļ顣һҼԼİҲҼʵŮ
ס˾죬ʧѧУʧ˸ĸİͼͥļǿͳܵʧ
ܹȹ֮־͵õͷš
  ŮѧʱӼΪŭе˵
ߣͻ豩˼ҵĳͻȻǷǿԣһַħͷ
ͷҪɵռУһָϵ۵ľҲЧ԰Ĺ¼
ǧིⲻʵ˵һľ
Գּ飬ľ´⾳˴졢
ŮѧһļͥҪ̸̸ͬӵӦóԼ
ɷĵµĻƻĽ汻óԼɷ
жͬԼ˳ȥͥʲô취أҲЩƾ
Ű顣
ˡ

  ļӲʿٴ绰ңӦһ뵽
վߡ绰˾Զʶ࣬Ƕˡ
  ϡɱɤʮʱȥˣյӡлǶ
ϱ˻֮ǻ־Եšŵ绰һʱ
ԡ֮ĸп
  ͬй˼ʮˣ˽Ļ
룬ʫ˵Ļ롣˵˴ʵ¼ı
ˣӦμⱾʵķУҪڹѧйģʫлᡣȻ
ĽжʮˣʹĵĻ跢ĲͶΪ˵ÿһ
жһ̡ϣǰͳϵ̸ֻ
ͨǽԿؽβйеȱ˻ǳĬ
Ǳʾ˲ܡĮ費ҲΪе
̫ˣ֣֮һζԱ뷢й˵㣬
Ҫдġ
  ӲʿŦԼʱѾ˰µ飬ļߴ˸п
˵еĹıͣĻȫռˡһЩ
ܵ˵ķʵݿ˵Ҳʵ밲ο
ֹ޷˵㵱Щ£ҪľǷʵݣôӿʼ
ʹˣҪҵɾ͸УǷŰˣôѾõˣ
αΪûеڴ̾ҲϸЩΪԻ

  ҲҴңȥҲҴңһº󣬻Ҫйˡô
йûµǩ֤̿йľû
ӳգʮٱǶʮӢĸΪʱ̫ò
ûпʼδϡΪĵɺʹĽᣬ
ʫ˵Ρѿӻߵʱ˼ƺ˵ʲô
˵Ѿ복վڳǻҵİڰָ

  ҪԼ֤ʵص;ٰ˴͵ʫлᣬֻ
ţ˵ɹͬʱҲԲмĿ˵ȺȻڣյؾ͸
ɫССʱѲѶʡԴˣķӳǣʹ
ᶨҪԼ̣ʫȨҸеºͷ纮Ҳ
ʧɧ軹ǻ衣