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 ŵѧ䷢һ


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    ŵ䷢һ  1901 2001ѧѡһ¼ֵ
ϵ ϵʱǿҪλѧԺŵί
ϯ˹˵Ļŵ  ŵѧ һľرһ㡣

    ¼ֵϵѧԺŵҪѧС
һ趨ģҲ˵ǡ򡱵ĵάȡ

һŵĵ

    һһΪ̵ˣ󶼴 ʥ 
ĵ½ġġ֪( samvete൱Ӣе
 concience ), ǡ̵֪ͬġԭصһ

	ŵӢʫѩ˼Ӱ졣 Ϊһߣ
ڽ̡Ȩ ˵ȡһսĻе̬ȡô
ѧԺġ¼ֵϵǷŵ˵ķڽһأ
Ͳܲһ
    ʵϣŵܹ·ڵϴͼֿѺ
տ( Henrik Schuck   u ϼ )ŵԵŵ
ϯ꣬ȷָ ŵһߣһƺʩ
ڽصģκһڽ̣˵ΨһֵǰǶ˵
տΪŵԵģڽսڽȺڣϣ
ӾĲȱаһɵĲ֮ųʵϣѩĺŵ
ۻͼǳӽ( Erik Bergengren:  ŵ  
 161ҳ )
    ˣŵڽ̹ۣ  ʥĦ̫ǰ еһ仰Ը
ȰǵܹǰԴ顢޿ĺİ
ǻ̵崫ͳŵǰΪ乫˾ԱṩͶ
ҵƽ˶˵ʱʱҵġġĵ䷶  ʥ
 ˵ġġҲָ˽֮ķֱǷǵĵɣŲŻ
ᡰͬģͬԭѧԺǰγ˹ͼȡ
  ʤɯʿ  һаŵΪĵϵ

   ɴ˿ɼŵ˵ĵ룬趨ѧġһ
Ҫ档ŵԵ¡Ԥ ѧ֧ǶԷ˵ͳߵķ
Լ Щ豻ߵͬġ 

ѧĵɵʷ̳

	ŵѡġ¼ֵϵƾõĻԨԴ
	ȻΪһѧƷֵԶ壬
жжϣȫԺгع档λһһ
µѧ⡣
	ʷϣڹϣʱھѽϵ ˣŵ
еİͼ    жĵҪ˹
۱ġұ򡰾ã˹ġԢ֡ȹ۵㣬ڽȻ
塣
	ѧĲжɯʿǵ  ķ У
Ϊȷ֤常߱λ֮һϷʱڡϷϷ
һ̽ڣԱ㡰ץסġɴ˿ɼŷ߹
ѧĵĵɡ
	ŷ˶˼»ֳ֪ʶ ( ) (  )Ȥ 
(  ) 򣬲߼ﵽݷչ˼ϣ
ɵѧܰǸõ磬壬ٽĵ
 ¹ѧҿµĹ־дͷϵǿպеĵɡ
жϺ͵жѷѽ˵
	 ˶ϴж˹̩  ʲô  а۵Ļ
춨ڡõĵԭõڽ֮ϣŵġ
 ڶڼŵж˹̩ΰƷ
ߣˣж˹̩ŵϵ©֪ʶӶѧԺ
ǿҿ顣
	ʷĻ˵ĵɼĵʶѾΪһձ
սݻΪ˶ͬıлͬθС
	 ǿѧĵɵĹ۵Ȼ෴ģʮ͵Ψۡ
˵īһλʫŮһʫکԭӵԭӵ
޴İеıըΣѡΪӵ˶壬
ѧеĵ³е̣	ΨΨ֮һ
ۣĳЩҳΪµġ໥Ӱֹۡ۵㣬
Ժ͵ԢⲻƫϣȫáԼ  Ϊ
  УΪѧȫͨ桢龳Ը
дӰ졣õƷʦѡߣѩ ʫ 
 еĻ˵ǵ֮ƵΰĹߡµܾǰ
˵Խǵıԣ˵˼롢Ϊ˸дڵ

	 ѷ֣ѧʷϵĵɣѧɲ
ìܡѧҪĵ£ҪѧƷṩһϵͳĵ»ϵ
Ҫֳжжϵĳһԡѧеν
½̻ҿΪ֮Ǵұ˵ΰ˸ȻȻ¶
ġ ѧĵݣôԢԡͯȶͯѧȫʧ
ȥ˴ڵĻ 籯粻ܿ϶мֵĶ֮ĵϵʤ
ϲ粻ܳЦа֮ʱĵϵȱʧô뽫
öô԰޴ڵļֵ
	 ɴ˿ɼѧԺΪŵ趨ġ¼ֵϵȷŵ
ҲǶѧΰͳһֺ

ŵ¼ֵϵ

	һǰŵľƶġŵ³̡УĹ涨
ŵӦáͲߡν㣬Ȼָ
ߵĵˮ׼һĳǡ²ż汸
	ŵ佱ŹͰ佱ʣ硰ͬ顱ġ
¡ġ֮ȸڵζĴʻ㣬ǳƵ
߽Ҵ֮ʣؼŵίѧۺ͵¼ֵۡ뾭
ίз֤˵⡣
	Һ 1931ͱʱѧԺ˹
һ϶˺С˵ɾͣһִӵµĽǶ Ա⣬
ʾԶ  ԭ  ( 1927 ) δܵõʶ˹ķΪ
һ֡෸˼ĲܡΥŵġ򡱣Ҫ佱
ըҩŵֲܡһ䣬ĳЩ
ҵĲƽֱ֮ʮ󣬺 1946꣬ڰ˹
γڼ䣬ίŷǺѡ˺Ʒе˵
룬ڽŵ
	һֵôӵ½Ƕоѡ 1947񽱵ķҼ͵¡һ棬
ս֮˰Ѽ͵Ϊһλʦʱġһ
棬С˵    ( 1902 )ȴһ߲µĴ
ˣڸ͵µİ佱У˹ָ͵һֵ̽ºڽ̵Ļ
⣬Ʒֵġǵ塱( immoralism ) Ĺ
ˡ˹ָʵϣһһΪһ֡Ե޹ʵ
ΪĴһѹ»ýš˹ֵһ˵ñѧ
ԺΪǲ±׼ʵʱڵ롣͵
λһȱΪӵµңڵõߵ⣬Ϊѧ
ġ ¼ҡ
	 ͬΪѧġ¼ҡļѣŵʷʵĵ
֮һѧԺڸ ( 1957 )İ佱˵ζḻƷ
ԶϤʱ˵  һ㣬رڼ
ѵС˵    ( 1956 ) У˹â˹ʦԼµְҵ
٣ߡ ְҵΪԼȶеΪһְҵ
ߣԼ֮ڡ˹ڰ佱ָ
С˵˹Լġ
	  1972¹Ҳ񽱣ҪΪƷšս¹
ġڰ佱и߶ﲮѧ ---- һ ˵ѧ 
϶Ե¹ѧġ  ǡ һʽϵʵ顱ǴӻС
һֱĻ ŵϣĽҪ䷢Ʒ
 ˹  ŵѧ  һнһָζţΰ
ֱŵ˵ԸҪҴǵ۹ķϵĵ¸
˵ϯȻҵ˵ϯ
	 Ҫ֤֮⣬вֵעĵۡڸŮ
ҵմ ( 1926 )İ佱УտŵԸŵϣѧ
䷢ƷлԷңⱭӦעһֵ
ĽͻڸҰ ( 1936 )İ佱У˹
ָȱֻ֧ǲש߶ѡ
	Դ 1941˹ֵѧԺ֮󣬶ŵĲͺ
ŵѡΪӽŵĳԡڸӢѧ ( 1950 )İ佱У
˹صġѧʵر˵Ƕŵ
ĺڸ˹ ( 1955 )İ佱Уɭָ
֮ͬΪ֧ͼûмֵ˹̹ (
 1962 )İ佱Ʒһ̺֡ͬĬͶ
Ĺ۲족 ( 1965 )İ佱У˹ָ  Ķٺ 
 ߡԼķͻĽ ( 1970
 )İ佱϶ƷǿĵŶڰ佱нһ
ָٵĺľǡİġ
 ( 1998 ) İ佱ߡԻ롢ͬͷ֧ŵĵԢԡ

	 Ϊֹڶʮ͵ľʮλŵУǲѷȨƽ
ѧġбڵ˷ߣԼֻӢļ ( 1907
 ) Ƥ¦ ( 1934 )ŲĹķɭ ( 1920 )ȼλ
Ϊĵ۹˼⵽ǴƤ¦ī
ϵΪڸķɭɴŲ󣬳䵱Ϊ˹Ч͵ġŲ顱
߻ŵ֮ʮˡ
	ŵ塱еľǡ²ż汸ҡбΪ
ѧĵңᵽĲ͵¡ѡ
⣬зرΪʮ "ϷŮҸĬ
ΪϷǵġ󽭽ǡձġ ѧ׼Щ
Ҳʵġ
	˹̸1999ŵΪʲôѡ˹ʱ͸¶ 1972
˹ǲǿľ֡ ǿ¼ֵϵѡ˲
󣬸˹⵽ʮ˵ѧԺٶȿǸ˹ʱ19
72ʵΪĵ¼ֵĲϵڽѧԺġ
˵ѡ˹ҪΪġʵȻѧϾѧ
ŵҲСƷһ޶¼ֵϵӦҪ֧
֮һ 
    2001꣬¡ףŵ䷢һ֮ʱѧԺѧ䷢
ӡӢααƷж˹˹΢ʣ
ϴȺڷǰӡᡢʡͻ˹̹ĸ˹
βɷã˼ʵƷ  ͽм  1981  Խ 
1998 ƷѾʾȵ˹ԭּǱڵĿֲ
ˣһָѧԺѡһ֡ ѡ 
    ʵϣβˡѾʮαһֱںѡ
ǰéһѧԺͶƱ  911ֲϮ֮
ʮ³еġѧԺοֲϮ԰佱ʲôӰ졣οֲ
ϮʵϼȷγͻҲͻǿֲӽٳһ޹ƽ
еҰӦӵάжϺͽ͡ѧԺαİ
Źָ ǶΪһϣαǿµ
̳ߣһĵ۹˵ıʷҡˣ˵һѡ
˵һֵ¿ ¼ֵϵ  ã⵱Ȼ
ѧɾ޿ɷ½еġ
    αһλǿҵĵ¸еҡ1998һβɷУ
һӦѭʲôΪ淶ԭʱα뵽ԭ˵
 ǵģΪһ˻һʵ˲ܵҡƷҪһ
ֵ¹ۣԼĹ۵ǲµģҾ޷ܹ
Ʒһ𡣡

ġܱ͵ġ¼ֵϵ

	˵µʵ飬ԭ޶Դֻ֣֮и֮֡һ
ʵϵƷеǵµ ά
Ǻá¹ػΪ۵ʵǲȡģΣյġѧ
ԺʵעءʵõѡҲʧ󡣸˹ȷ
 1999ѡΪ ǡʵĴʦͬʱʮ֮
ĵȨƷб֣ ˹ѾΪ־
ġһġ²ż汸ҡ
	ŵѡġ¼ֵϵ֮ԲܱܷͣΪ
ʮ͵ ---- ˹ϴ͹Ľ׼ϴ ----û
ಽʮһ֮ʱֲѾչΪɥķҰ
޹ƽȴڲٰ˺йＤֻķ˵Ӧ
֡աؽעµ
     ѧԺڸİ佱У̸ȱ³еһζ
ʽϵʵʱԼıʵ˵Ҫ˾ȥݻ
Ӿ
	 죬ֲͼûȨֵ
ĲٹȻרƵӰ£еĺˮ
ںȡ ǼԮ֡ĵʱѧ޷жֵ
εġ (200110£
