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ھڵġ֮ܶġʷɡһģԻΪ
˸ΪԣɵԣʷɵĿԵȣ÷ǳʡ
ҵι۵ͬкܴ죬Ƕѧ۵ȴͬУ
Էӡ

һۺר

ڹɵĿƺǸܳѧ⣬ʵȴܵϵ˵
ۺʵ⵹ҳҪ¡ѧͲµģѧʵ
оĳ㡣ǵЩ
ĲͬʵУЩ㳣ǱǱʶУΪԾ
ԳһЩ൱ͬĿ໥öԷ⣬
²רۺ۵˸ɵ۱
ЩϵĲ죬жڹɵʶռһ൱Ĳ

˹˼Ĺǰܽ˼˼ʱ˵ķлķ
չһ˼ʷķչɡɾָʷΨ
塱˼ִʱʽʲ׼
˶ɡνʣֵۡ⣬˹̸˼
ѧġ֡
  ˼ųơѧ塱˵ǡ塱˵ǡ
ѧ֣˵ǿѧ塣ʮǰǵձ۵ǰѿѧ
һ־ۣѧйؿ͹۹ɵ֪ʶֿ͹۹ɾʤ
ˣ֪ʶһںžʹֿѧֹ塣νѧ塱
ϣáѧķ⡣˼ѧϵĳ㡣
˼Ͷ˹ΪȻɺĳձԣһԣͼڲ
ᷢչĹʱҲȻĹһųǵĶ־ʶ
ȵأ롰־Ϊתơľۣ־ҲΪ
ֻΨһһľۡΪҲȻһ
ʷɣ֡ѧۡᣬɴƳ޲׼޲
׼רۡ
Ƶģйͳר˼УҲ׾ۣν첻
䣬಻䡱˸Ӧ˵Ȼ磬ɡ
ҪоȻʼȻȳɣν֪
֮ߣߣңߣ
ߣģߣȳ⣻ߣ֪֪
ڸ֪֪ϣ϶ޣ޶
룬Σζƽ
˶ۣ˽塣ȻԼÿ͹۹ɣ
Ƚѧȷ˼룬Ǿ͵ȻҪսʤ󡣼Ȼ
ôߵȻǷǺͿǿɶ񣬱֮졣
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֮෴۵ѧԴͷȴͻۡ
ȱȽϵͳز壬õǽӢ
ߣempiricismеˣJohn Locke
ֱԽģǿǵһ֪ʶھ飬ǶԹɵ
ʶһϻۺ͸¾Ḷ́κеġֻһֻȻԣ
ʱдڱµľ˭ҲܶռȨԼĸ
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ֲͬĹ۵ܶԣνԲԣνһǷǣһǷǡҲ
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ɡƽȡȨ췴ĻԺķ
źӰ졣С췴Υ־췴Ȩ
񣩺ܷѷдĶԣԼ
ҵһԭʷơˡܷѷԭֻԭ۹۵ġ
ƽȡܷѷ˵ϵ۵ּ⡣
˵Ĺ۵ڵʱĻȴǴ治ģ˹㷺Ĺ
ͬΪߵı̣George BerkeleyΨ徭ߣר
ľ顱ģDavid HumeȫΪ˵Ļ۱绤
֪ۡagnosticsʦ
ڵ̳в֪ǿ£Immanuel Kantдˡ
̽ʶľޡڷǿ׵£Auguste Comteʵ֤
ĴʼˣӦø׷ѰʡŬֻڴӹ۲
ѰʵҪȥ̸޷۲޷ʵĶڴ˻ϲʮ
ĩΰѧգErnst MachѻѧѧȾ
ѧ򣬴ǵ˼룬ʹ־˰˹̹ۺ͸籾
ѧɵۡԺƶȵķչ𽥳ѧ
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ȵȶִۡȻڹĸռ£۵òչ
ȻǾۡ۵£Ϊϰ

˵׼ԭ

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ֻҪ˵ͲٲˣҵĵԶҲ˵׼ģȻ
˵׼ԭ˵ҵľ裬硰ⲻ׼ԭ
ѧľһ
ҵͻۣΪûһԵı׼Ծ
ûбҪǿһɣҪĶɻΣ
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Ҳߣ˵ҲΪˣ˼о̲ŷḻ
Դǿӵı׼ף̫ϣ֪֮Σ
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һ˵ѧϵĿ֪˼άѧиոսųʱ
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·ֵδ֪ԽࣻԽ࣬²ҲԽࡣν
ҽ꣬νҽ֮꣬ν޿֮йȴ
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⡢ϵۣԡѧƶϡ
ѧı־֮һǰѧĻôѧĽڰѿѧ
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ڡʣֵۡ

ʣֵsurplus valueǽڡͶֵۡϵġ
ʶ۽ǶȿóһľĿѧ壬ͼѰҡ
־ΪתƵġ͹۵ġѧġֵ׼
ִѧѧƣԷֳ࣬ԻĿơ͡ơ
оȻĿ͹۵Ŀоϵļֵ羭ѧ
оƷֵѧо¼ֵѧоֵѧо顢
顢ȼֵνֵĳҪԣиֲͬ
Ҫи߼ҪͼҪӦľиֵּ
üֵǼֵԭʼ̬ģʽƷ֮мֵֻ
ΪǵҪƷԼֵȡǶԸҪг̶ȵ
໥ȽϣֱȽϵĽͷӦгĽϡ߼ЧѧɶԴ˾
ܵķֵΪƷġϡȱԡӶѼֵϵһ

˼ʷΨ۳ΪӦڼֵĶųҪ
㡱Ϊģأǡ־ڡΨ壬ҪѼ
ֵͬһǵضıģȷܵ
Ӣŵ侭ѧͼDavid RicardoġͶ
ֵۡԴ󷢻ӡΪͶʱƺǸ͹۵ֵ

ľʱۡ˼ǿƷԣΪҪ
ֻƷʹüֵʹüֵ˵Ҫһǧ򻯵ģȫʵ
޷໥Ƚϣ뿪гȻ޷ȽϣʹƷһ໥ģ
Ʒ޲ĽֵƼֵǣ˼Ͷԣ
ͶͳͶǰߴֲͬʹüֵǵĲͬҪ
ߴֻĲʵĲļֵʹüֵ޷Ʒļֵ
޹أֵǡ޲ĳͶĶʱΪλҪ޹
һ˼ͰƷļֵҪѿӶѼֵĸ
뿪ǺҾʧܵ۸Դ
˼ˡͶԡʱָۡ
˰ƷеͶԡӶõҪ޹صĳ
ͶʹΪųأҵ˾ֵġ͹ۡ׼ʵϣ
Ͷʱֵƺ򵥿ԣʵϸ޷˼
ƽҪͶʱ䡱ͶͼͶ
ȸʹͶʱ䵽ֵ޸ӣȻӲг
ӶƽҪͶʱͺΪͶ
Լʵķٽеóһ㣬ָҪԡ
ڡҪ͡ҪôҲ䲻ȥˡƷ
ļֵǵġ޲ĳҪֳҪ໥Ƚϣ
ֻгϲʵ֣ԸĳȥȡһĻ
ôߵĳҪֵǰߴ󣩣ӶֵҲ벻гǿ
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˼ǣų˼̳ߵĹͳμţѡ
ĿĶΪ̶ȵ񲻶ϷչҪ˹
̶ͬȵեȡʣֵʱգȴˡʱۡ
ġҪǸͬ޷һģӶҲ޴ȷν
Ҫ
ƷԳ˼ͶҲƷҲʹüֵͼֵ
ʹüֵͶļֵͶֵͶļֵȡ
άͶ߼Ҫֶεļֵ˼ΪͶߵҪ
ڹҵķйأӶˡʷ͵µءһʵ
ѡͶֵع˹ӶʹʣֵҲǡ
־ΪתơĿ͹ˡΪʣֵͶֵͶֵĲ

˼ϵΪƷУϲûдֵֻת˼ֵ
̬һиڳɱͶġһ棬ѹŵʱԻ
ΪͶߵĹѾָͶȫֵʱֵĽ
ʵʵ֤ĽǶȿ߶ڲ֪ơȻִУ˭Ҳ
ֻʱûͶҲֻͶûʱô̸
ݼֵͶ죬ĲݼֵʱǺ塣ֻضĳ
ضʱͶı߼Ч棬Ӷǵı߼ʼֵ

ڡʷΨۡ

νʷΨۣΪھʶûϲ㽨ֻҪ
Щ۵Ի߶鲻˼Լɴ˶ܽ
˵޷ģһҪʵֵĶ˼ųƷķ
չɣԭʼᾭūᡢ⽨ᣬչʱᣬʱ
һȡֱȻҪչ塣ǡ
ǵ־ΪתƵĿ͹۹ɡ
˼ΪʱΨһĶ׬ȡ߶󣬲棻ʱ
ʽؽֻһм׼Ʋ޲׼
飬޲׼ɱƶ˼ĹƻУ
һչˮƽǾٵġΪ޲׼Ҫʱѵ
չ׳󣻰С˽СʱҵİҪɴʱ
¢ʱɡȵƸе¢ʱʱʱ
죬ſһ˽ƣʵֹƶȡĸƺڵҲ
վסţΪѾһУҪֻǼİߡ
أ˵֮·Ƕ֮˶֮Ҳ
ۺʵһϸ˼壬˵ΰë
˼롱߶òá޲׼ȥСߡ
ɽһѪָ˼ǸĲѧңǸҽ
˵˼Ĵ󣬵ִǾԵģһΧڣ
Ƿ˼ͬʱʱ徭ã˼кܴļֵڰ
˹̹ԺţѧһΧȻЧһ˼ʱ
ıײ쾡ķľáָXƬ
νӵһڷչڣλѧҶʱλ
˰աѧ۵ƶϡˣһ̣һ˭Ҳ
Ȳˣǿ͹۹ɣ
ΪѧĲⲻ׼ԭΪ޷ͬʱһǶ
Ĺ۲챾ЩԲдоҿ˵׼ԭΪ
ʶխԣͬʱĸ棩˵ʵʵĸı䡣
˼ΣʹҵμҾѣ׷ҽ⣬Ӷʹʱ
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ѡȨ;Ȩֱպ͸ʹ¹˵һǿ
¹Ӵ˼壬·Ψ¹
հĸҲĵ·
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˼塣ɴ˿ɼᷢչĹɲǲɱⲻɸıģԹɵ
Ϊɵĸı׼ǡɵǳ
ϱ߷ܶᵽʷɵĻȻԡܶ滹̸˸Ϊ
͹ɵԣҲܾʡƪ⽫ļԷӣϣҶ
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