ȫ򻯺ȫֵ


֮
 

    һžһһžŶ꣬йѧײԶ
λȫʱҵѿʼʱȫ򻯶й˵Ǹ
ȫİĸ꣬ʶѾй˲˲֪
ҵΪ˵ȫ򻯵õ˼Ͷ˹һİ귢ġ
ԡвۣǲָ˴ӵֿʼȫ򻯵ľ÷
ָȫ򻯱ȻҪﵽη棬Ļ棬ȫȷ
ĹԶĿеĹۡǣ
Ϻͱµȫȴ̸ֻľõȫ򻯣˻ŵ̸ȫ
һ廯ȻڳŷѾһ廯ż⣬ȫ򾭼һ廯ʵ
Ҫʮһڲſɼߵ顣˼Ͷ˹ѧϰΪֻ
оõȫ򻯶ûֵȫ򻯣ȫ򻯾ǲȱȫģ
ûʸΪȫ򻯵ģȫȫֵȷ
    ԴͰ˾ʮȫ򻯵ᷨڹϿʼ(ݿ֤ȫ
һŰά(Theodore Levitt)䡶гȫ򻯡һ
ġ(һžڡоĽʱѧ¡ȫ
á)ָԵġѧġڽ̵Ļ飬Ͳ궼Ҫۡȫ
⣬˼Ҫȫĵºѧ⵱ȻǸ
ڽ̡ѧԴӽеԸĵĲʲôζѧ
ռػʲô˺һһ磬šһ⣬ڳԽ
Խȫ඼Ϊֵ׷ɡƽȡ桢ơ
ŸҪĴǸҵĹƶȣǸɫĹƶȣ
˸ҵΡáѧԣҲǸļֵȡ
ȫʱ٣áѧѾȫ򻯣Ҹ
ƶȣӶļֵҲȫ򻯣ȫֵʲ
ҷģǾʮڵʱĺͳӾҰ
ġںõĴǺĴʹõġֵһ
Ӣľͳˡȫֵ(global value)ˡ

    ҫ޼ֵ

    ʮһͣҲʷĵǧ꣬һСȻ
ſʼġ
    һһʿ˹е羭̳ϣ¼µĿԪѫ
ʮһֱԻĴν޼ֵҫ̸ȫ򻯶
ӰʱָĳЩҼֵѾʱѭҴͳҪȫ
ĲǰֵּԸĽΨ׵ȹϵǱ
֮һ̸޽Σʱҫ˵¼ӦⳡΣʱֳ
ɫΪ޼ֵΪӢֳؼֵرǾ͸ͷ
߳ȥȫ򻯵ı׼(ܿһ¶ʮר
)ҫһƣ޼ֵҼֵʵ
ִϾǿҵڷƩҳɫʵ׵ר塣ڴ
˹ͲʱҵӴϯʱʴǷʷһ
ʮǰ٭Ƹǿϯִˣش˵ǣҽ
ʮ꣬Ѿ϶ˡ˵ѶʱһǾ޴
ơǵĹˣжٻǻᡣ
ҫķ˼ΪҼֵĵТڽ̳
ɷʱ˵Ѷʱƺܲʲôáδ֪ʶ࣬Ҳ
øࡣ
    ҫ޼ֵǵֵΨһļֵϵͳ
ζۣϻиɫļֵϵͳδù
ʮǰɻ÷ᣬɱǴ˹ԭּǼһ
Ǻǿһ֡ŷ˹̵İھý跽ûж
رɫı֣ҫ˵ķʾ޼ֵĹң
ڶʮ;ý跽洴˻Ի͵ҵڶô
ʮ°νС(̨塢ۡ¼)ͻ
ʮĩΪѧķԴӪʮ˿ڵйͻһ
ƶĹʮ֮׵GNP˹Ŀ࿴Щɾ
ʹҫ޼ֵ˵Ȼֵͥȡ
֮֮ơ(˵ձѧĹʵʮǣǿƾŵġѧ
Ⱦйĺ(ֻҪϵ̫ͼͰԾͿ)
Ƿ޼ֵȫֵġ˹̵ǣȻܵ
ҫų⣬Ϊ̹ңǵٶȴͼҫ
ϹĴ޼ֵҫ޼ֵĵйһ
ֱԳ˼塢ë˼ٷӲᳫ޼ֵȴ
Ҳôԣǰй춰ٷӦҫ֮˵մ
մϲߵȷʵڡ
    ҫһܹӢߵȽôÿϳ֮ѧ
һ˫׵ʹ¼ڲʮʱ(¼һ
꽨)һϲҳݵСһΪ࣬
ɣãЧպĹңȷʵвĥĹ׺͹͡
ΪӮ˹ϵĽҲˣҫ
ͻȻת̬شġ޼ֵֵսѾ
ϡӢֳصļֵ(ʵϺܶѿһ)
߳ȥȫ򻯵ı׼ʵϾǳֵΪȫ
ֵ
    ҫľһֵûӭ¡ϣĳձ壬Ϊȥ
˵ϲ֪ж˷Ĵ󩤩ķչGNP
ʵִȫݣӦ˵ͬ۵ймռ˾
(ȴҲ˰ʢʯ͵İѾִĹ)
ֻ֪˵ԽԽɣԽԽƽȲִĿֻ꣬ͨ
ܴﵽȫĹͬ빲ͬҪ

   šһһ¼

    ʮһ͵һ귢ش¼ȻǶһʮһտֲ
ٳ񺽿ͻŦԼó˫¥ͻʢٽǴ¥
¼ͳϣһս϶ɰ쵼
˹֯ء֯һֲжף֮Ѳػ
֯ͱǵİʷϵһεվеսһ
¹⾰հȨѱ𡣹Եġء֯
ͼߣûɥʧԪױδ
ù鰸һⳡսǳڵģڻԤԺʱ
ΪвĿֲ巢ԴػˡʺͳΪ
аġڻ׼гһվͿ֮ܶ
    ˰ⳡֲͻϮΪսĿʼǴ
۲ͣΪȻһʱＸǧˣǶԱ˿
漰ıϾֻǼСһֻ֣Ǻƽġֻٶ
һֱ߿߿̫ƽıδܹϮȷ
ȻѾʧȥȻϣľΪʱҪ߶Ƚ䱸㷲
־֮СԺɶȲòΪҪ֤ȫܵ
⵹ȷʵĳս״̬
    ȻֲսĹģʻҪķչⳡսȻ
ƽȫ򻯵ĽȴǿԿ϶ġȣšһһ¼Ĺ
쵼µġء֯ͨսһ߼
һȺͬͬĸˣʹһȫ򻯵ζˡΣ
ͻϮҰԺͲпԼش̼ĸ飬˵ֵۣ
׵ؾ֯ʷϹģǰķֲˡŷı
Լ״ζˡһԱĹΪԱĹ
Լ°죬ɴԱʾͬжҲʷϿ
ǰġԿ˰͵̥ĶҲ֧Ԯķ
ͳվǵһͳϣ绰ʾοʺ֧Ԯˡ
̬չ˼˵ȫȫת
ΪĺԺ߼ȫı˹ϵĵԵѧ
ΪԼѱΧвĹ۵㣬֮νԵѧĹ۵㣬Ϊ⽫
ٽƬִ춶ǰľ÷չı֮
󣬶վ֧ԮʻӸ߲£һֱ߳£ֵκ
μĽġжۼ˵վҵǰ˵ôȫս
ش뵹ԺĻָ׷ݶʷչĹ켣ֻȫ
Ƕ棬ҲӦȫһı֮·
    ʮ꣬Ȼ㡢ѧʲҲۿ˵ڶ
սսҲܿһЩʷĹ켣ˡڶս
ųͬ˶Է˹ӪսʤȻǸʱϵ
!ʵʵֻӢټӢͳµ
ô󡢰ĴǺ⼸¹ձѳΪ˹
ңʸҲһνƵҷ
¹ܱͳ¡ʱЩĿУ
ȫһɵĹңʱ򰮳ġ˵
ǴûмĹҿɺǲʮ꣬ʷ
ֵ¶ԭרƲбϣյ¹ԶĿר
õĽʯйĹҡ
    仯̫ˡνͷǿĵⶼ
ռΪмᣬһڵϿģҵ
ҵŲҲתΪҡʮĩŷŵұ
ըҵӪ֤ɵǲɿܵġ
    ԭʼҲԶݹϵʷһһ˹
ġ¡Ӣ˼뷢Դҵ
Ĵɩɡɣڿ־ɣѷ
Ծһתķˡ߸߾һģָһ
һԺʵһһεջ
    ¶ʮգһ߸ҵĴڲᲢҷɳ
ԡʾϱձֵܵʱǲ
ֻʮִĿûйʡԽϡŰ⼸ҵ֡ػ
Щҵġǲȱȫģδؾܷ繫ϵ׼
ٱʾͼ
    ʷԭ򣬶ȻתǻһĹң
Ҫķ(rule of law)ԶδȷĿǰתūʮԺ
һͻŲɹ塣ϵ
ңԴḻĹңǧ򲻿аͳư԰ʹ
ȫвսʷﻹĺ
    šһһԺӢ಼ʾšаӰӦܵ
õ(Ӣѧҡһʮ¶ʮһ¡
硷)Ҳͬϣ
    йʮһͿй˵ش¼ʮ
ʮһյĶϱɼó֯World Trade Organization
WTOӢĸйֱŵԣԿü

    ǿģȡһǾʮ̸еĽһλ
̸дóײͼ˵ʮʵ̸ֻ˰˸֣
ǡгá͡г߱һйƶ¸ı֮·Ȼ
йľƶ̫ʮǰԼʵеǼƻö⣬
ҲмűгǹгҲ춸ָı壬˰ѱ
ϵǡַʡ̰ͳһģҲ
ģ̸гһʮս
    μWTOйӴ˾ھʽμȫ򻯵ľй쵼˺
ó⽻Աĵر֤йҪʵֶWTOһгŵҲ˵ӽ
Ժйһж⾭Ϊ밴WTO涨һйƶȰ¡
    ֵǣй쵼ڽӼʱǿйŽƽ
Ĺʾ򣬺ڰгԭγɵ羭⣬
һ򣬲֪ǲйԸʱĻ䣬и
ϧû͡
    йڵľõ״ʲôһ״?˵ȻСƽʮǰָ
гõķ򣬵֧йȻǼƻãصĹҵȻ
йõ˵йѾʱ廯ˣʱ壬
ʮָܡӶȨʱȹʱ壻Ҳ˵
ʱӽµĹ̥ҶԴ˲½ֻۣиĸԶܿ϶
йļWTOһЩ˵ϣϣȫ򻯵
淶йʮгãɾõĹ淶εĹ淶Ҳ
ϣһˡ
    ˵ĹȻʮаյ룬ҲǺ޸ݵĻ롣Ͼ
Ҫ͸ȣҲҪε͸ȣҪϸִҲ
ѲҪμٺȻĻǲĵȨͳ

    Ϊȫֵ

    ʮ°һۣ˵ֻҪ÷ﵽһ̶ȣ
γв׼ͻһʮģͳ˵ûо
ȷĸҲȱܵ߼֤ʵƺЩݣ
ᵽĺ¼¾֤
    ҿĳ뾭õķﲢޱȻϵȫԣ
ѿżȻģ벻ͬ崫ͳеĻйءһȷ
ԺͷΰʾãӶҲνԡҶ֪
һһӢ£һ굱ʱȫӢ
ɵĶһ߰ƶеܷһֱΪֹӢȻ
Ϊܷ֮棬Ȼûһܷ(˱Ϊܷ)
ܷȻΪһܷ(ҲΪܷ)ȻٶҲ
ǿ˵䣬ֻ˽һȨ
ĽлƵݡ
    Ӣ³ѷϵʾʮԵġ
ʷٴһĸҲ⻼ս
ѣΨӢһֱ˰żļȽصڲ⣬
ҲԼƶõ͹ŶۣӢ
ֳ۹ʮˡʮͼΪߡࡰ
֮ĩн̸ʽ˼ǡӢִ
˼ĻĵȻҲѪȵĵ۹ֳ
壬ʷʹǰ
    δսԺӢա¡ĵ·ֳشӡȵ
ôһһȻ˿ҲûӰ쵽ڵİڣȻŷ޸
о÷չõĹҡ
    ӢΨһĳȫ򻯺ִ
ú˶õģټ˵ˡ
    õĸ(˼Һμ)Ǻܶģ
ҪĻҪӢˣԼ(1632-1704)ǵ˹(1723-1
790)߿˽гãͣΪ˼
Ϊŵ侭ѧı棬йѾûʲôˡǰΪʲ׼
ĶȻڣйţ˼ойֻ
ﱻ˼ķ(1789-1979)ʵΪ˼ϵ
˷ķ˼ϵ˹(1689-1755)̩(1694-1778)
ΪԼѧ˵ˡɴ˻ݵʮ͵Ӣ(1561-1628)
һѧֵϵͳǽ˶Ĳ֮档¹
Ĵ˼ҿ(1724-1804)Ҳͬ˵Ӱ졣
Ӱ⣬¬(1712-1778)˼ԵŸ
һֱӰ쵽ʮ͵ʮ¸йԼĳЩ˼Ǳ
صĵе
    Ҷ֪й֮һһʱڳ¶ѵ
()(ѧ)йҲ֤˰³ѷǻ۵ʾã
Ϊڴǰѧнܵйϸǵ˹ܵġ
Ƹʺԭо(롶ԭ)Լյġɡ(롶
ȺȨۡ)ǣʱȻҲĸߵҲμ
ΪʵϲûаΪһ߼ֵЩɣ
깲ˣΪʮ¸Ӱ죬ļֵ֮ϻ
塢ļֵǲֵΪ֮Ϊ֮ȫֵ˼
ʮͶӰһȷչһ
    ֮𲽳ΪȫֵӦ׷ݵ˵˹񼪶ġ
¡ɲ³ѷҵսּչΪսʤ
Ϲ֯Ժһϵеļȫȷȫ
ֵ䲻ȴŦױͶսУʷϿٵصĵһ
ΣȨȨ

    ȫ뷴ȫ

    йýϵ˵ȫȻγɵģɿܵḶ̌
κβɿܵĽҲ˿ܣˣȫҲ⡣
    Դһžžó֯ͼᣬ⵽ĸ
֯ǿҿ鼸ɻó֯羭ðǿļÿһλ
϶ȫ򻯱ʾʾС춸ĸȺϾ
ͬġǡǡƶҪڵɣҪƶ͡
ֲͬ档ϣȻ⡢͸ֲͬ棬ǿ
ǽЭɣµĲ졢µìֻԶн
һ졣ʱšȫ繤˽׼ȫһ¡෴ȫ
ȺоȻһЩǷҵĹ˽׼Ƿȫ򻯵ǣ
ͨʹƷܵƷżΪ˵Ĺʵͣ
˳ƷˣҲ˼ƷҲͼǵĹǵȻ
ҪԣҪ顣ȻҲɷȫ򻯡ȷʵҪ۷
ö࣬ʶҲԶûսʱ򡣴ȫȫ
򻯵Ǹ̵ͻߣǷȫΪȫ򻯼
Դ(ҲˮͿ)ƻĻѾ
ΪҪȫֵ֮һҪ𣬾һҪ⡣
    ļֵԣȫ⵽ĵֿר塣
ķ磬ӦڽڼʮǰͿʼγɵʲ죬
ĸԴԴׯ˵ĪԹԡ
޵
    ʶһЩľѧңʮǰ˵йܲμWTOΪWTOľ
(rule of gamesͨõǡϷ򡱣һ޳ϵ뷨)
ƶģǽȥҪǵĹ򣬾ҪǵĲݡ۸Ͱ
Ҫμӣǹȷʵǿɾ壬Ի
ϧǰ첻¶ĲҪչãμȫ򻯵ľӦ
ȷȫȷʵǿģǰڸײ´½Ժ˵
ֳһ(й)ȾҪȽ
ҵԺͳΣͬʱֱѧϰԺֳĹѾ
ѧϰĹ̻Զûֻ꣬аѳֵѧ֣֮
ȫƽȵĽ
    Ȼᵽûʲôϸ֤֤÷չȻ(
ƶܷʱһ˿ڵũҵҰ˿Ǻū
ŮҲͬûв֮Ȩ)춷չȴǵ
ʶµ֤ͳһʮһʮڻʢٻ̸󷢱
еĻгúͿŵǱϹʳЧĹ
ߡ˵зҵľ鶼֤۶ϡ
    ʵжͳվһԺϺμAPECԷʽʱ
һ̸Ҫȫ򻯣ȫǿ͹۵ľõḶ́Ϊչ
صĹҵһ˵⻰ġչֻܶԾкⷬʮָˣ
ڴƱչߵʱҲʵվĻټ
һ仰ֻܾܶԾк

    

    ϵ˵ڶʮһҪʵʮҪ׵
̫ˡһΪȫ򻯵ƣ˵ǡר
ӣڶΪѾаʮȽķҪѧϰ
ѣҲҪǣйʵĸʵѾзḻĻ
۶ʮȷˡ
    Դ˶Լ츳ȨҪʷϴŶкܳʱڵ
ԳȨϵ۵רƾȨĹͳʱڡν
ɣͨ˶ԼȨľѣνԼԼųר
߻ȨߵͳΡһԡһ߰˾
Ȩͬ귨ġȨ빫ȨԡͶȷϣɣڷ
ǰƽȣÿһۡдͳɣƲȨʥַ
ǨȨסȨ˽ȨȨкƽԸߵȨ
ԼԺ󲻶ĸȨдܷΪΪֹȺ
ҾԲַԭ
    ϹѾƶˡϹ¡ȨԡȨ
ȨʹԼáĻȨʹԼԼ
ļԱȨȷĹ涨ϹԱء
    ȨȨҪɵıԣרƣ
ֻҪǷ˵ȨһգһĿȻˡ
    ֯ԭѡƶȡƶȡ˾Ȩ
ɡۼලΪȨֱƶȡƶȣϼʮ
гľ飬ΪҲοѧϰ֤
    ֵʵгֵķΡ˵ԼƶܷԼ
Ļɱϵģûκθ˺֯Դܷ֮⣬û
θ˻֯Ծܷ֮ϣνιǿνһȺڷɹ
µ˹ͬ塱йŴķҲšԷιģΪӵ
Ȩĵģķι޹֮ͬרƾ
ķ(rule by law)Լʵеķ(rule of law)Ŀ顣
    ʷϻνֱͼŴϣ˿ڲʮĳǰ
ʵеľֱһдȫ幫ͶƱӶԭ
׸ԡӡʵˡΪĹҷչ
ԽԽֱӵıۺͶƱڼϱòУΪӶ
Բñ˲ɰȨıҪƻ
⣬һͬļţȷϴķ
Ҫ෽оһαۣһͶƱȷġִ
ȫʵдƵļĹңĲͬҪ
ۣͬȡȺӵγɶϴ
ľ
    ʮгʽʵ֮֡ʵҲһʮֹƻ
ĵʡѡйĳ¶㣬ΪʵĹƻ
ֱʵм˶ʮ֮žһԶ
жϣʶԳܸͿıġʵʵһĲ
ֵ
    ʱ֮жڡʵġҾ
ʱȳ¶㻹һֱŵóһۣûʲ׼Ҳ
û޲׼ûоҲû
    ϸܷ涨ĳʽԭ򣬲κΥʱ
ƣֻһʽüȨıʲô
ǿʵҪڼУ޷һݴʶѡ
    ľȷ˵ɡˣļֵΪȫֵ
ʱı׼ӦȫĻ(й˰˵
˵Ǳ֤Ľ)漰εоȲ˵ˡ
    ⣬ȫֵָĸڲֵٽһ
ȫ緶Χȫֵ˼˵ġ
ɶȻŲʵ֣˵ġʵֵĿܡ
һԺ£ڿȲ̸
    ̸ʱǧҪԡһ񼪶˵ģ
ֻϣɫʽԹˣһҪȥû
Ϊ޴õġ˵ʵڵģ˵ʽֻ
Ҫһеʽ(һʮһʮһԺ
)񼪶˵ʵϾǡʽҲϹ㷺
еİ汾
    һǵ˼᲼(Reinhold Nibur)˵ģ
    ıʹΪܣвıʹΪҪ(ת
Զ꡶Ļܱ尡İʶġԭʼıδ
)
    ˵ıԿƿɶ˽̰뿶УʹƶԶֻ
ȨȡȨȡ֮ѡȻѾʮһ
ڶʮʮֻ꣬һʮ͵ˡʷ
಻ѣʮʷϼ֮ɵ
͡һǵաмļȨרƿǰģزкУһ
õšȨõߡõƹ㣬ͬģǰ͡
ڽԸֵȷΪȫֵףʮһ͡



