йִĿ
()֮

һ

һҪĴĻƶȡĻö
Ӱ죬һƫΪѧڽ̾һУʵȻʱ
ҲѧĻЩͬ˾ʵȻѧ
Ҳξġ



йչĹ̾(Ӧ⽨ƶ)͢ר׶Ρ

׶δʼʿʼǧ꣬ѻƬս(1840)ʼδ侭
Ʒ˵˵Ļ룬ʵδƷר壬
һλҺ֮󣬽ʬ꣬䱾ʮļȨ壬ȻѸΪ
Ȩ壬δѳȨʱר뼫Ȩ强йĻͳͳ
ĻVSĻͳר壬ū塣ʮһЩʵȻ
пڽȻǡʥëϯߡ֧ɽ
Ұѵĸסлĺߡ³ѸĻйֻū
Ϊūõ̬

Ǹĸ֮Դ

йΪȫר£˶Իϵרūū״̬Ǻ޾
ġʼ1840˵Ĵں俪쳯ϹĴԺǽˡ²
ˡ̬ˡά±䷨Ҫνά¡ҪȽңҪ
ִν䷨ҪרΪһιҪ1898
䷨˵й1840ʷҪйҪִҪҪ󡣿ϧ
־ʿͷ­ѪΪﵽĿĶϧδܳɹˣǧǧ
(Լ)ǸһʮŵʮϺųķ˼
ʹйʮڰƶ֮?

ҪΪйר͸еرɳܣݽʷѧ(ҵŹֱ)
оרԭʷչĳ棬Ǵ嶼ġη
ŴϣͽӢζżȻֵġԺȫ
ʾã˶εȻɷ磬ƺΪɣΪȻ

Ƶ¸ойʷʮ֪꣬йʵִʵ֮ѣ
֮תʹ1840ҪɣΪ2040꣬ڻʮ
꣬ʱ䲻̣ǴҵŬӦǿʵֵġ

ġ岻ܳΪƶ

(19Ϊѧ壬20ͺڱΪʵ)
˼һΪָ˼룬ԼƻΪƶȣ޲׼רΪ壬
Ϊ(ë󶫵˵)ɹʵ޿ײ쵼Ĺƶȡ1917굮
ڶʮϵһĹңΪ󳬼֮һ
ڶʮ°ʵռ֮һĹϡмʮʱΪԴ桰
ʲ׼ҡΪһִңұһ
ΪΪȫִĿ塢ƶȣ
ʮʷıȽϺͿ飬ѾʧܡʧȥΪһ־áƶȣᡢ
ƶȵʸΪʵйƶȵĹֻм(С
Խ)Ĺٷۣ֮ΪǰĿ꣬йĶķΪʵ
ĿȫǴģαġֻΪѾɿջõ弯ŵĹ˻ΪȨ
ź漯ţϷרƵȨ棬ҪƾֿջѳȨ


ΪһƶȣȻѾʷ֤ΪʧܡΪһҵ
һִִ죬ȴȻЧģҿܳЧִ
ʵе塣

ʲô壬򵥵˵ƶ֮ʵеͨη
ηȺ(underpriviledged)бߡйһΪе˵
֪Թٷ䣬˵ԱΪԵǹ
¢Ȩֻܾѡִ̨ͬѡӵͱ̨ȴʱ
ҲǱ롰޲׼רĸѡ

йʵҸҲͶƱ޳Ҳܱ֤Ҳųֿ


塢ʲô

ݳʶ˵ִԴ1225ӢĴ¶1788Ч
ٶֱΪ˸ҷԡҷ̰һƣҲΪˣһ
мðαӵġҲϹΪУνĳ֡һ˵ר
ƶãһϮĹңȻԼĹų񹲺
˱¸ϸĶ壬ȷһϸı׼Ŀ顣ⷽ
ܷѧѧרңֲȥרоֻΪѵض
¼ʱ׼ɾ,Ҳʱ׼

ԭȨ

Ȩֻԭ򣬱һ׾ġ֮Чԭ

һ)ִȨļֵڱϹĸȨ༴ȨϹȨԼ
еĸȨҪɺͳ(Ҫᡰ˫ٷ롱)(֯
ᡢũԼ漯š)ڽɣͨܵɣ
ǨסɣƽԸԼ־ɡ

()ʵжԭ(Ӷ)Ըɵ֯ѡѡ
Ըõ޳ɵ֯ͳΣɷԵһִľ
һȻбԼȨȨܷܵı

()ȻǷεһ	
˹ͬ壬ֻܷϵġʹȻĳȨ
ȨȻҪɷɹ涨Խ涨ķΧ֮⡣Чܷ
һ쵼Ϊһ˻˽СĹϵͳ(ֻǼ)
бߣϵͳ(Ǽ)

()ʷйֱΪƶȣʵֻС²
ֻͨʵмơȨȨƺ(checks 
balances)˱ʵȨȨȨᣬ˾Ȩ鷨Ժ
¶˵ġԺ޲Ȩ˾ٰ֪£κ
߻ɽȨܷΪ˹˼йĻͳļȨ뿼
ȨʵҪȥܻкܶȨֳܷȥгΪ֮ӡֻ
˾ȨǷɡҲаɳΪĵĲţȨġй˼
ųҵʮһֱǵĹߣƶŷҿܷгЧ
Ļһ͹ˡ

йĴͳĻ

йĻͳȻìܵģΪйĻͳĺľרū塣
ƶ£ܳ֡ʥﵱߡ֧ɽҰѵ
ĸס״̬

󲿷ֵйͳĻȴìܵģȥרĺģ
ġ߰ˡīҵġ氮ӵġɶ˧Ҳƥ򲻿ɶ־Ҳӵġ
䲻ƶƣ֮νɷҲľӦø׵õ

йγһᳫͺѧ˵ġͶͬѧ˵
(ġ˼Զ)йٷǣͨʷԹۣһڲܹͶ
ֻͬҡרƶõĹֻһͬ磬ͶͬġҲ֪
ʱйܷͶͬһΧڿԣʼԺйʹ
û

ڵйһʮȤ£һλڹйѧ߼ĸһƪ£
쵼ڹϵ˵

Ƿḻʵģ䲻ֻһɫһҲֻһһ
ƶȡһַչģʽһֵּӦزͬ塢ͬڽ̺Ͳͬ
ԣ緢չĻǡǡֶԵĹ档

ĻˣֻҪӵģνˡǣⱾ
һ߹ͬĻйĹ쵼˿ڹʽȴǲ
йϰڹڽ˵жˡһìܣ
ìܾйȫ򻯵ĿꡣͶͬڹʺ͹ڱͬһԭ
ǲͨҲû˻ŵġ

ߡѧ

뷨˼Ǻݵģ˵ġΡ(rule by
law)ҲִƶġΡ(rule of law)

˼Ͽݵģ˵ġ׶
Ϊ֮Ϊᡱȵȡ

ѧ˵ʵϵһΪļֵһԳΪļֵ
ַʵֻ˵ģйѧ֮۶ģġ
Ϊֻ˵ӽʶһ㣬ӽ϶һ(֮Ҳ֮ߣ֮Ҳ
)ԡʡΪȫ£ᳫϡѧΪʥϼӡ
峣֮֮ԴҲģγܶáԺһֱ꣬ӹٷ
䣬رš֡йѧ缸Ҫرᳫϡѧ

ҪԼ̬ȣʮ޳йĴͳѧңйңӡϡ֣ӡ
šȥйͳѧԴΪйѧӿӵʱơ
ѧѧϣʱ桱ѧߵĲǺܴġ

ҿ֪峯οĻ徭֡ڵϲһ£Ȼˡ
ǲҵ͹۱׼ģơԡ˵˵
ĪһǡȥαѧΪ׼άǵһˣΪѧ
Ӱ죬Ҳйѧִĵһˡ

ͽһƶȶԣĿľҪӪһܹ˵滰Ļ˵
滰Ⱥʧȥȫڽйðαʵ̫ˡ

ˡйǰ;

йҪʵںѾһٶˣδʵ֣־ʿΪ
ͷ­Ѫʮǰһ˾Ϊ˷ܶһƺϾҪʵ֣
Ѿʵ֣ȴһգԼŬӭйʷϣ
ʷڰбĻʮƽ١

һٶҪ󲢴棬ʼһۣΪйͳĻû
йδڵĻ̫͡ʵʵ
Ҫ㵽´ң񷴶ʵֱضҪƵڵĽ

⻪ʷѧƵ¸յĿǣ1840йӴͳйִйҲ
רййתڣתж꣬Ҳ1840굽2040꣬
37ꡣ

Ĺ۵ģתڵĹһ꣬ѹƲν㣬
ʱҲνˡ˵й󣬡ĩձΣȺΣ
ΣΪʲôܹй?

һĹҪʵִйɽָһ壬
壬Ȩ塣1945տսʤʱһѾʵˡ
ʮϰڼѵ׼ʮ°ص·ѵ(ѵҲ
һּʲ棬йгúӪȷ·)Ѿ
СˡֻʣһȨ壬Ҳ塣ؽ
£ʮ˿лûж֪ȨΪǾ˵뵳Уͳ
ҪƸĸ˴ﵽٷ֮ʮȫҲΪһҪֻҪĿ
һܿͻᶮʵģΪÿһ˱ڵҪ
Ļ

šйҪ

ҵȻҲäĿֹۣʮ˵ĹңרūѾ壬
Ҫϣһ죬Ȼǲܵġ

ҵ2040ǰйķ׳ȫ򻯵ˣйܿ
2040ǰƶܷؿᣬʵָȨʵַϵġΡ
ΪʹʵˣҲֻǳԭѾ˵һûȨ
ڣҪһǲܵġ뵱෴䲻ڻũ
ܹʵΪй˸ģֻڷͨͨصϲʵ
УȻӰ²㡣ǣһγɣһ𲽣ԱسС֧ɽ
ëϯߡܵľ쵼ũ񿴵ƽ
پ¹ķԴˡ

ֻǵһĵ˼Һʡ¶㡢³ѸҪ˵ġҪ
ҪȳԼĽȫĸ壬³ѸҪġԡ¶Ҫ
ľΪ֮򡱶ֻܳϡȻˣҪ
Եΰҵֻڳ֮пܣڽ£ܿʼ
ʹмҲɲ

Ҹղᵽձ䡢ⶼҪԭǶרĹҸΪ
ҽϺõӡĹңϣйڵڶбǵ
ˡ

йпɱԵģֻһȻ̨壬ʹͳĻĻͳ
ȫһġһǴǰڵĶʮϵʶ̬
ͬģĻͳҲ֮ڶ˴ͳʵνĵһ
ӦǶڶģֵġǰ뵽Ҫ취
ȫйΪԺΪӦڶʮһδľʮ
пԴﵽĿꡣйڵһﵽԺʮʱӦҲпܴﵽ
Ŀ꣬ȫĳֵ

ʮ͸ոչȥܽʮ͵ʱ(ҲΪҼ̫խԵ)
ѶʮͿǼ˵ʱɱʱʵȫؿʮ
ȡΰĽʱͳĹ˹۹־۹۹
۹˹۹ѾתΪĹңȻĳ̶Ȳͬǵ
ĩʱ1998ŵѧİǡɭѾԹѾΪ
֮ĺ׼ȫֵĸļֵȡ˿ɹ۵ĳ
ֱͣʤö١

࣬ʷл۹ȻʮĩѾ䷨ά£ǳ˶
ʮͳƷ˵ƣ޵һ⣬ֱɾ͡Ȼϡѧϡ
ϵĽеģִı־ϼֱƿɳ¡ȻˣΪ
ǸĲش۲׻ǱﵽĿԽԽˡȻʮ
Ѳܿļһῴġ

ʵչҲʹйȫֵϵйԼѡһ
һĵ·⽻ϣڹͳһϣ൱ѡ൱εľء
룬ֻҪйȫ򻯵ЩͿԱȽ׵ؽҵ
ʱŷ鷳ĵطǽŷѾΪϺŽ塣ŷ
һ㣬Ϊһս߶ԺһһĹʵ
Ϊŷ޴̫࣬һұֹ̫ۣйŷ޴С£ʷĻ
ҪЩйڶʮһʵͳһʴͥΪäĿ
ֹۡ

˵һ仰ǣһȫ򻯡ִйĳ·йǰ;
!
