йʮ͸ʷΪʲô
С

1840ѻƬսй١ǧδеĴ֡ѹ֮¡Ȼûȫ
ִȷʵ˸ı仯Ƕʮ͵Ρɹĸ1911
ʮеĹʮĩظθйʷ
ʲôãǽĻ谭ģ߼ʡ߼ǵļֵ⣬ʷ
޷ظԺп͹۵Ĵ𰸡ģֻǽʾЩλ߼
Ϊʲôԡ־ΪתƵطˣ

θδӰģ

ʧܵĸĩ֮ܣɽϷʿ۹ʧȥģ
ǳлᡱĴά¡ʧܺ͡ȭҡʹʿ׼
һͷԵŶʧȥģǸ֮˵ˡ۹Ŀָ̨տ
ֻҪ
һѡʼ԰ɱ;±뱱ԬЭƵ
۹лйũڵӰ첻ɹҲ
ᣬƶȫɾİ衢á֣ʹ˶Ϊһ
ʧܡĸ书ҲǱϵƷơֿ͡ǳ
ʷУͬʱ˲ͬʷ񣬺ºǰ¿
̫סƶȹȻơȴΪµʶ̬ṩ
Ϸԡ˼롱ǿƵسΪʶ̬Ӵڿغ
һ㲻Ϊ˼͹ҵֱӱȺڽϷյ½Ȼ
˼붨»ҲΪˡ
̵仯Ϊˣ¶㣬ĩر
ǡ˼ҺθҲ֮أ¶㡢쵼ִ
Ļ˶չ

Ļ˶ƽߡԳڡܿĳ¶㡢Ϊ
ڽѧѧѧڹĴ⡰һһƱ
ѡ٣ǡƽȨ񡱺͡ƥ𡱡ѧˡˡ
ũ˵ȸֱӵĹ˶չֻĻ֮ǾûշչΪ
λ籱ѧڡ塤ġ˶ǰѾ֯ˡƽݽš߳Уǡ
塤ġ󣬳¡ӰµѧǸֱ빤ҵ·ú󣬽˾
ֲ̹˶ʶ֣֮֯Ͱչȡ߹ʡٹʱͲ⿪
ȾȨΪʱй͹񵳵Ҫ

ʡ³ѸΪ׵Ļ˼רͳĻͽܿѧ
ʵףһѧǿչ˶ǾӦ
ѧйʷ¼ʹͳֵֵܾۡҲ˼룬
оᡣĻĳɾͣƻڽ裭ھɵУ
Ȼ׸ܵĺУȻҲ֪ĺô³Ѹ
һ˼ҶʵϣԼҲ֪·ںηҪŴҹͬ̽
Ļ˶ڡĹͬŬ˶ʮڡ
սս֮⣬ⳡͳһйΪĿĸ
Ѫȡӹ㶫ʱһˣȴʤ࣬ɨϰӣһ
񡱣һ򡰱ɽʱйƼáȴΪͻƻ

ƻģ

һԤ巴֧ɽĹ񵳸ĸ蹲
֮ԡӵݡָйɹɵߺ
ģǷɽɵġߺַͳһйߣ֮
γɽʯΪ׵ġ¾Ծľ档

ڶũ˶νġƦ˶Ϊũå޲ߡбڡ
зӵ쾡£һҲɱԭǸҪԴ֮һϷũ
᲻ָ֧Ӫѣɵйɽũ屩Ϊ
֪ʶΪ䡢ũå޲Ϊ塢ԱũϲƲΪ
εξ¼šҵĹ˽һתũԣũ֧֣
ظĸ޷ʵ֡ͻʹ񵳲ְܲҵˡ˸
ɵͳһйġĿͲܳʵ֡ձִ
йִ̣йδӰ켫Ҫ֮һǾũå޲ʶй
սϵͳ;ϵͳȨһظࣻǶ
غִñȫƻҲɥʧ˶ԡò
սƽ˵طйͳһƣҲʧȥͳ
йڹı˻ֳϯ֮ơйɹһ
֯ܡ׼˽йũ壻Գ׵
ظĸץסũ²ƶ񡣶߽޼᲻ݵ֯йͳһй
ֳִľ档йĽϵ͸졢νġ塱͹񵳵ĸ
ʲô𡣵һֱũå޲ߵйһë󶫴ϣëȫ
漯廯ν塱·ǹҾӻŻũũū
ìܵһĻϷëݣһëΪ˷Σϧ͡
Ż˵սǳ׾ѡ㡰ĸ´ңνݡһ
棬ëģҪͳᣬͱţ
ĸȥҪܶĹϵͳƨɡ෴̨
뵱صûԨԴʵкƽظĸȶϵС΢ר
޷γɾרơ༫һֱڣҾǼվʽϵ
Ϊִ»

ǷʵĿꡢִԣйʮ͵θ
ظʧܡҶѶʧܡΪʱйûڵĸҪ
ûɵеͶ׼ͬἯΪܵѹ
Žһ¡μӸһʤ˴˷ðҪԼķʽƶȣ
ֶֻԾɵķʽķʽ⣬ѾͲɱˡ磬й
ʮ꣬ëΪũå޲߾ͨ˼족
巴ҡ͡㡱һϵ˶Լȥĵں͵
ͬ˾е֪ʶӽײСϽײ㡣ֻҲһк
תвɱĺͲò֧ĴۡеȽģҲֻǾ
Сת͵Ĵ۶ѡжһʹܶڲ
뵽ִƶȽƶȵĽҪܵسףٵ
θľ飬йרٹ̵Ĺң볹ƵרƼȨ
Ϊִٵ·ƶȹȻƶֻҪĹٻ
ڲǱũظĸɡִִֵۣ
ɲпڽĸ·Ȼɣִĺƽɡ
