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˵ڷǰϦй˽˵ǶԲʲ˵ڶ̨϶
ɣڳˮͶ֮δǿҷӦϺͶ֮ԽԽͣһ
ѣ¶̨̫¼ұֵһһ˵
зصᵽgġ֮á˵gķͷǾΪ
Ǵη޹ƫɻȥ󲻾ַԼɻըʹ¼û
gѹȥ¼ұ̨нչֻ»ȥѹ
ʲܲͣз˵ʣԸ¼ұ


ϷȻȱһ֤ݣȥҲ֮

ǡԡǡ֧֡

ʲ̨͹Ͷı̬ƫ򱱾֮ƣʶɺͱɵй
ƽĶۣʲûбĻ

̨֪һԭǡ֧֡Ȼβʲȴʹˡԡ
ۣȻԵٰ̨ᵼ̨ĹͶ֮࣬ʲûֱӽ̨
Ͼ˵ˡԡ֡ⲻ˲Ų̄ǡ
֧֡ǡԡ

ΪҪŲ̄ߣؼҪ֮ĽǶʶһ


ѧҡŵP.W.Bridgman1927(Operation
alism)ղ壬κһѧһײ塣ò壬
Ҫʵǣ̨ȡΪͬһʣ硰ԡ
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ԡҲã֧֡Ҳã֮ΨбڲͬĲҲǲͬ
Ϊʱģֻ⽻Ϸѡ

йԡ̨ʱ˴ġԡʲô˼أǶ֪й
˼˵̨йܿҪ·򷢶ս
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ڲ¼߻ϣʲȷй̨䣬㡣

ô˵ԡ̨е¶ĹͶ˵ԡ̨ʱ
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̨ĹͶɱ̨𣿲ʲ͹һ̨𣿲ᣬ
ȻᡣشʹϾ̨ܾ干͹Բ̨ûд
ʹ̨屾ûʽԲڳʹͶϰ⡣Ҳھܾ
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ͬʺ;ʽǷζŰͬΪأ

벻뿴һ£᲻ᷢһ¡Ϊ᲻ᷢȨ
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Ȼʾԡ½䣭Ϊһúƽʽìܣʱġ
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ӲĽǶȿԡ̨е¶ĹͶ̨֧֡͡ҲͿ
ǲìܵˡȷ˵Ըȥ׵أ·鷳һ㡣˵Ҳ֧
ȥҵءһţ˵Ҫȥҵأ˵Ҽԡ˵
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˵ļԡ޷˵ӲҪȥҵأԼȥɣ鷳Լ
ҿɾͲæˡԭ˵ġ֧֡ȥҵʵһ˼

ϸ˵̨ܷΪ߼Ͻһֿԣ̨
½Ͽɡ˼Ҵ½̨ˣԸʲô
̬һͬΪ߼ϽҲ̨ԸһƵĿ
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̨ĺƽĵġⳡŽʾ̨ƽĴ̨߹ϵ
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ʮ˵ĳ˳

¼ұڷǰܡʢʱרã̸йᵽйʮ˿ڡ12
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Ϊ˶Ѱ¡էһȥֹ۵иĵͿվʲôǶȣʲô
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¼ұйĴܼңǴӹҵĽǶ̸˿ڶٵ׵ġݹѧ
κιиʵģ⡣һң̫˲ã̫Ҳáй˿
ʮڣΣȷʵ̫ˡ¼ұ˵ȫǿʶ
Ҫ¼ұһ仰˭ҪʮأȻʮڲùܹܲãΪʲôֳ߿
أϾΪڣΪҶڡ͸
ȥ̫˹ܲã͸ðѹҷС㡣һʮˣģͬʱ
Ȼкܶ־ʿѹƱû޷ʩչԼĹܡܾˣοգ
ȨѬģΨԼܵ˻ࡣ

ҵйǷѲɡǿйʵе뼯ȨƻԻһƲʺй
飬ʺйʮ˿һ顣йӦʵơ˵й
ҪеʮʡֱϽкĳʮʡԱڹǣֻ
Ҫйʵ뼯ȨƻһƣʡݵıƾͲж塣ؼҪǿ
طԺȨʡһĹԱҪԼѡٿ⡣
ƣܷͶ͸ݵȨȷ֣һ
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ȻҪйĳƣ漰⻹ܶ࣬ƪȲۡǿǣ
й˶಻ܹɾܾθĸɣ෴֤ĸıҪ
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塣˵й̨˵̨жٻ
ۣ㲻˵̨й

й¼ұһСϢ

϶й¼ұһСϢ

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Ӧ΢˽ãͻͣһ£רĲĲ
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Ӧÿɵļֵ壬Ȼܾۿ
ţʹͳԼͬʱڹǾǾ;Ӧ
ޣУԡ

ѧЦԷ

¼ұŦԼ󣬴˼ĳЩıֽǳµۡЩ۶ǳ
ΨˣЦԷǡ

д˵μӹλӭ쵼˶飬Ǵû³
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ִклǣǾúܸˣͻȻΪй50
ǵһߵϺ֡

ѵЩĻȥǷΪң쵼߳Ⱥ
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ġң쵼˲Ⱥڼֲԭ򣬷Ⱥǲ
ԭµġ˵¼ұ³Ⱥ⣬һ˵¼ұǡ
ôҵ쵼񲻸ʥˣ׼δҲ̫˵Щ
ܶ꣬˵ĿȾ͸ƽȹ͸ö쵼
˺ȺƽȽȡȺڵıϰΪ߲ˣôΪ¼ұһ
³־ʹ󶯸飬޲أǲе̫Լˣ

ҲӦðЩѧʿ¼ұ֮ΪӵΪ
쵼˵ΪͳηʽĲǰҹ˵иж
ѿڶǸ쵼޸裬ⲻ֪ȴ¶Ƕ쵼Թ
ʵν׹ߣԹ쵼˵۶Ǻܵ͵ġΪۺܵͣڴҲܵ
һֻոռı־͸еľϲѵ
