ִеũ񡪡йն֮Ƚ

   

ʮ¸йִŷĹϴͳ۹ũΪҪ
ɷݡʱ岻˼쵼ľұһũ
ݽ֮·ֲܶ1936꣬й1961
ΣԡͶϱ׼³̡ΪģʽũׯԡжΪΪģʽ
й硣һͨصĳϵƣ롰֤ơ
йͳͳ뻧ƣΪҵṩԭʼִۣشӰ죬Ҳ
ִʷϵһ͡Сչں͹ѧĹעҲʷѧ
ѧѧѧĻѧĹע㡣жũʷͬں̶ܴϾ
ǸǰͬΪũҵжֳͬΪģʽͬ˽
Զжĸ·ͬӰ졣

һ

жĴͳũйǹұλĹšСũᡣʼй뼯
ȨұλһԪƣһרƹҡһסԡ໧ʵϸͳ
Σһ淨ͨǿƷ졢ӵȰ취ͼСͬ壬ʹͳй
ũͻûд֯Ȩֱڡ໧ġͬ塱֯
˺ǧй˴Ӻơκ뷨뷨һ¹ͬԪ
ͳһ۹Ľ壬εġ빲ͬһԪĴ㻧
Сͬɢֱʱйֳũڵũġ
󣬴ͬ屾λĽṹһֱûиı䡣

ǹұλĹ塪ᡣ˹ʱйҵֳǰμᣩ
ŵͳ13ͺġʹִͳʧ˺ڶ˹γ뼯Ȩ
רƹҵͳһģũĿҲǿӡ硱׶ɴ𽥱
һĹһ֯ڡһͬʱԴԹŴĴδͳ
Ȼ൱̶ȵĲ붫ĻҲ൱ǿһԣ缯붫
̵ġһԡ񣬴붫̷ɴͳȵȡ

ϿұλжͳŷСͬ屾λĴͳĹͬ
֮仹ġĴŷȷǡһģй
ȴиԡ磬Ǹʽδ糣Ϊũѹơ
塱ų⡰塱ŦйũܱȶǿĹҿƣ
СͬŦũƽʱһɢɳƶڴͬǿ
һΣȴͻռ䣬γɡɢ֮ơɴ˵
ũ췴棬жͳʱд͡ũսʷϵũ
սҪɸ˵δ緢ũūΪҶΪӵɳʡ
壬ԼɳʷɳʣӲϵʱĺϷԡйũսΪ
ᷴٸңũĿг͢ط֮ûԵ
ޣǲ򼺣һҪԸĳΪĿꡣ



µжũڱ˵һԺйѻƬսԺ󣬶
ĳߵķӦ졣֮ƶţйڱ֮гΪŵ
󡣶ũķӦͬйѻƬսʱ
ѾܴũͶʷһԴͳũ
ҪƻӰ졣Ļ˫ԼܳʱйũӦг
İֳ񻯹̵´ͳȻõƲ˥ܣȴûγµоƷ
ũҵɴ˲ũԵʡ

ܳʱв̫ũͶʷĲ
ʷСǰڷٽ˶ͳũԭƵļǿ17ĩ19
ͣڴһʹӵСŷ޵֮ⷴʹũū
ͳƣһǿͳ߷׷ӪأǿũūۣԱ
Ʒɴʹũӳӹ壬ǳС1812ʱ
ʡũ𷴿˶ӭй֮ǡǡ෴ֻǵ19Ҷ
ʱĽһչũҵͳƵı׶˲ռԣʹũҵ
Ӧгŷʼƻԭũҵơ



ӸĸﵽжũѹȺĶңйũѻƬսһֱû
Ӧг伤ֻǴͳͳͻ͢ĴͳũսǴͳ
ĳͻһֳͻںܳʱֻľӢײչ
йũĸĸ˳оԵΪִ봫ͳ
ĳͻ֮⡣Ӣײ಻עũ壬νĸƺǳ֮¡ֻи
⣬ɲάɣڵİɽй
磬ܵ˵ЩӰޡ

ũִиӦӦḶ́һйص
ũ壬ȴٽũ£ἤ˴ͳִĳͻһʱڣ
ũĸˣйγĶԱȡ1861ũūƸĸ1906˹ƽ
ĸΡĸɵġȥ˶ĵط˶޲
ȹעũ塣桪۷ֵũ˶ת˹ƽǿа
ũġʽĸ̼£ũ˶Ѵ1906ǰƴͳִָ
תΪ˺ġ縴ˡ˶γɶյǣйũ˶1911ǰ
ͳĹٱʣֻܵһΡĳִִָģ
塣

ɴֵ˼ũ˶ϵж֮ͬ˼
һִָ˼룬֯ʲάʲάˣ
ںܳһʱھҪũԡ缯塱Ҫ
רơʵи壬Ӵͳũ塱
1906Ĵ縴˗ִũ˶Уġ
죬ʹ֮Ũķɫʣͳת򡰺⵳
ͳչΪʲά塣

йȣ崫ͳ崫ͳйܵǴӶ
˼壬֮塣뻪˼
ܳũ񣬷Ƚ׵йͳũսϣж
йķչˣ˵ִԡũ˶ִԵ˼
ôй˸ߴͳԣͬ屾λķҴͳë󶫵˼롣˵
ë󶫵ǰڻһвԣôĸе編˶У˼еĴ
ͳԨԴԵرֳˡ

ġ

ƻµжũжȷͬʵʶ̬Ӧأũ
˹ͬų˾ɵĽ̡ʶֻ̬
ʶ̬ԭʼ۶򣨡ȡũԴڹҹҵũҵ廯
жкܴͬγɵ˵Сũũ岻˵Ǵũ塣1918
ĸﲻ˵Ҳ˶ũȫũձ绯ˡִ绯һ
ǿҵķִԣ˹ƽĸȫ񶨣һ־дͳСͬ
ũ֡άȨ桱棬ԹұλһԪǿ
ҵĵ˸ũҽѣʱ·㡰˹ƽ
塱Կ˷Сͬ崫ͳԸ˾ɵѹƣ·һԪġ
ķᡱƷε׶Կ˷Сͬ崫ͳԹĵơ߽Ժѱľ
𵴡¾ʱڣ̽ǰһ·뾡áʱɷ֣
1927/1928ġʳΣ1929˹ִ巴ɣʵСת䡱
һ·ǿҵũ񷴿ɱֱ֡˹ֵũ
սֽ˴۲صľѹ·߳ɹ

йγɵǱȴͳʱ͵ũũ壺1949Ĳ˵
˱ͲĴͳСͬɷ֣幫ȣȫũ峹סС
˽СնСũʵд绯ǡǡ෴һΪũͥũ
ƽȻϽгṩ˿ܣһְѴͳйдͬѹС
ͬһɢɳġα塱롰һסĹ廥Ϊչ
㡣Ѵͳ塢СͬŦɨеũĺҲ
ˡũ֯ǰδеһԪ˸йũƺҽԡסʱ
·˷ͳСͬԸгӡ·Ҳ
ͳԴͬһԪƵĵֿǧꡰС˽Сͳ
ũ񷴶ȾСعСͶϡͳĶԱڱ廯
ʵΪһ

塢

Ӽƻתгĸжũ塰족жũҵˡҹµũ
ҵġ徭áΪҪáߡƷֱߵ
ɹҶũ񡰼塱岢ľ塣Ӫҵͬ
ǣڹҵйҹ˹ҵҲе˴ֹ֤֮ҵְһ
롣ũҵǡҹƵȴũеƺľãҿũ徭õĸ
ڣȴ֤ũĸ༴ͬǿȴ

šԭʼۡ׶ιȥʵ˹ҵлũ˿ڵļ
ҵʼũҵ1966ȫռũׯʵСұϵĹơũҵ
ʵйĹҵ졣ҳе˿ƵĺũҲõ˴ͬ
ʹ빲ͬѰɷչΪһҪ֧۵Ḷ́Ҳζ
ʧȥˣũйĹһԸĸﲻȤʹũҵ
ĸͺũ岻ûгΪĸĶԴȳиΪء

йԭķʽáиũҵɫʣնġƻáЧ
ֱ͡ĸʱҵԴũҵСȡӪȻάŶԭʼ
ۡ׶ε״ũֻܵƵȴòӦıйĹũҵ
ȶļũׯЧʸͣҲƽũǳΪйĸԷڸĸ
аȴûʧȥǱڵı쳣

һ棬жڸĸǰԭʼۡˡƻơȴ
ܴ𡣾˼ڶжˡũ񻯡йø
ڶԱɹҵɷ֣Ŀѧƻ˼롣͸
̩ƣ˹ʱڵġܷǿרγú㡢Ʋһƣ
ֱʱѧǿҪõġŻģͣ𲽷չһס
ѧƻơйȻ佨ƸǴдͳũսɫʵġ޼ƻ
áֵҪũҵʱĳ־˵ġ˶áйһ
ڼƻѧ滹мĸĽأѾѡŻƻ
ߵͷҪǰͷǵó׸Ļ·ߡˡйĸǰ˵ǰģ
ʽ˵Ƿ˶áָʽǲ
ġһ棬йΪûܹѧƻĺôȻҲسܷ
ѧƻҪĴۣйĸǰľãĸʱڵľñ;С
Ҳ޼ƻص㣬ȻҲͲִԼƻ롰г޼ƻת
ʹ⡣

Ҫǣڴͬ屾λй1949һͳչ£
ŸСͬ԰Ѵͬ߼ܣŷڽʼʱС
ȨˡԷʵָͬ԰СͬĽ׶ο
ȡһ̶ϿԽ͡ʱйũ漣ҵԱֳ
ԭֻСͬ屾λΪͳûеģڴͬ屾
λйСͬ壨磩δͳйͻĶһ߼ҲС


ۣ

ũжʷеġơ

жʷ϶ĳЩͳϴ۹ͬ屾λͳִ
ӦЧӦӸĸﵽݱ䣬˼ĶƻƵʧ
гƵĹɡжʷмɱԡ

жкܴ֮ͬҪǶĹҡ紫ͳͬйĹҡũͳ
ǶӽܵĳҲԭװйũͳڹұλһԪ
²ζűȶĴ紫ͳиĸԷչأܿ෴ζŸ
κͿͬƵȻڴͬһԪ״̬ʧй
һصҲΪԷչṩᡣ

ʹжִʷγȤġơũйũӦ
ڵطڸ󡰴縴˵Ķ˹ȴڱйũ
εѾأʱ··أ֮£й
ũġ족˳öࡣڿ˷ЩѺ󣬶˱йЧ
ͼƻԶԣҲƽ뱣Ĺгԣļƻã˸
ҵѧɫʣﵽľ÷չִɾҲй󡣵ǣ
˹ȴ˱йѰѾƣйԡơٴ۱ӡ޼ƻ
á𲽣˳չǰгĸũڰѡֻޱ
Ĺи˸е˼Ļũĸĳɹʹйĸĸ
ͬľ

жʷչδһ׶֡ơȻǣ
׶ڶйʷޡɡи߸ʵĿƣ
ǲرŬѹһʣôֲҲӡũ⡱ʼ
