ҽ֮




ҽжҽְҵǳɡ׼ʶ̬ġҽĹ
ǲˡ˶ϲҪҽİ˲ҽж
ĸУҽ֮һ

зҽ1939ҵڱЭҽƴѧйõִҽƴѧ֮һ
졣1941¼ձսռݱձְЭҽԺҽ
ץ˼УзӵȵɹҽȻշתص縣ڸ
ʥҽԺԺһ̴ʿҽԺзӶǻͽ

19498¹ʼͳθԺзָ
ǣ1949Ӱһʮֻľȼ˵˸ۿڡзĽ̻ҽԺ
õв̷֣ۺ·һණյԺҽԺЩɢ˵Ҫ
ˡµĹзʮֻľԮʽߣ
ҪۺϳɵֿзȻȼʣΪѾɢˡ
ҲôǮ˼ֵǮĶָԶԶ
ȾӺдǮ¼µһλݸһǮڹڵļ
ҲճһЩǮűų

Ⲣзҽһ˵ĸԵһҽѺ顱ͱǿ
Ҽ֡ҽΣǹִڵһϵж֮һҽѧ˵
֮һҽԺչΪУ⣬ԭҽεҽԺ쵼ְ񣬶ɹ
ɲˡԭеĴֲҽԺϵͳıˡ

ҽԺ쵼ϵıҪܹѵҽġ1952꣬з
ΪҽѧԺڿΡڿƸҽѧԺйίǵķˣҲڿƵй֧
ǡɲηȻ˺ܴȨǷǹҽڿһһ
ĵλĸǰҽԺĻ֡

ܵõҽѧѵ͸ҽ飬ĸǰзһΪʡ߲쵼
ҽС鳤ëҪҽ־統ĸ˱ҽơ־Ҳ
ѵҽѧԺëѱЭҽԺԺɡɷӡ𵽹
ʡ־Ϊ֮ãĸֽᳫҽԼȴҪû
ִܹҽѧѵ˿ǷҲҪܹרҵѵҽȻ
Ŀǡ

νͨ

1966ĸ￪ʼҽѧԺйίȰзҽ׳ѧȨ
С󣬽ҽѧĸйίԼҲ򵹡ңȺչΪ
ģıԵ͹зܵ˳ͷһȺ

1967꣬Ⱥ⡣зΪѧȨȥһֳͷ
ΪڴǰҽճǿסԺزˡзʱڣͥ
֪Ǻҽ׷ųȻҽĺûûв
޴Ҫá׼ˡĸΪԼѡҽ

Ȼ˼Ϊĸʱйʵϣ1967꣬Ⱥڡõģ
ǡ޳ݡë󶫺Ͳпᡰ׼ˡжȨȺѡ
ȨܱǵԸͶƱĿܣǻѡģǡҽ
ҪѵҽǣйȺڴûеõȨֻë
󶫵ĸָӰ档

19687£з顱ڸҽѧԺηʱǡ׼
˶ĸ߳ʱë󶫵ֱָ£ȫضءڡνصú
׼ˡÿληѵλġ󡱹Ѻٷ֮Ϊ
顱ϰ֮ΪţѶƹԱ롱˵Ǻձ
˵ʡһܲˣУйһ200˵
ȹЩҲץѶз֮һз˻
һǡͨΪĸס

ͨĸбΪҪ֮һǴӹŴһͨ
ԭ˵жԹΣ顣

ĸʱĸ֮ǰͨʵһĺ͹ͨͨ绰û
֤ݿ֤зĸձ鷽ʽǣȰ˹Ȼ֤ݣ
ҲͳڹѺˣѶƹ
ǻһ˳ϡֻ߽⡱ơȵȡзҽѧԺ
롱󣬽ѧУġ췴ɡļﳭҡΪҽҪ֢
סѧУ̹췴ɡļѵ򿪣ûҵ
ʲô

зҵʱûСҵҲھӵļң˵ھзշԱ
ھӼһӲ˵Ǵ¡񡱻շӸʡ㲥̨
һʦ֤ǡʹõġշλ
ʦһͨտڲ˵ҾصҲ֪ǡշ
ǲϴһ뿪ˡ

ɵġɱ

зѺڡţС˲֪Ҳ֪ô19
68ġ顱пһ档ʽ̽ƶȣͽ̹ڼķ
ˣ̽ʱͼ˼档Ǵ顱ȴ겻׼
ͨšʱȫÿһλºܶ˶ľþ
һԭ˵飬ûʶǰδеļ̤ɺȨΪ
ڡţʱǸҪָţһķ


з1968ꣷ¿ʼ顱һֱص1969ꡣŸ¹ȥˡ19694
29գзͻȻӵ֪ͨ˵зڡ顱ĵطɱˡ

зӱеͣʬĵطû׼ϸɷʬ塣ôɱ
ġҽԺ˵ùκӵĵƬ˾Ѫ

зҪзʬᡣҽԺͬˣҪ˹ײװ硣
û㹻ǮǸͥŮڱ廪ѧʱշ乤ã
ֻѧĶŮϴ籨ԶĳӡӰе86Ǯͬ
ͷëƱĸĸסзӺܿͱ֪зʬѾˡԭ
Ϊװײĵʱ򻹿ټɷʬ壬û뵽Զˡ

зӴзɱġ϶зϵĻͽ
ͽɱɱԣɱ˵зʱ
ѾѺŸˣɱΪʲôһɱɱģΪʲô
Ӻдһ飿зɱΪʲôϸʬ壿
зڱѺĵطЩ顱ѶƹġǴˣȻƭ
˵ǡɱ

ǣʱзɱǡηɱӸûа취
еȡ֤

ĸȻзõһֽƽ顱ǣʱ顱ּ¼Լ
ţҲȻܽСĸȨʵжĸƽ˴ֲϸˮʯ
ߣ˼ֻܺƽ׷ߵΡȫ߼
׷ڼезİϣĸҲûд˵ܵ
ͷ

ʮδȬ˺

ͨзףҲǸҽѧԺڿҽ
зᣬʱҽзͬ£ҲѡҲ
桰ɱ

ͬһбģλҽ

ǸҽѧԺҽԺҽ19199ʡˣ1949
ҵڸҽѧԺʱЭҽѧԺ196956¥֪
ǸѶȵĹõҽ֮һ

֣ȪǸҽѧԺҽԺƤΡ1940ӸҽѧԺҵλ
ҽͬһУ1969괺챻Ϊɱ

ͬһбĻҽԺһѣҽһͬһУͬһʱڱ
ˡǳźûܷλѵ֡ʵϣĸܵпȺģ
ֻܹý֪ʶӣȻ֪ʶܵǱǵĽڣ
Ҳһ⵽Ⱥ

λҽУҽĵУЩϸҲֵһġ2002꣬һλ
ߵҵϣҽĵ绰룬绰ѯҽ
ںȵȡҲҽѾݶ꣬ȱҽڱƸϰ
ڵ绰˵ܻشЩ⣬Ҫ쵼档ڵڶδ绰ʱ
˵򸣽ҽѧԺйίˣҪĸϣǷԻش˵ֻҪ
ʵԸߡҽĳҽѧԺҵʱ䣬Լ
ڣûбġ

ĸ󳤴һܻñȽɣΪҪΪشߵ˽ţ
ҪʾҽѧԺйίѾ34ǰңҲûṩκο
е顣ǴķӦֻᵽĸɵĿֲжôء1968
꣬һеġͨҽˣǵµ
ۣ34궼Ȭ

ڸҽѧԺһҽ߻޴ӵ֪ܹж
ѧУҽڿơƤƺ񾭿ơЩҽѡΪְ
ҵڵѧϰѵųΪϸҽȱѵõҽйǸ
ñ󡣵Ǿͱ׼˶пˡΪʲô

зĵܵйѧԺ΢оûĸ
ȥĸҲѺ˺ü꣬1974űšӦע⵽š
ʱڷ˵ʱʽʹõ˵˵ΪȨѹˣȻ
һšǵʱû˸˵ĸҲûһ㡣෴
ĸĹٷֽҪлƽȴ˭ѡ

ҲǱʽУǱڵλġţ֮һҲǡͨ
ġͨҲһƿЦǵʱɣҲûжΪʲôҪ
ġͨͺͷ

޷ĸ߼

1941굽ѧĵʦSELMAN ABRAHAM
WAKSMANùصķߣ쿹طشɾָ͡»òʿѧλ
ĵʮˡȡòʿѧλԺй

SELMAN ABRAHAM
WAKSMANڿ1916ΪڵݵRUTGE
RSѧڣʮŬùءڿùط֮չĵ
һءùضƷν˵ȼЧù֮WAKSMANڻ
Ŀأ༲ΰסWAKSMANڿƷĳɾͣ
1952ŵ

ѧϰʱҲWAKSMANùоȡشչʱ
عҲ¿صơ1960йơùءʱ
дŸĵʦ̡˵дŻԤȵõйʡί׼ĸǰ
ͨžͳΪһص⣬Ȼл񹲺͹ܷдͨɣ
ʵʲɡWOKSMANڸյѧţۿص
ƣṩϡĸУ⵽ΪAKSMANڵͨţΪͨ
֤

֤ġר顱֯ġǡͨΪĸҪĿ꣬
ĸ쵼ƶġ1967113շġй롢Ժ޲׼Ļ
мǿɹ涨Ҳĸгģһ
ءǡз[67]19šĸʱ൵ָĸ˶иڷɵЧ
áзΪСͨܵȺȻ
һá

ڵ˻벻ͨĸ߼ʦͨ쿹أô
ΪͨѵǰѡͨΪͨš
ʦͨϣһһЩڿѧۣҰȫ޹ءڶ
Բܺ͡鱨ԹһܡйأΪͨŵ˫Ľ
WAKSMAN߱Կضö࣬ҽҩҵҲԶйֹϵУֻ
ܴWAKSMANڵõϣ෴Ϊ쵼µĿ
أǧǧйӺͳ˵Ľо޴ĹףӦô
ŶԡҲΪʲôĵʦŵ

ĸ쵼˸õ

ⲻǷзϵĹ¡ʵϣĸʵǿԿֶ
νͨķ̽ʹΪȺˣҲΪ˰й˺Ը
׼ⲿͨѶ޻񣬲֪б
Ⱥͱʽ֪ڱбȽϺõȽϺõƶȡ

ʱѾչĿѧкܴôĶӱȼ
õȽҽƷĸﵱ־ܾѧϰǴִҽѧҽԺӳи
õǡֹʱ帴١ĺɵ塣Ƶͨ
ֻһЩܹǳٵҽѧѵġҽȴȽҽƼ޹ء
صǰѧʱҽѧû˵ȴš

ȺҽĴ󱳾·ġվϣҽѾϺͬôѧ
ҽһܵĿȺϺҽѧԺ½ҽĹ£кӱʡ
ԺҢҽĹ£б½ҽԺҽĹ£人ЭҽԺҽ
߾ǵĹ£бЭҽԺڵĹ£ϺһҽѧԺ͵ڶҽѧԺ
ȺĽڵ

зڱЭҽѧԺͬѧ°ɣŵҽҲĸбϸû
˽⵽ݱߵĵ飬ÿһҽԺҽ顱ĸУһҽ
ǣĸⷽȴûеõдͼ

зˣĵܵ1985꣬˵ʦĶӣȴ
ûټĵʦWAKSMANѾ1968ȥ80ꡣȥʱ
ڡţΪʦ֮ΪǵͨŶŰ

ϵÿһˣһУܶʹùƼڿغ
淢ЩҵĹ£ȻûֱӵĹϵֵñ֪ЩҵĹ
£ǿƵģҪЧƾȷ
