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ԡ

һʷ顣йһȺˡһ1976Ļ̡·
Χһش¼1989

ֲһʷ顣Ϊ1989¼δûнʷڵȴ塣
δ¼ǹ̸ۣУ¼˵ȷ
Ļ֮Сۼ£ܶȻѪڣЩȻĪȻǵ
еһԾأеһܸˡȻڵȴС
1989ԾǻŵʵҲڼ˼С

ԡ羭˾ˡ۽ģǡᾭÿѧо
ԼμͬһˣǵıǵǵĻǵ
1989˵Ĺϵ

1989찲¼֮һ߱ǳΣ
Ϊʮꡣ¼λλѧ䴦ڹ㳡̨ģýľ۽㣬
ʲֺ۲ҶԴĸо졣Ȼ˽ǣ˽羭˶
ԣǲֵġΪϺһ˼ά߼ҲϺǼ羭Լ
Ľɫĳŵ

ʮǼǵ֯羭ĻѹⱾŵңԶ
ХĴӳѽģͷܶഺѪӿ˳Ļ
Ȼ鲢ûɿͿ渵Ľƣ͹ۣڵȼʮǰ
̣ʹ޷붨˳Ķžӿ֣ͣ
ھʱСһˡ

򵥵˵鹴ճ羭1976ر1989찲¼ǰĻ
ģǿŵġΪǷ׳ĻṩһҪӽǣ
˹ؼĿհףйǶʷĶԪ УӦռԼһϯ֮ء


϶δ򿪵

Խʮʱ֮ңĿռ䣬ǻصͰʮĩڵйһȫȨ
ǿ֮ĩС뵽ĵһǣ

϶δ򿪵ģĿռγֺͳɳģ

شһ⣬˽˱壬羭塣

ڵʱʶ֮ʿǰһǣһȫȨƵУ֯οܣȷ
е˵Ĺ֯Կܣ

ǰ˵ľǺѰǽġ

ԭڣȣ֯֯ǿ޿ײȨˣ
µģֻǲ˸ʽĹԼܵ˿
簵ҹе׹䣬ϲдԺԡ1978֮ǰй
֯ͼ

Σҵ漣õͻƼ乫飬Ʃ磬ŽṤᣬݿ
˶ƾֲȵȡȫȨлõͻ
ƣľ飬һԵģɸƵġһֹŽṤ̬
ȨľЧӦڼеķʩ£ҾҲ
ŽṤˣһݿ˲£ֹƾֲʷ
͵ΪֹˡЩʷϲظһ¼


ڡܡз֡ܣ

ԭҪڹҵ֮Լ֯ÿһζ봴죬ÿһζ
븳ڡܡռз֡ܡÿһζ߱Сж
ɡ

С羭ͬ¡ҪǷ׿Խʷ
ǾȻˡȻۣȻʹۣϾѾй
ʷϡ¼Ĺ¾֤

һͰʮĩйĻ״

Сƽйĸĸ￪ţĳϣʵȫȨҵȨḶ́
ʶ̬Ḷ́ҲǴӹһ廯ġ-Ƶ𽥷
Ĺ̡ȨֿӪȨȨȨ·Ÿҵ
󲿷־Ȩ·ŸᡣȨ·Ÿطڸɲ
棬ξߺ;þ߷棬˰աͽڷ棬ĸ￪
طȨӡԹĹ𽥷ɣɻĿռ
ˡ

һ̲ǿڲԭйʶ̬йȫȨƵṹ
ѾԳһѹˡǣһʹйһϵоúλ
仯Ҫһ棬80йῪʼѸ
ͷῪʼ֯ĳΪҪǵġ

ǣʷϴδйĴӼȨ壨totalitarianismȨ
壨authoritarianismת͵ʷ׶Σй½֯һ΢
ʷ̡֯λںܶ¶ԭƵ̥ӡһλ
ӶֳԪӡ¿Ĺ̬ҸĹҲʷ׳ʣͬ
ֳ͵̬Ҳͬɫɫ

ҪȤģҵ˽ӪʡʡӪ⣬ǲӪΪĿġ
ҵλеڹϵνNGOָ֯ķ
֯ǽٻϲйҵľҪͨṩгԷ񣬻ͨ
صĹĻӪҵ֧ԮתƩ磬̻֯ͥᡢ̻ᡢᡢũ
ᡢЭᡢ仧ЭᡢЭᡭȵȡȻʮڸעĿ
Ļϵͳ֪ʶڵһЩԵ֯뽻ʽ磺оίᡢ־
ֽԺġڴѧȵȡ

Уᾭÿѧо羭λδί
ᣬйĻԺĻй硷ίᣬϺɡίᡢ˼
ҡίᡢĻȽоġĻ¿人ġ̳ί
ȵȡڱֽŷ棬ҲչֳĳոµĿԵ˵ĸֺ͹
Ϻġ羭õᱨġѧܱй汨
ġ걨߿ͨѶ˱ԼݵġȾǵ


ЩѾʼˡٰ񡱵ʡȻ롰ҿĳһλ
ϵǼעΪĳһλģҿھѳ롢ּ
ȨԱõȷ涼ǶġмڴˣǾͲǡࡱʽĴͲ
ĳ̶ֳԼĶ

ݳͳƣ1989꣬ȫž1600طŴﵽ20


ͬ ͬ

ǣǰĻ⣺֯οܣ𰸣ҲʹЩоίᡢ
ѧȵչ̵һдĹ֮С

йġšĲͬβ̶ͬϵġԡԽʾһתʱ
Ҫܡԡԡǿ뵱ʱЩ֯Ļ淽ʽйأһ
ʽһľߡйɫĴģҿ

ǻʣνҿνҿλ

ʵνҿϣйڵλ죬ڡ
֯ͨעΪĳһԵλȨʵϣȴ
Ƕйɫġλơһʽ

֪ëʱйƶµνλѧУصȣ
ִĹ˾ҵһִľ֯Ҫ׷ӯ塣ʵ
йȨϵ졣йʱְԱضĳһλ֮£
ľáΡѵĻֱÿһְϡ
ܡλǴһظ˼ͥϸ֯Ȩִл֮
һëʱΨһλ֧ĳ˱λζŶ
ˣλԸ˾мǿĿйμϵڳҪͱΪλ
һӴ·ëʱйԲ֯˶ڵλƵ
֮⡣

ҿǰһԭ׺Ϸ׼֯뵽һ浥λ֮£
ǰһϷġɿԽϴĹҵԼϼλʵϣһͳ
֯һźɫԴɡ֮£Լϲ¡

νռ䣨public sphereνᣨcivil society
һЩͳ֮м֮䣬ġʮġҿλһ
أھ֮Уȷʵܳڶ滨ݣΪء

ϸ֣Է֣֯ҿλ衢ԶǸͬġƩ磬
ԼľԭνϺѧѧϵ1987ĩңϺһѧ
ѧԺѧпĳУԵʩн
ĸİѸУʡѧԺMITʽġΪصƳ
ۺԴѧǰУһĻоǣĻҿڸУΪһ
ԵĻоԱƸоȷԼоѵʹϣҶ
ȫȨ븴ѧѧϵУĹϵǷǳͬġã跨ʹ
Ϻ˼ҡ־ߴ첢ࣩҿоһҿϵ͸ɢˡ
ооԱǴѧԱıƣ˼ҡ־ڱ༭Ա
Ȩ棬ȫģУӲʡ磬ίԱϺϾ
ģѧһĹϵˣÿѾʹ֮Ȼܹڵ
йͳѧ˼ɡġͬʱһ״1988
йͳۡ飨ӡӢļΪ New Lib er al ism
壩䲻ȴҲϵͳ˵ĻЩ¼ԭеλ
ǾԲܷģѾ󳬳ˡλˡĵķΧ

⣬ʱֲͬĹҿʽƩҿ׶˾µĹڷƷо
ǵںѧ߲룩ȵȡ֮ǰɹͨ


羭

ȻȫȽϸԹҿΪĵλܣҿμ
ͬ羭ߵԶģǿģ൱רҵģʵʲҲ
ЧʵġԭȣҪԭǵĲȫڶ
ڰʮй֪ʶеʱ˼ʶطͼزµ
ԱһעĿķ

ԼԼϰ壬羭Ļʵҳ
ѡ⡢Ϊжʶѧṩϡѵһ
񡣽һֹԴͳһ䣨ԳⱾ
ѧ飩ǿ󾭼ʵΪܵۺ塣ϵͳӪ֮˱ᾭÿ
ѧᡣһĲϣڴ¸ѧλʱԵ
࣬ܳ⡣

й֪ʶٻȻ;ʮѮεɹģʵڰʮ
Ѿ¶ߣ羭Ҫ֮һʮУ
˻ǳ羭巢ϵʵϵĳ̶ֳҲ¼
֮ľ

羭ǶĸйһߵϡӻŮʿڱ峤
ģֽ羭ΪԪϡҲ֣Ϊ羭ĳԱ
й19761989׶μʽ˻˶
֮˶ǽ˶Уѡ˶ȡԺȡֻȡо
ȡúƸĸơ80ѧԼ˾ˡʹͲΣ
£

֮羭ͬʴһµģʽȫоģʽ
ģʽܴڹռĳ֣Ǿ
Ҫġ

һֵעŬǣ羭ھһ磬ǰԼĴ
ȫйءⷽ棬н׺ľιȴǾ人
߿ڡȸͷͲ˵ˡԶϺıߣҲϡӦ
ѧίԱίԱμ˼δѧֻСѧɳ義
ٿĴֻԼ߿ھеľִѧɳѧ߲룩
ӵкֳ۸顣


ǰһμ

ǵ֮ǰһ羭ѵļ棬1989314գһʵĴաҼƻ
ڱǰŷٰ졶˼ҡ־̸ᡣʱңӦĿ½ִ
ǡˮϼ䡢ںƳɡ硢Ρš衢
ƽԭ͡쿡ʮλɻ֪ʶӡǶΡ
ϼ䡢šȶ羭ĸɽ¾㱸ֻ֮ʣ
굱ͻȻ֪ͨң˵ǻ᳡·ϡ޷ᣨһ֮ǰͶ
õĻ᳡һǰһֱһΣֻ˵ǲõҲɿ
Լֲʡ֮£òתƵȻͤϻݡʼ÷Ҳڳ
ŵԱִ֮ȴٳٲܽѶʣҪ졣ͼذ׼
ڳϣǱйֲ˻ٿϸ۲һ£ŷİ
һֱڡĻ͡ѧˡ

ϺĻо羭ϵʱʱյ룬ʱʱĿ
ǵĳɼһ֮ҫȥǸæýŲմˡʱԼ
ʵʵظܵر֯ҵйĴǨ
ʱڵĳɳ׳

Ȼ֮񳣳Ԥġ羭ҵ֮ʱ1989ꡰ
賿׺ʹȻֹˡһŶӶȻɢԱ
ͬջسǼۣлɽҰ֣磬ի
ʮȥˣڸԵС־ǡ羭ͬǣȻ
Ҳ˸ִʧ͵䡣ϾûȫȥϾûǵ
Σٲ֮ⱾˡȻ껰꣬ǡ
ͷŮڡǸؾ۽δˡ


ӭµʷͷ

ػԣһµʷͷ٣ʮɣķ޳ɻ
Ȼ֮ڡҲע⵽µʷУһֻȶй
һξѾΪڲԶˡʱԤƣеһЩɫɱ
ؽҪڹ۵ĻݣԼҵУҪԡ
֮ۡⱾεӦ֮壬Ҳ־̳һֵľӢǱ
Ԥļͥҵϲǣע⵽ѾԤȳ֣ε
ڸִýУڹг֡Դˣǡңȴеҡ˵
ף׷ģֿԶԣΪģԼܹ޹˼ɵ
֣ƶԵ޹˼޿־ľ棬ⲢйŴν
ŴŴô죿Ĵȿ񲢷ǳξð֮
ţǵĻƶĿ֮һǴ
ֿ˵״̬ǰִĻľ硣ǹ
ηȺĻĸ

һ㣬йĻͳУرڡʿͳУһΪa
ࡱĸٹ̵ĹʵϣΪ־ҵְҵѧҵ
һa˺£Ҳиɾ˺¡ְҵaĹҪءʵϣ
ʲôκȨͬź򸯰ָܵ˶ҪȨ
ƺ⡣˽ѧҵȸ磬кĻȨ
֮ܵ˸߶ȵĹע޷ΪӰ漰ÿ˴ӶΪ㷺
ҷչһ׾ܵƶƺʩѡⲢζϾͱ
ְҵߵһȡʵϣŷҹ۲죬ûйմ
ֲ̬Ľ񱡣޷ְҵһֶѣȲУҲͼϲ
Ϳ̣ϲ͵һһУҲ޷ΪʹˣӰ󣬴Ҷáߡ
òŶѡԣйᣬγĳƽĿķΧ
ҲӦǽйִĻӦ֮塣ﱾԼġ
ҲӦеĻڴ

߱ˣ羭Ǳ൱ġǵйһμ棨ǰ
˼ҡᣩ󣬾óͻסùݣҷһӡ
ʱĺɫžʧھĺеӰ羭ҵĿ
ˣĶдû뵽ǣԱ󣬴ӴһٴμʱѾ֮
ˡʱʱı˾ȴԶԺ£

