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䲼ȷķɣɶ˾ѭϸ涨ĳʵʩν
ơӢĵConstitutional Limitation˵ܷоͱضд
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ֵƲŷĻ񣬻˵ܷĻӦ
λαʵкԹ涨
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һλФˡΪФڡġԱ(
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Գ塢׷˽ϢҪڴýڴý
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ҪǷѹեǮƵ顣һϵĹȴ
ԶǡһӴһˡȻ鷳ڣǵճ̸У˶
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ԣҲԺԡѧζʽһİʾЧ(һ
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Ľֹ۲һᵼ±ͻֱΣաһǾͺ
ԭìܡڽ̷ҲܲƵ⡣һ꣬һӢ
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У԰ҲֹһηˤСƿӵ¼Ҫָǣࡰ
ۡıǣΪѹɣǲŲòõץס
ڵķʽ۵رԼĹ۵㣬жĺϷǲԶġ
ǰӺܲͬǰУֱ֮ܵ
áۡһжĿЧϷЧ
ע
  ڰ˾ꡰġ¼󣬺⻪˾п鼯ᣬ˺л񹲺͹
죬˰ѹϵĵɫͿΪɫ(Ǻɫ)滭ѪЩ
ҲɹΪۡжں⣬й޷׷ô
йڣйǷȨͷأӦ˵˺л񹲺
жջжвͬΪǰ߲ǺϺԭ
ĲԻ츳Ȩǲûб֮ʾص񡣲
һйʼʵǾһˡ
  ۱ҪԺΪۡȷĽ綨ʵô
֮бһжǷڡۡӶǷӦܷܵ
ı׼ǣ1жӦǺƽģŹ򡢲ַ弰Ʋ
İȫҲ˵ждʽϵĺϷԡ2жҪݶ
ԣǶиַ򷴶ԣӦǲӡǲӣ
ͳˡۡķΧǾͲӦ֮Ϊ۶ΪжƩ˵
ֹ涨첻׼һλôһжѾ
ԵرԹ涨ĲֱͬӵΥ涨ˡ
  
ԭԵ

  ۣͨǿԶαܷƹɳԭԵţ
  һԵ۸⣬粻޳߻
(ִ)ĸţ޸ܷɣ˵͹ĶúϷ
ֶθııκλԱԵ
κʱ򡪡ڽ״̬¡ӦԽơΨһʩ
Ƶǽ۵ľ峡ϡǣԳΪʵʱӦ
ض޹ء
  Ϊʵгĳһ㲻Ӧܵͷܹ֤
ʵ
  űǷӦƣɷΪΣ1ڳġԵ
űӦܵ2ڸ˵Ļһθкбţ
Ҫƣ3ɿ߻һ׮ıжܵơ(˴ı
ȻָϷı)
  ġֲԵ˵ԷǸԵرԼһ̬Ȼ
(ν)粻漰˸̼ǵĳΣ
򣬲ӦܵơжǷ˸̼ʱһ
Եı׼Ҳ˵Ӧ뱻ָߵض̬Ȼελ޹ءжǷΣ
ʱסǲԱض
ʽض

ڡ񲻷ӡ

  ν񲻷ӡָǱġֱӷ˵ġܷԭġ
Υĳзɡ»Ϊ
  񲻷жۻĿΪ˱һǿ
ҵġʹڲòעķʽĳֲͬ
  񲻷ӵ֮ΥԻΪάܷΥɡ
Ϊĳһɡ»Υܷԭʱͨİ취۵
ʽйزĵľʱǳڶйزŵ
Ρʵܷĳ⣬µЧʣȵȣǱ
ֱӲȡΥ÷жڼйزŵĸעӶʱؾ
Щܷķ
  ֪񲻷ӡšӡȵĸʵȡӡ
ȶĶоʹ˹񲻷ӵķʽʮĺȨ˶
ں̶ܴϱһֹ񲻷˶йġ˾š˻Ҳһ
˶ȣйְ䲼涨մ˹涨δɲϽ
Уڲһ涨Ͻͷĳϣë󶫵ġ췴
Ҳ͹񲻷мơĸڣë󶫽壬
˾͸ô칬ΣĴ쵼ӦӣӦơ
췴͡񲻷ӡҪһ췴ݵԭ
ǡܷ췴ûȷ涨Ǳʽ
ҪĶҪ䶷仰ô췴ûȷ涨벻ֱ
ӷˡ
  ԭ򣬹񲻷ǲһӦܱȨһֱ
顣·¡쵼ڣ˰ݵķԺδɲ׼е
涨ϽͷСӽ߷Ժ߷Ժо·¡
д·¡ʮԪ߷ԺҲϰ
ݷԺнǷϺܷʵġ˹ͼطٴ
ɵĶ˵κ˶ԼİеβԱλߡ
ിҲ塢ɫμڽǲǡ
һзɳ򣬰ǵַλ
ΪһԵΥܷȨԺƽķʽΥ
  ͬ˹ͼصλ󷨹ٵ񲻷ӲһӦܷɱȨ
ڵϺܿȷġʵ·¡Ҳʾ񲻷
ӣĺƽǱ⣬ҪһǣǸԸܴ
ͨԷڶԲķɵǿҹעʱ
ЧǿңƶѸٵصӶʹÿ
ڴ£Ҳ˵жͳһ
ɱȨȻֻⷬ·ΪЧһ
УƶһϵΥܷԭķɺͽӸϢ˱ﲻͬ
Ȩô񲻷ӱΪ쾭塣й˾š˵Ĺ
ӱˡ

λܷ

  ʣԱʽ򷴶˺жǱϸֹ
ġҲԱжΪٵĽ硢ᡢеȻһ֯
ָ˼кбŻ۵㣬һ£ֱӴĳһ
жľ߻һ¡֪ͬʵĵط
Щ˹ϷڣֻҪǲֱӴ±ľ׼
Щҽֹ˹ǵһоͺб
šǰһЩŷҵת͹УҲӦӦýֹ
ڵۡеĹɴգš⵱Ȼ
ܺáҲеĹڽԭ֮ȻֹȥƣҲûй
ʾšͱȽѰˡмڴˣʮֱҪ
ˡ
  ӹһʵʩҪ֤ĹԭҲҪ漰
ְԱԱλܷ⡣Ĺ淨涨
ԱԼ֯ͶƱѡ٣ԶԸⷢԼļ⣬
ԲμμλóΪְĺѡˣõ
쵼ˣûμλȵȡ߷ԺþƷ
߷ԺöԱԭͼΪΥܡԾְԱ
Ĺ涨ҪϸһЩδйʵҲбҪжƵĹ
  ԱİչȨһϴ󡣼ȻչǺһ
ǷԱдȨǲġǵ
ṩ(άΰ)һҲȱٵģֳ¢
ģټԱиĹϣʹǵİչп
ȱپƵƽƫڼˣصķ
ԣٹҶԱİչȨƺ͹涨취֮һʵ
Լٲãĵ߻ίԱ棬ȡ˫۵Ļ
ΪƽĽþԼְ취ȻҲп֮˭
ʵٲߣƾʲôҶĲþ˵Ա
չ϶Χ⣬Χƾ⡣ԱĲ
ۡɴǵһ˼һʵйơ
ΨһĹ˶ĹԱôڰչϾ
뼫ҪʵĻҮ˵Ϊ빫
Ƽƻòɵͣɼڴˡ
  ƽļгҪù˵Ĺ㷺ע⡣п
Ӱ칫ͷˣȨЩʱ䡢ص
ͷʽݣӦĹ涨ЩѧУͼ
ݡ칫¥̳;ôЩط
ļУͱԲԭռʩΪΪԭʵ
ʱʾݡһʮҪȻ鷳ڣĳЩ
УݵԵʣпܼΧǵĵⷴӦӶп
ͻҲһԶΣա⡣ʱӦŬΪ
ṩҪıȷѣӦṩʱͳ
ʹܹͬǵĻܵڵĹ㷺ע⡣

ܷƵ

  ̸άһҪ˵ģļУܻͨԽͨ
һЩ㡣տεȻѧŵİչӰ
İչӰǵճЩӰǵߵĿģҪԴ
ʽĹעֻҪӰ첻Ļʧأһ˵Ӧ
ܵϾȶΨһĿ꣬Ҳѹһֵ߼ֵ
ȻǿɵļֵҲζŰɾԻΪɲ
ڡ뷨һһܸѷԣصǣСĶ
ңԷֹĶҡбҪȶ֮һƽ⡣ɲ
޷ΡȷʵҪĳЩɻɵĳЩʩӱҪƣ
ƵĿĲΪ˷ɣΪ˱ɣ˵ΪάԴ

  ۳Ϊ߷Ժйİ
о˵УЩ󷨹ٵɻЩԱءЩ
ԱصĴ󷨹άɵĻ൱ȷġν
Ե⡱ϣ˵Ȩ⿼ͬѡҪһ
ۣжжȻ˵ж֮һƬ໥ģش
۲жܻװ׵ġⲿִ۱Ա
޿ɻɵġԣΧűԵִԼɵƫһ㲢
ɶɵвڶ˵ڱصʱԺ
ĳһ尸ǿȷоôûֹǶ
չۣΪԺĸĽṩ˻ᡣĵ˹һΪ
˹˻ӦΪ˹绤϶Ӧͺ
κȫͬйκΪСƽ
ԭȲ޳κĹ۵㡢ԸΪκ绤Ҳ
ܵͷΪɢκڷͥϵԱʶġˣ
ǱȴκΪԡΪӵַɵΪǲ
ֹĳ־ۣһֹǷӦֹܽչԵ
ɾͲǱַǵȻ޴ˡ
  ߷ԺָκηúĴֹҪĳһΪ
ʹͨ˱ȻҪ²壬ҶӦһΪ
Υܡ˵漰αλķɣӦþܵȷ
ԺķɻΪ壬Ӷ㲻ǰǴһ潲аĲ
ԭ򣬶Ƿ١ԭǳģԶǾġȷ
ҲǺĳЩҪ͵ĵطĿȷֵزκһ
ˣֻйʵ򣬵ԾͻԶʾΨһȷĴ
ǵȻáϧһʵˣ⣬ƫҲ޷
ǰһ̸㣬Զִƫ
ܵõרᣬƩйͳµй½ԭ
δõȷϣ˾ҲȱĶԡ˵ڲͬʱڣִ
۵ĿƳ߶ͬʱʱԿܵ˵Ȼû
ɵġǾͺжԸֱԵİҲʱʱı仯б
ʵĲͬԭԵݻ

ڳ

  󣬽һ⡣
  ڡͼֶٽһűĹ¡һλһλ˵
֣֡ʵʣǳ򡣳
˹󷨹ԣȨĴ涨ǳǳ
֮Ļ
  ڱĵһѾָйܷУйعȨԭ
ʵ¾ûжٲڣЩȨʲô׼ж
˭ͨʲôʽжȨΪν׷
ĳԹ涨ȴһֱȱȫóġĸ֡ԣ
鷳ܷдˡĸ֡־䣬ܷûжκ
ԵĹ涨յСƽë󶫵ġĸĴΥԼȷ
ĶҲëԼΥë˼뼴Υˡĸ֡Υ
ë󶫣Сƽ塢ʱҲͬΥˡĸ֡
Υܷǡˮһ˼ߣë˶
˼塢Υܷ׸˭Ϊ׼أûһ׿͹۵ĳ򣬵ͷ
ȻȨһС˭ʵȨ˭ͿԼϡĸ֡
˭ͿоԷΥĸ֡Υܷ£Ҫͨ
ܷȨʵ񲻳һջ
  λαܷ⣬ʵϰ棬һʵ(ʵ
)һǳǰҪʵʡ¼򵥵ؽһ
  йسĵһ˾˾仰ǳֻʵ
ʡ˵򵥵һӦǲٵְͳط
δȷĴ󷨹پơҵķҲû
ơ˵ڷٵУػ⣬˾ԭҪ
󷨹ٲԭְʦˡеȨ
ȨȨڷͥϣɷٻ
ԭ浥öԿԱۡνܴϡָֻ֤
ݻα֤ݡһǷָءʾоӦΪش
ɡ˵ȵȣһ㡣
  ˵Ҫ漰ƷͬҪĹ涨磬Ҫע
ҪȵǼǡ񲻷ӵΪ֮Բܷɱԭû
ѭҪķɳƪҲƪУйصα
λܷƵĳ꾡ֻۡע⵽
ҪԶѡ