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    ʲôǡͯأнԶͯΪһ
ۡΪʷһҰ¼ӶͯȨӶͯĸܣûа
¼¼ͬʱǼͥ¼ͯһΪ
ÿ˶кӣΪÿ˶ǺӡֹͬΪʵ
˿͹ǰ۶

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֢ͯΪʼһ˵ͨԺӵ
ͬʱеȵΡһжע⣺ֻ
ӳͶͯĹϵֻӳ˵۹ġȨʣı׶ˣǲſ
ֵĸԺ͵µԣſڴһƽɡݺ˵
硣


1ͯúƽ

    ʷսʷ˵ֻŻɱףһ㣬Դݻ
ǻ۵ĸֻԡǣˣʷȻΰġˡ
ӵܵȺվǴսúƽ롣øá
˹̹ǿһ£಻öôĿ£

    ȻúƽȻңңڡǱվЩ˵ļѰҸսµ
·ΪԣͯúƽΩһ·ʵϣս͸ַ
ĮӶͯȨϵıȻΪһսǶһкӵĲսΪʲ
ô˵أûһԸսʧȥˣûһԸǲ
սꡰսʿ˽ءԼĶŮжٿĺԶʧȥ
ĸף߶δס˺ɱĳ˿ǵӵĸܣǵ˵ĺ
ԼĺһĸܣԺ͡˷սʱȡӵ
ǵʹͿ־壬ȻÿһսѺӾСӺӰѺ
Ҳ˵սǷ֣һսˣˣ߲ģ
ǲϷġ춺˵սͷսĻǻƿЦġһԱ֮ս
ԶǷġ

    սǾ¼Ǽͥ¼ǱסսɥĲǧǧ
ˡǧǧסĸ׺ͺӡϽսġЧӦԶ
ԶûбӣʵġʡҲԶԶرˡ

    ôʷжٸĸĺӺͺӵĸĸսأ

    ѧͳƣ1964ǰ5164Ϸ˴ССս14514Σ
36.4ɥҲ˵൱Ŀǰ˿70%ˡ
ΩһԭɱǣԸոչȥ¼˿ԡ
ǽִʷһսԷǶôĲɾҩڶս
9000ռʱ˿ڵ4%.ڶս1992꣬緢470
ξֲս2300ƽÿ50ˡ1992һϾͷ
54ս죬ϳ˵Ĺ5˵ͷ䱬ը൱100Ͷ
㵺ԭӵִĺ3%ϵÿ˶ڲһʱﾭ
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Ԫһ˲硣

    ʵʻ춣ÿսζźʧȥ˸ĸԼѪ֮УǶ
սһ֪ûжսͶһ޳ƱǾԵ޹ߡҲ˵Զ
ǵսԶ޹ɱ

    199444ʽᳫeducation for 
internationalunderstandingͨٽƽꡰƽĻ
culture of peace˼룬ϣͨıȥֻ֡Ȩʷ֪ʶʷ
ֻսʷĻʷľ档ȫչоȵ㡪Ϲ
̿֯ı桷 н ѡ ѧ199912µһ P4.춴ٽƽ
ԣòҲԶԶ硰Ϊ
ⲢصغӵĸԸָԸûһϣʧ
ȥΪ¶ըôʼ丸ĸǵľս͹ڸĸǵȺ
Աˣôƽ˵ҲԽӷϹ̿
֯ʹǣȻսʼ˵˼룬Աǵ˼
ƽȫչоȵ㡷P330-331.⻰ǲģ
ǣǵ˼ƽأǾǵ˼
ͯÿ˶Ǻӣÿ˶Ǹĸÿ˶ΪǱ
ƽ


2ͯ

    ͯ磬رԶ̵Ĺң
ɵʷǰ᣻ֻغӵȨ͸ſܸʩڸĸĺӺͺӵĸĸ
Ⱥ뱩

    ʷͬǶͯʷѧΪɹ񣬸
ӳ˺ͺӵͬʱɵι

    Ϊѧβڽ̸1531꣬ڽ̸·õĺ
Trazendorf ڵ¹GolblergѧУѧơѧ֮ʼʵϣ
ѧεʷҪö࣬ڴѧʱͬʱģѧΡѧٿ
׷ݵ12͡ڣѧŷĵġѧuniversitasһ
Ϊлᡱšᡱ֮⡣ڵĴѧǽʦѧԷԵĽ硣Уһ
ɸƵѧŵѧһѡٲŷϲĴѧУѧڱ
ǽʦУˡ13ͱΪѧ͡Ϊһ֯
͡ÿһֻҪĳһְҵдˣЩ˾ͻ֯Ա㱣ǵ
棬ԼԼ¢ϻơ͵֪ʶӡſˡոţ
ź룬ïƽУӡ199612µһP59.ѧĶͨԽʿر
ǷȨ˫ĶȡõģڴѧεĹУ̻ṩ֧Ԯ
͢ǴѧΡϵͬߡ磬1231꣬ͨ˱Ϊѧ
¡Ľѧµķ档ڰ裬ѧȨ1229ѧľ췢
Ѫͻ춻õġţ1209ŭһŮıɱؽ
ѧѧ1214ȡöĵһ󣬴ѧͨһϵ
ĳͻԺöӮ˶͵֪ʶӡP61.Ӵѧ
õٷ֮ʱ𣬽̻ʡʵۡ⽨УʦȨ
ȣǣ1ѧĽʦѧİȫڸ
ѧ֮䣬ܸţ˺2ѧ϶춽̻ᡢҼĹ֮
⣬Լķͥѧծ˺ﷸֻܴѧͥѶȨ3ѧֹͣҵ
ʹĸУڵسȨ4ҵȡ൱춽ʦ֤ѧλеν̵Ȩ
5ʦѧĸ˲Ʋ˰Ȩ6ʦѧ۵Ȩ7
ѧڲȫΡʷԡP151.

    ˵ʷӡϣмȡľԴǣѧ
ѧУΪŷṩ˲Դʷ飬ΪĻĳɳ봴ṩ˸
ԡ磬ѧУ͡ĿľѧԼƶõĹ
ƶȣʹѧֱԼΣʹһ༶ѧУĸо
ʹǻ뵽Сһ棬ЩΪѧṩõѵ
һϰѾչѧѡ١ʵڸ˹ӣÿһѧУ
ѡһѧѡٳʽѡһһѡٷͥۡͶƱ
ȡĿѧ֪ѡһĹģ˵ȷ
طӳиֹ۵㡣ȫչоȵ㡷P364365366.

    Ӹ׷ɵƫã֪ʶ츳Եװ
ԣѧ˶ȻΪ˶ͬɵʷѹѧ
ɵʷйУѧοʼ꣬˶֮ꡣѧ
P277278.ǣй˶ѿ֮ͱͽʯر
ͬˡȻѧ洦ΪʲôѪ춽ֵأһ
Ա֮Ǹ˹̫˽ˡΪйοܵģؼǴӵط
κѧ֡ôβأǾġʡ
˶ѧ˶ϱҡȶѹˡ

    ˵֯֯ƽؽ
򡱵ҲԶ춶ûҰᣬ
ħԵļıά֣ħ׼ıļֵۡ
бҪúҰǻۣѧܹݡƽؽҹ

    սɱ¾һеαȺǶԺӵȺǶԺӵĸĸ
ĸĺӵıͬδúӵȨԶǷǷġΪú
ӵֶϲʽ϶ڱ˱ļ˷Ƿԡֳ˱
ͯʾǾϵԣ׼֮סҲԳ˱
Ǵ𣺡ʼٸߣ޺

    ȺͥȺֱʩںӵģҲǼʩںӵģǷֱ
˵

    νֱʩںӵȺָԺӽȺĿĿΪ˸ӵĸĸ
ѹҲܾǰѺӵˡ֮δһΪ
ƷǿЩʷʱЩݵЩ˷񲿹
Աָس˽зͿֲһָСЩ
˹ˣĿС601012СǱָؽֲķ
֯ͬʱ100 ӱ顣ܾٽĹǰ
16ŮѶңŸ׵ǿˡ˺󣬿С
ǩ֣ŮųԺԹɱˡһЩġĵˡδ
ŮҲʱ񲿻ǹˡˡӺͳŮҲ
ǹδꡭǵ䶼1416֮䡣࡮ˡĺ
40šʮ޹ǣŮͯҲ
ǿǨҹĳЩԶ˺ͺ;СvĻװŸ
ŮͶͯòǴͿʷСգ
ޣǣάܷ  19837° P.378379422559560841842.

    ɴ¹1942105 գɴڿĶŲŵɱ5000̫ˡ
ԱӿˡŮʹССĶͯ·һͷ
̫̫һ1 ҵĺӣӸ˵ÿЦšӵ
ĸǡһԼ10кӣ´˵
ˮһָգһָźӵͷڸ˵Щʲô۹
P.947.

    ڿսейСӣ壩ĿҰްҰо 
Աı龰˵ʦųҪŮ˺ͺȫɱˡһ˺һӱ
ļ˱ɱʱ˺ѷεزҽУDҵѪŵֱ˻
ؽ§źӣҪ̵糾ݽ档һ͵Ĵɱ֮£ 
˺ͺӵˡôһԱȰʹı飬˱İ
ӻӵѪͣعཹ˱źؿӿѪ˰ӣʹ
ϧнȥСսıĿӵѪ˵
ӵ˵дһ㡣һϢ֮ʼΣӭһں
û塭Ǽǰʷռǡ P.7778.

    ڡӰйʱǡ˶Сȡġ񡱾͡ѧչ
Сѧ12ġ11ģһֱֳ6 С񣡡˼ʹ¼ Τ ű
ʮճ19985µһ P.8.

    Ļйһ8 Ůӵʮ귴ίԺǽϳ
һдšëϯ֡飩ڶصҡʱ
8ꡣΪ˸ѹҵɷŪ
ίԺҲӣññдšзX Xҵϴ
ϡX Ϊ˱ӽ˸ָʹȥ̳
ǹС100˵10꡷ 뼽  ճ 19917° 
P.7885.

    Ļй19668 £9 򡰺ࡱŮǿǲͳ
ڡƻƤɵĺ£߽˱վšǵӰ
ĻϱձϽ˿ӻĿйϰաһ4ĺӳΪͥ
ߡƤ¿޺ĸӿ޽дƤȭԼ
ӡڵϣѺӱڻӿ޺ţ裬¡ĸ׵۾һ
ӿˮǸüĿŮһӣ˵ϵĸ
ǰϸ˫֣ץסĸ׻4 ĺӣһѴĸ׻ж߸߾ٹͷ
УźУӱͷˤӲˮϡ
ĺƽ١P.6768.

    Ļй1970꣬18ѧ˵ش
ĸ˸װһ½תӽڳϡ±һߣ
ʹҩһѷһƴĿӡ
û£һѪݵڽ׵ĴϡҽԺ
һһϢġɲڵֲѪӶתƺӡ1999
ڶڣP.153.

    

    Щ̶ͬȵشйͳ̷ĺۼձ
γ񣬵ﵽŵĳ̶ȣ춡ʱڡϷ
ǳķй񡰜R١йһйش
塱̷ɱˡ쾵ʱı塣壬֮㣬
ֱֶ̣֮˼ΪֹйʷжٺӵڡšϾɱ
ѿ״̬ȵʽѪ֮Уڴ󶯵ʹɱ
зźͺձΪĲԣڡз׷ױɱ¶˿ֲ
ԾԻ۹⣬ôַǻۣФ˹ά˵һͻ
ȻɱĺӵČ壬ϻЦݣû뵽尢ǻɱأ
в֪ζʲôӵЦݡԶʷգʹе֪
ʹеĹǿԼ꣬ʹԶܵ䡣

    塢ųնΪˡ塱𣿵ֶκܶ࣬Ϊʲô
ѧҺʷѧ˵ĳɹǵ͵ġ˵Ĺǡ³Σ
ˣзζǣ쵼֮˴ʹԽԽŰпᣬ
ǣʵĶԽԽࡣP.399.ôʶٵҪ
˵ΪĳЩ˵Ϊ˰οĳЩﷸӺι

    ʩںӵȺָͨȺӵĸĸ˶Ϻ;˺ӡ
Ӹˣ˵ÿһαץ߻һ׻ĸ׶˺ǵĺӣ
Щ޹ĺӱ˿ֲľϽĮӺӵ±αͽ
ȱȺʧȥĸĿĺӡԼĺӻǱ˵ĺӡͬ
ģʹȺȱԼΪڰҰޡǸͬܵһ 
ĺǣһʧȥ˵ʹ࣬һ˺ѷεĿ޽УһжԸ
ĸ׵Ⱥսɱ¾Աˡϧǣˣäһսʿ
һˡе˲䣬ӦǸ˵ŮֿԼŮ
Ŀȫһ¡һλٻ򾯲콫һߡ۵һؽʱӦÿ
һ˯ᣬԼĺӵһȴŸ׵Ĳáֵ
ǽǣǴҪ롣ˣĥֵĺӿܻ
ǶԶֱһֳͷ

    ĥУֱܶ޲ûԼΪ˸ĸп
μˡ1999档ͽ˵ҺڵдС˵
ŮһǵǰʹѰʱ橣˵˵ְ
˻£Ǵҡõڸϵ⡣ûгҰˮȫڶ
ʿ԰סP.142.һ֡пᡰ

    ǽ̣Jainismĵ˼ǡǽͽ˵ʳʳ֮
ǰм飬Ա֤ѻСӲб˺֮ɨ
·˻κ춡αͽ˵Щڰζ
רϲҹҿܺߵŴ˵춾ֱ˹ؽй
˵ǵ̤˵ļͥҵʱǷ΢һЩЩɪڱ
ġСǡǷ뵽ǺԼĺһҪиĸ磿
Ǹں෴ǻҪ飬ͨŻҪЮĸ
ǰȨϿ˵ԺӸĸȺַ˶ͯչȨ


3̬ͯ

    ǻġչΡϵָǵĹܼң˵
ΣȫδΣԺӵΡΪ
ӣǲġƻӶԴδ͸֧ڶδʵе
ߡǳԶͯԡ˵ޣ˽߲ڴ㣬
ƻµ𽥷õģ֮ࡰ㳵Ƣԣ
ʱԱֲε̬ȡȻǽ̬Ȼ
Դڵ˺ͺǵĹͬƲǺǺδĻѾ
桰ӻһա

    ʾжĽ֮еϵ֤
֮໥ԼȫŽıҪԡȫչȵоP9.ʵ
˻ݣʼϵ֮ͬ档ǣҪʹ
涼õʵΪȻǽͯһԺӵе
ΣڶȫĳֻʶĸβſʶҪԲ˼
Щ׼һϣǿƳ˻ҿƵ
һͯɳչۡһֳ˵ۡǱ벻ʶ
Ļ˻ѾӰ쵽ֵĴ󲿷־Ⱥ壬Ҿ
ĹԡȫչȵоP14ҪǣֻѽӰ쵽
δĵ񣬿˵Ⱦȫƽġ

    Ϲ̿֯һݻƣĳڽ취춶Ժ
мġĻѵȫչȵоP23ֹ۵ֻ
ʾ˻һܣͬʱڸһࡣҿĳڽ
춡Եĳ˽лѵʹͯĻ¡ƻ
һˣʲôʸԴδμһƻԹ̵һʵʩأһ
ĻǲҪǣһҪҽֽͱ
жʲôأһˣӺ͵ƭһƻһ߰ذص
ţһ߶Ժʵʩ͵ƭǶĵ½һеѧ˵һҪ
Ŀʹ֪η⣬ҳԭͽȫչȵо
P69ǣԭѾҳˣǾǴҪӵǸ֤Ժ
ǵĶˡ

    춺巢׶ΣԣȾԶͯΣ͸ءй
СѧùкʵͿҺͯǦжΪձ顣жͯǦ
ҪԭԴкǦȾȾӰһʾȫ
ÿ2000УһĺȱݣרΪ뻷Ⱦر
ȾйءйԼ緶ΧڣͯԲƣͯߡ
̲ƷͬΣͯ1996꣬4015µĶͯȾ̲
90%ڷչйҡ԰̲ʮУѾн300ͯΪ̲
ߣоѾһССķĹ1996ȫ150ڰ̲У1/3Ƕ
ͯݹƣ900ϵĶͯΪ̲ʧȥĸףƵĶͯ
˫һ˸Ⱦ̲ļͥУʱʱʧȥΪ¶ıˡ
ضͯȨP57-80.йϣһʾȫʡǧ̲ȾУ
75%ĸȾ29µꡣ20001027һϢƣйÿ
нͯҪ֮һ

    л񹲺͹δ˱͡ϹͯȨԼȷϣӵ
ÿһͯȨƻַ˺ӵȨַǵġȨ
Ȩ޵ġõΪԻĿƻһ
˵Ϊ©̫Ҳڻˣʱ˸Ͼ
ַܵȨʲôP5758.ֹȨʱˡ

    ڻʹͬĩաʱѾʼˣǷ׷йһ
ԽԽҪԭΪӱܻѡֹУȻкܶද˵ġӻС
ȳڻĹ¡δȷ˿ֲڱȾʮǰı
ʮ꣬Ⱦ˼̫ԭٹʮأ˲롣Ȼӳȥĺ
ӱϾ߸ǡ֮ҡĺˣЩҳǿ˵ԺĹܺ
ˮ족ġôĺأθǹȥɫģ̣ˣ
ΪǷ˽

    ѸոճĺӷŵһȾʵģһƬǹ
磬Щġ

    ͯȨԼĻԭ֮һΪضͯĹ۵ԭ򣬼κ
漰ͯӦȡͯضͯȨP29.ͯԸͬЩ
ԭΪԼԭͬʱѡնͯͯȡȡնͯĸ
ⲹͯĿĲǱģͨҽ
ȡһʵİģ˼ǡʹΪʷԡ   
199310µڶP7.ѧһǴϣĸͯ͡
조ͯΪĿǡʹΪ˶ǳˣ조ζ
ζȨǷ֣ĽŲ춽ͯ춳˵ҽ
ͯҽ˵ҵҪҵκ
νķʩӽȺҪΩһķѧУP3.
ʵϣֽģʽǳĻͳĻѡʹ֮Ϊ
༯ǸӽȺҪΩһķҪһ㣬ҷ
ʡһƿĻ㡣

