ʱļ֤ѧĶ䡶֤ʡ

ƽ


ȨȨߵȨߵȨּ


һһ֮

    ֤ʡⱾͷڰͷҳġܶǶģٶ֮Ȼж
ܶ½Ϥģٶ֮ȻһЩ·֣һЩǰδעڻ̵
ۡ߾һֺĲܣܰѱ˲ע⵽ġȻע⵽ˡȴ
дڱµһЩ͸ܣ׼ȷرĳЩ͸ܣԼҲ
δسְ壬ƾֱʵؼ¼ʹⲿ
ƷԶһͬƷΪḻںһĲꡣ
˶֪ЩҪһٶģÿһζµĸܣµһ
ΪݺܷḻֻһδȫᡣΪĶһֻ
̣ĶҲǴ죻ܴ̼룬Ķ߿ԴһлõĶ
ҪⱾ鱾ṩĻ࣬ҲΨһŻ̼֤ʡ
һ飬


ʱļ֤ѧ

    19903£йҰȫĴƻһԡġȫ
˷״֮ҹ¼ʫдŴɱԼ
ʫƬ꡷׷䱻4꣬Ȩꡣⲿ֤
ʡǶμд

ⲿȡΪ֤ʡһ̵ѧԾ.ɴ⼯ӪҴ
ߡŵƽElie Wieselԣ˵ϣ˴˱磬
˴壬ոʱڴʮʫôǵʱһ
ѧ֤ѧ.ǶΪĿ֤ˣǾñΪδ֤.

1994һ¡ҹõݷɡʫɳӡɳӶ
˵ãҲдȥʫˣܹش
ˣĵĵҲĨƽͷʫȥһʷ֤˰ɡĿ౿
ȴһ֧츳ıʣ֪㲻.׹ĿÎ
ֿµļ尾ôͬһѣֻл־ѵػ䡢
¼һСʱ򣬾ҲһָѽҪʵʵдһ죬Ʒ
֤ʻϣڵǲģ֤ͺܲˡα֤߱
Ǵ

ɳ˵ܹشҲдʫ仰ʹ
ŵԡڰ˹άӪ֮дʫѱΪܡΪʲôأ
ĽͣΪйʵÿÿǲ鹹ֻһһ
ʵ¼⻰˵ò׼ȷ.Ϊйʵÿÿһ˶ʵĹƻ
񣬵ܳǵ仰ȫǾڰ
ֲʵҪʮٱڰֲ磨˵ǿר߶úɱ
ڵڻࣩǸ鹹ģֻĲ⣬
֪йȨʮʷϣġбѪȵģϾġ
ڼȨͳεĺڡҲΪˣһѾϰëʱΪɵ
񲻵ǵоȻ֤ʡ¶ֲֿڰ
ߵȻȷĺͱҪġҪǣΪһʵѵߣ
߶ߵǳʵκһű춼Ŀ
Ŷȣܾ鹹ܾʵ֮ٷͼӴס

ν˹ά֮дʫѱΪܡ˼˵һ֮ˣ
ȥϲѧϲʫ裬ô֣ᷢκѧʽ
Ŀ.ʹеظеֵ빵ͨ.ܲдػдһ
Ƿܱ⡣ʶ뽫ѧ֤ڼֵһ
֪ʵĿ񳣳ûʫģʵĳִ
ͳѧʽ֮УŬԼľͷԭеġҲǴϰ߽ܵ
ѧʽͲɱŤʵ׵סǣֲȫѧ
ʽΪҪʽ.Ҫһµѧ.ν֤ѧ.
֤ѧɷΪ.ӹϽһˣֻҪԼĿĿа
¼д֣ôֻѧͿԳ֮Ϊ֤ѧ.֤ѧصǣ
Ӧڵһ־顣˵ָṩĲ϶
дɵ־Ͳ֤ѧȻѧֵϽ֤ѧ
߱ǿаߣڳԹߡ

̫ѧ٤أAvishai MargalitڡѧThe Ethics of 
Memoryһµļ֤ߡthe moral witnessһ٤ص
壬ֻЩаԼаĿѵ˲ſܳΪµļ֤ߡ
֤а֤Ѷȱһɡ߱˾ֱӵܺߣаȺ
⣬ڿаıдҲ˵߿ʼдʱ
ǸѵаȻڣȻڼ߻ûаĿƶ
ɣðž޴ķдģôдɵ־ļ֤ѧ.
˵дܵġΪ¶дΪ֪ڵʱ
ܹƷΪĳһ췢дʱĳһطڴ
а޳Ī֮𴦷Ϊ˽ĳһڴ˴д
ġ֤ʡǼ֤ѧļ֤ѧ.


֤ʡĹ

    ǡ֤ʡһд̣Ҳֵдһ顣

ǣǰдڡ˫̾˼죬
ϸӦĻ̵־ĺͼšƵ˫磬һҳֽϾ
ܶд֣һҳֽд˽֡ߣĿҪˣҲı
زѱϲԼıʼԽдԽˣ֪Ķײܷ
Ʒָ徭䳭ߣ߲òһдһ߰дµ
ĬһΣдһΣ۲ӵشͷд𡣳Ȼܵ߶ȼء
˵һδγңֻадĶܵ}ƣؼط
̫ˣߵһͬ˵첻˭Գҳר
Ϊ촴ˡ19951010գͻȻϮɶסѽѽβ
֤ʡָ壬ʵмӾסʮ죬֮£ֻд飬ʱꡣ

һддд֧Ȼ⻹ֻǹ
µһ룺òдˣγأ

дڡȺϵľﳭʮ飺
һѹֵûаⱾдõ鸶ӡӦγ˶Ӧ
¡ڣȫطѾⱾʱҳԹ⣬
ˡҵĶȥճʱðӳĴĸй˴
⣬һһѶҸͬô˴дԮո֪ƻӸ
400Ԫֻܸô࣬˵ڽϣæͬй
ףּۻۣýĹעҲץ˷ˣǳս֮ĹʽṹУ
ߵ̫ùˡ˭ܰ˭ôΪ㣬һʫˣ˱Լĵʵ
пֲ࣬˵ѣָʲô

ǣд˼ΣգôΪʲôҪдһд
ڣǳҪݿҿIvan Klima˵
дʲôûʹΪʲôдҲûʹ⣺ѧ
ζʲôԼҶѧʲôЩдд˶벻
⣻Щרдд˿Իر.ǣЩר
¼д˸شۣȻԸˣȴܲһԼ
.֪джĿģ׬ı׷һ
ѧ磬ȵȡǣΨǵдſܴдһΪ.


ġдΪ

Ůʫ˰ޣAnna Akhmatovaһ£˹ִϴʱڣ
ȥſųӣڼĶһ峿һλŶ̫̫̽
ϳĵʵ𣿡޻ش𣺡һġ̫̫
㲲԰׵ӹһ˿΢Ц

Ǽ֤ѧΰ壺Щܿюմʵпκϣǣ
ڴܵõΨһİοֻҪͲ׳ˡ
һλ˵Ҳ̵̣ȴǡΰ
ķʹ˿սʤʱռڴд˵úã
дĿֻڲһУָгһΪ֪ټţҵ
ͽ͵ģҵƷìͷЩվ̨ҵƷۿǱ
׸һЩˣЩսѡ

Եһ硣ָּ˵ָ
.Ȿͽʾ뷽͵֮йǣԱ
ڵ̺ű׼߼Ժ.ӹϣʿµĹ˹
ԣ빫ĹϵܾV˵һ˵һдͽ
һ磬һԡ׼硣Ǻε
ƶаǺεȲⱣֻҪʵ磬ǾȫһԵ
ԶռϷ磬ռϷ.ֵߵıӻ
֪߷ͥһ׮ʵؼ¼ǲǶеߣ
ҲǶеобܜRдһ˲ܹ
ֵͨ͹ֵǰQľʤһ
غɾˡ

ҲԼˡΪʲôд.Ϊһһ
׳ɽӵĻشⲻ֪Ļش൱͵.дΪԴ
дΪС˲֪ж󣬵ж֪Լʲô
˵ϻбдҪĹҲܣҲֻץסһ
صᵽɳӼһ衪һֻϹϣ顰ӡĴԣ
Ϊ׳գ


塢ʥĵ

    Ļش˵͵Ϊ̫̫ʧ𡣺ٲһ
ټսѣȴġԶ


ʹ̫ҡɱ֤߰һγص
ɱҴ߰ԼΪ֤ˣⲿ硪硪ǵĶʹһ
֪ҪΪʷ֤ҿֵߣǶιȥһ䡣Ϊ
˹֮ԿֻΪ粻֪Ϊﷸڰвںҹڸ֮¡
ĬֻΪһ֪1945ĽţЩҴǾȵ
ʶǵĴһȻȴһı
һСܵ𺳣ǿʼɡ¶Ϊ֪ʵʲôã
ģǳԽʵıʣȥ̸˻ʲôã

޽ƣŪף̫졣дͶұ
ĹȺڣһҹ֮侹ȻʵİǮ.һƺƴ˶ת˲
仯ӰηһݲʵŲ񡰲Ρľ
ЩˣȺӣȵͶͷΣ˵ģŵģ׻
ʷڰµĿ

ɴ⼯Ӫ߾˶ȴɱġҲ˵ڶδ
дġηһͳΪtĹһڵ
ˡҲȥӰϼԵѧһԶޣȶȷ
ʫ˵ɷݵͶأūһΪд£ȴһ
ָͽкЪ˹ؽкŲƽ׷ŮٲøԶֻ
Ŭȡ̤ʵصͨܶηԼڼиµΪ
ڼ㻹ԻԼͬ־ͬڣͬڣ뵱ͷǧǧȺͬ
ڡûйͻûʧܣûбѾͻûʧܡʧܲǷʧܵĵ죬ʧܷ
ʧܵĵڶ졣

Ļ£Ҫһ˲Ҳ.ѵõǣ仹⣬ݡ
ԡġ䵭ԼҪģôܶ
й˵ġġǹڻ긴һΪйnʱ䳤ˣǷݵ¸Ҳ
ƣˡ˵ڵڣȻתͣΣÿһˣɵ
𽥱ӦӲϾµġȵ㡱ȡġηͺѱⱻ
Ե.ǵصֻӵджأǣ
дô䣬絶⣬ѡֻºдɱ.ѡ
ддΪȥΨһɡеʷ˵Ľɫһе
ʵ˵ĽɫղϵۣȻ94Ǹ¡ҹʫɳ
ʱƺĿϵۡͬʱֵҰȴɢ˴롱
ٰдɻȡֶΣҲԼһ֦ʾܲЧ
ֻǾʵʵһһдȥ˵൱һĻ˶ڸԵ
ѡдû㣬⡢㣬ϣ
ʵ֮ʵдƺǵ͵ģ͸ֵ͵ǿԸܵʥĵ



ϵ

    ָйġйɫڣִ߿ƶȻضԷʵʩ
ȫRŰ

֤ʡһϸڼηַܵ˴
ηʮִ̡רΪӡ׼ġС䡱ף
һףһȥֻһ㣬ɡſƣҳԺȫ
棬һܿùȥ϶.˲

˼Ү˹ԣκξӦˡɴ⼯ӪҴߡ
ѧά˶ࡣˣViktor E.FranklԴ˵ĻشǣԣʲôӦˣ
ôӦġĥȻʹɵĜR޿̡
ȻߎղǽȻֿġͨĥʹܾĜR裬㳣
ǲƤ֮òͷϥʱǨʹ͵ˡ׻˵
˰ʹĜRȴû˾ǨԻÿ˹ܣδմҲ

۽йĿƺǰ˵һ.һɥʧ
ϣҲͺһϡΪʲô󲿷ܷŰ߶Ըؽ
Լǲ½Լܵĥ½Լľ衣л
䣬Լ쾡µдһУĿҲӡ
㲻ҶԸֿ̣һӲףֻҪ
а취ͷġбܜR裬һײǽɱûɣ˺ʹ
ɱͷ.Լʧȥϣд֤ʡĿ֮һӮʧȥ
ϡ

һۣΪȡɷ˵˵ϣ
ץĥ˵ϡ֮Ϊ˼ʧȥϡһ
Ϊ˼ϷʧȥϣⲻǺìܵͬɶʿɶʿΪ˸
ɶʧȥеɡѹȣǲѹȶ¸ѹȡЩ
ìһ̵⣺Ϊĥд
ˣЩΪμκηĶҲȺǿ
ддˣ˭ûϣ

ά˶ࡣ˼ƣʹڼӪһԿԱϡ
Ըַ˵Ĵ̹Ȼġݵ̬ȥܡⲻɥʧ϶Ǽϡ
ǵģ裻Ϊ裬Ϊ裬˵ΪԼĲǿȨ
裬ΪԼļ϶衣Ȼ֤ϣϡǿ
һȺūһūһ¾ūū.ڱ£
Ψзɣϡ֮Ϊ涨˳Ĵڷʽϳ
Ƕɵ壬Ҳ˵˵˿мַмϡ
ϵļ֣뿪˷̸ϡȻΪ²ܵĳͷ
ȵͷϥҲԶԶʤñһȺѧԶΣһֳ
ͽͽҪǿŮѧͬѧǶסˣֻһͦ⵽
ͽֱñˣһȵͷġȻǶǼԹ
𣬿ȥȻʵȣǱͬѧŸһ
Ӻ.


ߡõļ

    ǰдһ׶ʫĿǡͶɣ

Ͷɣ

Ͷɣ

ˣˣֵܽҲĶ㲻Ͷʲôã

ʱʣȴһƬ̫ж޼ ޹ ޵߳߳
ʲôã

˵Ϊ˼סɼסʲôã

Ͷɣ

Ͷɣ

ʲôã

׶ʫģһӢµļ֣һǶԼֵ̻ɡͶ
ʲôãȥʲôҲûеʱȻͶûõʱáν
Զ˧ƥ򲻿Զ־νʱ˼һһ鵤ࡱͶ
ڲͶɰۣҲһж߹ԣȡڶ̶
ܹԽܺĶﱾܣǿȨ

ҡŮ߷˵Ϊõļǲޱ
ϵǸһżҲһģϣĸOXI.˼
ΪʲôҪʹ࣬ΪʲôҪΪʲôҪðɽϱε
ΪķأΪΪһˣһŮˣ֮Ϊһ˶Ϊһֻ
Ψһ

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