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  ΪճΪѧĸûбȡһ
ҵˡһŰ꣬˹̹ѧһΪģʽ飬
ߴն(David Held)һд˼ʷǹŹѶģ
ʷġ
  ζʲôȷһۺʵʵ⡣ˣڵ
ѧ̽Ĳˣţ䶰岻
һī˾ǾԶʵ塣ʮͣ
˼Ұпά(Alexis Tocqueville)Ҳ˵ʹá
ΡЩʵķʽ˻ҡЩʵõȷĶ壬Ƕ京
õһµһ޷ѵ˼֮УԹƻ
ߺרƱкô
  йῴڡ˼롱κ֮ҪԵļ
ǿΨ˼·عڵĻ˵˼Ļ
˼·Ѿܵǿҵġѧɡǣɲ
Ӧʹһˣȫ˼ĻʵʵӰ
Ŀԡȫ԰ѶĲͬ⣬ΪͬεʵС
ͬʵʽ۵һءμҼᡤ(Gio
vanni Sartori)˵£һ㣬
˼ʹ;й˾š˶ˣ
һָоʾѧ廨ŵģЩʮǳ
Щͬǹϵɡ˾š˵ļһ̶ϣ
ɿѧǶĻ͡ϧǣԴο
ѧȻûϽķ

񵱼һĿͷ֧Ʊ
 
  һǹԪǰʹģֱԼһǰһֱһ
θζšڱͣ˸ķ
壬ҵ;ζһ
ԱԼƽȵλ᣻ҵǿ֯й˵ġ
Ρ༴ԭ(ʵǹϣֱԭ)ιͬᵽ
ùͬУҲΪһľۡ
ΪľҪĵǲƸƽȻǿƸٷ;û
ľȻ
  Ķ۵ġȻͬҲ޹ϵڸ
۶Ҫרŵ£רŵ
  һԴϣDemokratiaһʣôɴʸDemos()K
ratos(ͳ)ɡˣζȨʵʩͳεƶȣ
ơͳΡһŵʽֱӷӳϣĹͷͳ
κ͹ͳΡִԴϵ(etymological democracy)Ƿǳ
ģ磬ֿΪɣΪ񡣡˵
ڶʮйһУΪΡСһҲ
Ϊ塱йͳΡһǳͨ׵˵
񵱼ڡ˾š˶ֹ߲һʾѧ
ֽ˵
  ȻҵǣִԴϵǷǳնģ޷
ʵԵ ݡȣǿ׷ʣ񡱾˭ָÿһˣ
ˣһŽһµл壿ëʱǸë󶫵Ҫ
¾׼齲ѹԶˣǲʹ鲻
Ե㲻㡰ġ̣һȻ֮ͨΪ
֮ĵҪصһԹ򣺡Ӷ
  һֽǡ񡱴ÿһˡڹϣDemosһų˸Ůū
ڽ죬ųﷸ񲡻ߡǹ()ߡ
֡񡱹۵ۣԡ˾šѧΪӰ졣
Ҫ͵߼Ա˵ֱӳԻ
Ϊţеÿһ˶һԱˣҪ
ͬ˶Ի쾭ġ
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¬˵ʵϸԣƴͲ
ԶҲСʵϣӽģʽǹϣŵʽ
ҪйϺͷϾͬȵȨֱӲ˾
ִȨϯ͵ιְܵõн꣬ȵȡȻ
ڹľõλƽȣũвμӻ飬ˣʵ
ȨȻÿһˣвС֪ʶоȨˡ
  ڽһģʽʿһ֮⣬ʿ
Ƶصǰѹ񸴾ƺʹȨܷ񸴾ָʿǩ
ĹԼ(ھʮ)Ҫ󸴾ȫͶƱν
Ȩָڰ˸ڹЧǩˣȨܷʵ
ϣʿУȻã񸴾ȨʹȨʹ
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ǰ᣺һǴĳֹͬҸձ棬ӶҲӦش
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ʲôȫܹͬ⡢֤ܹͨͬġɫؾ
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һȨӵһеϵǻۣΪһȴȲԼ־
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Ϊʽٶںε£ҵһ׹()ʹ
һ״µĸѡƫãƫáѡ⡣
ѧҿ˼(Kenneth Arrow)֤ѡֻʱټ
ˣӶɡǵ־ҲͿԵõһѡ
ʱ߼ϾͲҵһ׹ƶˡһ۵ĵó
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ĵڶǰᡣ
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ǷΪˡɱ𡪡¬֮Ϊ
ҲΪȨ˼ǿӶһ֯ܵ˼ţ
ԼŲɣԱǵѪ˼롯
֯ѱʵ֤ǹƻ塱޲˹Ӷ˵ǵ־
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ִǵһ˵ƫʵʵвûֳʱǷ
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ش
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ʲôǼۣҲ˵ר
ƵĲ

ɺƽ
 
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ƶȣ޷νƫã˵ƫö޷
һνġ桱ҲͳΪ񻰣нһ񻰻ϵļƻ
ƵĻҲͲơͬʱޱһλѧңġԶ
ԭڸѧĿɵģֱɵḣĴ
Ӷ˸ѧĸǣйһʼ밢޵ʱ
˼Ϊ򵥻꣬Ѱ޶ΪԶ
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һ⡣Ϊڽ˼뱳ļֵɺƽȣǿ
Գ֮Ϊꡣ۵Ĺؼڣ̽һƶȣʹɵļֵ
õء
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˺˵ɡƽȺͶģ粻ñ˵ͬ⣬
κ״̬֮⣬ʹ֮һ˵Ȩ˵˿
˵ľȨרƾĻͳεľȨӿ
ĳж˸˵Ȩַ˸˵ɣǶ˵־ҲǷ
ġϣζ˵Ȩһأ
ҪһȨԼƣһǷֹȨ
ʹЧظ𱣻͸ȨΡ˵˼
Ӱ죬ԡɺͲƲѷΪɺͶҸ׷
дԡΪ֮
  ˵ȨࡣһӰĽ̿顶ɷ
Ϊ࣬ɺ͸˵ɡ
  (the democratic freedoms)༴Ȩݣ
  ɣ
  ɣ
  ͽɡ
  ˵(the personal freedoms)ݣ
  ڽ̺ɣ
  ˲ƲȨ
  ˽Ȩȵȡ
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ؼһȷɵ޶ȣһһ˾
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˾ĶҲңңڵ顣
  ƵɸɡӢѧ˹ءͿ(Ernest Barker)
˾ٵĲհͿ˵һȨʹڸ˸Ȩ
ΧϵС磬ɵȨͲǾԵĻ
ġκһ˵ɱȻܵ˶ɵҪơΪÿ˵
˵йأ뾭Թ涨ʵϣûй涨ҲͲ
ڡƵɱҪԷɵʽֻ֣Ȩ
˵ɣ˵Ƕɵ֮»ɥʧһ
ҪǿйЦԷǵġɶ͸ɶġ
ȻǶɵĴµģй
ҲԼһЩѣΪͬȱɺ֤ݡ
ҹ١ۼҡҲ׫˵ҵɲǾԵģҲܷ
ɵȼƣҲɣơЩȫǻ
Ľۡ
  ĸȨ(ЩǻȨ)ƶȻӦ蹫Ȩ
ҪȨѧҺۼ޲ء(Robert 
M. Maclever)ΪƶȴӸ˵Ҫ£ѡȨ
гֻȡѡƱľѡǰ㼴Ȩ

  һӦкƽȡĺ֮һǣ֮Ӧĳʵ
ƽȡӦƽȣ⼸Ϊһ֮ĺ׼ǲ
ҪȨƽȣҪз涼ƽȣȨ־Եƽ
Ȼ룬ȴԶҲڣĳЩ˷Ӻͷչβܵ
Ȩ˹ѡɣͬɵļֵͻ
  ˣƽȵĺ˸ı䣬ǿھáᡢ
ĻȡһУÿ˶ʩչܵƽȻᡣ
ȵ˼룬ͬѧѧҵ˵ǡԹŵ
һ(Ǽͥ)Ψһλᰲ
ĿľҪ˵õʵĿĵɡͨͶƲͨ
ͨǨﵽƵĵλΪͬġ
ʷ棬ھͶ棬ڶڰõĿ桪Ӧȷһ
صڱҪľͽʵЩ˶Ը
  ǻҲܵõԵı֤ھõλĲƽȡ
˽вƲʥַᣬͥƶͥΪŮṩĻԶ
ƽȵġ漰⣬漰Ƹٷ͸⡣ֵע
ǣڵᣬṹ˺ܴ仯в׼֪ʶͲ
ȡƲȨΡڷã˲Ƹռ״Ĳ
ڻȵӰ𲽼̸ĲƵʵʱ
Ӧʶκ鶼ʮȫʮģڳϲƵʵʱӦöԻ
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Ī˹ΪΪһͳʽӢɵγΪ
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ͿѡĹԱֻһ˵ļŶѣҲͷ
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ΪξߵһƶȰţְУĳЩͨѡ
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ʵϣЩǽڶƵʵ֤Ļ֮ϵġ
ȥЩбгɼġĺͷ׵ĳɷ֣ǻ֣ᷢں
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ϮĽײ㣬ǿŵġ
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ء(Robert Dahl)Ԫܱصеϵܱ
˺ͱѡٵĸ֮ûϵԪˡ
漯šơ塱ǿԪ漯ɵṹ
Ҫԣ漯ŵĹΪι̵ĺģ˵
ͨŵõͱΪһѡϵֻ漰ͬĶ
ȺΪʱȨܵõصβƽȲܱ⣬
ܷǲġˣԪ۵Ĺؼ֮һǿ߱һЩ
ṹһѡϵһ׹ָ½о
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ΪĹڣҪмṹӳɷֵԸҪͬ
ʱмṹΪѡ֮ճṩһ;ʱֵ
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һڡڰ˾УԷ֣йѧ˵кܴ
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