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  ٸԻ¼ժҪ(ĩõ͡ʱܿ147148149
)һЩ飬дȶ

һڡĩá

  ٸһǿԾΪ˵˼ǳԷѧ
Ҫıй״Ҫ()Ҳϲ㽨ʶ̬
Ļ׶ʹйõٸܽȥʮй
Ҫľѵȫȫڡ塱Ϻ¹
˶ʶ̬Ϻľʧķչ;õķչ֮
ҲŷĲؽѵ
  ⣬֮
  һ˼ǳԷѧ
  ˹˵˼ĵһ־ǣȱԡȡס
ȻܴΡѧڽ̵ȵȡΪïӵʶ̬
ڸǡ˵ġ򵥵ʵ˹˵˻ʱ˼Ѿ߲𣻷
Ϊ˼һվʾԣΪǺ˼ԼԼѧ˵ĸһ
(μ˼<ξѧ>ԡ)ڣν
ϵûϲ㽨Щԭֱӵشӡ˳Էܻš
߼ƳǰҲͲܼԼعΪߡ˳Էܻš
˻Ϊ˳Է˵Էһ⡱һ£˵Է
һ⡱һ¡ǰ߲߼̺ߡ
˼ΪԷѧһǶ˼ӹ׻һǶԸַ
˼(ָһ˷˼Ƿϡ˻ű
ȳԷʵ޲ɼǾϲ)
  ȥʮйҪǡǡǡ
  ԡ֪Ǳϵﾭû
ԣֻһζϲ㽨ָ绯ʱ幤
ҵ졢ƼƻõȵȣЧۣЩͳͳ
ϵ;ûķ룬ܸûʵġһʵɵز
ϾͲ̰١ͬȥйľøһͿΪ
ץΪѡ˾÷չģʽٸ˵
ľ󹲲ķչãͲлͼƻáٸ
ơִǽԾΪгĽнṹᡣ
ֻٸ֮۵㡣Ӧóϣڹȥܳһʱڣй󲿷֪ʶ
Ӷ˹ľۣΪƱ˽Խƻñг
Խ߰ġѧСһУǿߡʵ
塣Ȼͨȫ飬ǼҲԹƼƻõУҲҲ˽
гõʾʾҪ˵Ϊĸṩۻδǣǿ
  ٸĹ۵㣬νĸǰΪΪԾΪ
׼ΪٸΪΪ١ν͡Ծأ꣬
ˡɾΣʡؽ塱·ߣë
ȫȫΪ١ԸΪ١ȫȫץԡʮ
Ӣƫƫʱڣйľ⵽ʷΪƻ
̨Ҳץһץã˸ԾҲʧܡɼⲻ
ҪҪչãڲȡʲôʽչáʷϿƻģʽ
һȺʱ֡ͨƻѸٵسΪǿ˹Ҷ
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ҲΪƻôδķ򡣹Ү˵ͨū۵ĵ·
˼дġʮȥˣƻģʽ⵽ʧܣ˼ľ
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ٸһ˼ȴͬǲǰѼƻģʽʧ
ܹΪ˼徭۵Ĵ󣬷϶֤˼徭۵
ȷôŷأٸĽͣ˼ھ
ʧΪǱ˼壻ô˼ھϵĳɹ
νأѵǿ˵˼ĹҶ˼壬
˼Ĺҷ˼
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ζһ£˵ѧϰ侭飻һ£˵ȡѵ
ŷʵɼȨרƵĺƽݱ䣬ΪǺ£˵Ҫѧ
ϰǵľ顣СƽΪǻ£˵Ҫȡѵٸ
ҲֻŷĽѵǷζΪŷı仯ǻأ
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˵νйģʽãǲ˵ʮȫʮ˵ǽ󲻿ԻӦ
ñһЩ˼෴ġΪնģʽй
ǳͰʾǣνйģʽ֮¶йΪֹ
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Ϊǡִ̫ڼƻһģʽҲܵƶѷ
һжǶʷ֪ŷһר˶
߽ġնͶ뷴˶йȻҲ׷Ľƶ
øĸԸҪĶΪȡȡⳡʷޱУ
ȻҪءٸֻҪץס֮
ֻҪ㾭øĸԱ֤һרڲ׹Ϊʲô
˵оøĸҸԣ̶ȽϸߵĹҶδܱסһרŰ͡Խ
һ־øĸĹҷȻһרأǱʣ
ѵִڼƻģʽΪƶĹΪʲôû
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רڵʱδܵǿҳ˾˲Ǳй״ӣǱ
й÷չõʱڡСƽкҫһӲһ
ɼҲ׵øĸԱסһרҪһǱǿ
ɻļѹ鱾Ǻģŷһרˣ
ʵûп壬Ϊǰߵǿͳ߸ĳ
Ҷ޴ϰտ̹˳ǹߵС
ͳ߸̡ǰٸĽͣһӡ
ŷһרˣΪͳûץøϰղܣй
ʵûп壬Ϊ쵼ץ˸ϰն⡣֪һ
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Ƕ϶ǱסȨıضǺȨʧȥȨıضǻ
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ܵףʱȴĸ۵󵼶ʶ
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֮ͳ߶Ҫòë󶫷òߣֻз㡣
ʵеڴģķƽϢͳ˫£һ
ĳЩӺù㣻һǿοƣʹԷ
Ͳǿ־塣˾֮йΪ޷ˡ

ڡĮ

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Ϊ˵ĲΣĸ֮ǰ
ĸʱڵġĹҴ¡ȻƵ(ĸеĹҲһŷ
˴Ҳ)֮ǰ˶εĹȻڹ׿ͷ
Σڽ׼֮ۡǰ˶εйģŹʶľ
ѣŶǿ׷ѵǺô
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ǣһԾͬһԾΪ١ǷǵߵĪ
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УȻ˺ˣΧ԰ټƣȻһԮ֡౨
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ھĿ֮ɱǧƽߵδָ
ܾ޴Ӻѹȣһһӱ̣ܿڹ
컯֮±ĿŵļӸ١Ȼ£ȴӶ
ţԹۣ޶ԣ⣬ԻΡǰ
ԣһ˳ڿ־ʱұʾ飬ǱпԭġΣ
ܲܶ֡ΡԳ޿϶пάúãĵ
жУרӭ塣ֻҪͳ߲మרҲԭ±
߲ר߲뱻ͳңֻҪ߲Ⱦָ
쵼ˡпάָרʹǰѻΪ
һֹ¡һΣǱ׷Ƿר
Ȩ֮ҲŲʣǣġΡ޷˳ר
ζѡٸΪȻ

ڡṫƽ

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ص㣬ʲôʱӦΪҪĿ꣬Ҫоġէһȥ⻰
˷ѽ⡣ơƽеĳ᲻ƽӦô
綡ط򸾾Ϊߵõƽ߾ȫһЩĹΪ
ȨʲôӦأ
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ĽǶȻѧߵĽǶȣǻִߵĽǶȡǵ˼ʵ˵
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ʦ)
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Ŀġ(ע빫ƽͬԻвδϸ֣
ҲҲȥϸ)ˣĽǶȽṫƽⲢûʲôԡһѧ
ԼĽ飬Ҳʲôʿ̬ڣȻ
Ŀ֮һȷṫṫƽô͡ʱʱʲôϵ
أѵ˵չʷ׶ΣӦöԸ᲻ƽ֮֮
ѵԼӦ᲻ƽ
  һָͬƺǣٸṫƽǻ
ĽǶȣһڹһȡĸ˶İ취ԲŻ
ʱʱص㡱ص㡱⡣һӡ֪ʶ
ɽ磬һʼͷɲְȨŮ֪顣ںܳһ
ʱڡһѹ²Ȳ׼ڱ¶ҲԷ졣
֮Ÿһ˶Ըش¼شӿ족شһ(д
й֪ΡԴйϸµļ)ӹĽǶȳȫǿ
ġΪضʷ׶ضҪìܣ뼯оץҪì
ܣôҪìܸҪìܵĽڳڣصӦǶԱ
֪ӻԾɽ硣ʱ֪ũŰԶԱ
Ӱ죬ʶʱˡ֮Ҫìܱ֪ũ尲
ͱ֪ũĴ⣬ԲҪһ˶ͬĵ
йĵ֮Ƿչáھʹĵṫƽ⣬
øĸ÷չ˳УٴԡƽѹơЧʡĲ
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ʵк˰ߺĳָȼüƻȵȡ
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Ҳǵ᲻ƽҪԭڣһֱŶ᲻
ƽȡ̬ȡжһ˵ȻĸҪΪ˽
ôӴѧ ǶȿԺַʽתͲҪܴ
ЧʵľĿġҳϴ˵ȷеǣᲢֻܾѧ
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޹ؽҪȻжַʽԴﵽͬһĿģΪʲôø
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ʵشС֡˭ҵСӲأɴ˵ó˵С
˲ҪȥҽΣǾʹȻˡʵϣгĵĴͻȻ򿪣ó
ٷչ֮ʣ˱ѾĵԭԺ
£Щṫƽԭǻһζνʷ˵
ԶطάṫƽļŬ񲻻ʹ᲻ƽԷģ

ġڡĸչ

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ġٸΪ۵ܶءΪδءΪȨ
±ͬС졣
  ҳƣŷޱ֮ô˼Ϊгú
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Ѹңڰ˾ʮһµ׵ļʱ֮ڣһӾӮ˳ֵ
ɡ˵⼸ʱ֮ڣݿ˵ľûСҲܳκ
漣ʽչ
  ˵ĸ򡰼Ǵµ߼ҲǴµʱ(ʷ)˳
ȻһôΪǾ͸֯һ𣬻ΪȻһ
Ĵ廮֡λʵìܵġ˵ʷ˳߼һ£
ǱȻԣ˵ػĻ֣ǽѡȳԷȺ
Է˱߳Էߺ˵ĳһֳԺ˳Ӫ
㲻˵ΨĳһֳԺ˳ŷ߼ʷ
  ٸĳ˽һ˵Ϊûоûǰᣬû
ǿв׼Ҫʧܡһӡմ
˵ǽ͹ǷһԽʷð󣬵
޷ǿңʱרǡֻҪͬʱŷչ
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ڷʡʷʱһ㶼ѡϣǷ˸󣬵
˻Ϊǽ͹Ƿ˴󡣵ٸûоûǿ
׼ΪǰᣬҪʧʱԤ붫ŷ
ʧܡٸĹ۵㣬֮йʮ;ʮй
߱ʵʷڵ֮ȻֻΪ֮ǰ᣻ô
ǰйȻ͸߱ˡˣйʷǷǹ(
Ľ˼ʷۺִ˼ʷ)¶ǴӸˡ
  ҵʷǴӲȫ𲽷չΪȫʷ
ΪӦٶǰ𡣾ڵʱѡȨͱѡ
ȨֻռкٵıȻʱѾȨķƺ⣬
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ڴˡҲ޳ν(˰дһƪġ
һ)֮һǵʵϲΪԱʸ񲢲һֿ
۵Ľ綨ΨеԱвȨôڶ˱Լ
ȻʱɱѾٲ˻һЩɱΪ׳Լ
һҹ֮Ըĵʿ뵳ڡϾͿܱȫ
ȥʵвȫԲȨ޶Ʋ״Ļ
ȡԼ䡢Աһ͹Ϊ׼޶塣ǵ
ϷǣʵһһƱȫҲΪйû
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ôʵвȫܸǿԵİɡѵĳ

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ĳۣʷѾṩ˴ķ֤߼Ҳվסţ
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ٸĶԻ¼Կǰһµġ
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롢ۿš(Civil Society)ȵȣȴǿƺͿ
ʵֵġ˵ɣĳЩɣɡ
ɣȫԺ;÷չͬƶġҶԴ˵Ȼ޳ɵġҲ Ϊʲô
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͡ΪǾͺ͹±ΪҪȨĹ۵㲻ֵ


 

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ֻдʮڿд֮顣дǴ˻ʲôʱ
дʲôʱ򲻿д⣬ֻʲôʱԹʲôʱ
Թ⡣˵˼޷ȥдڷ˵
ǣͲòʵޣԼƷٴӱϿô
ѵԱùٷ̣߼棬ˣƪԻ¼
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ԡ⵱ȻΪ绤ʷһתĽǣʱգ
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ȣӸԡԡڽڽκʱڣӽҪ
ںɻٿĳһָֽ׶ʷ£
÷չǵ֮ӦУһž÷չ
ҲӦճ̡ѿЩ۵ìܵġھѹ
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ܳΪʱͷɡ(ձͳζʡòǸñڵ
طɫ)ڣҪΪڹȥѹɵһ
绤ҪΪڽѹɵһ绤Ȼֻò
ͬ ǰᡣڰд˫رࡷʱ
⡰ڽڽκʱڡӽҪȻ˰֮ľ
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ṩݵĹ۵㣬ЩҲǲݺӵģдƪ¡Һһ
ʮͲ(K.Popper)ᳫĿŵԭǾζǱ
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ķԡΪӦǹͬصĻٸǷʶ
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