 

ضйĩ

ܳࡢڴȶ




  ֮һžʮһºŷ˲ܳġȨ
ڴġغ˵ߡ(¼ơġ롰ġ)
߶пáƪ˵ĳЩʿص֪ʶεƶ
رһǧֵĲģ˳ʶԵĴȴ÷ʵʵĸۡ
йصֹ水ղĵĸ۽⣬ôйս׷ɵĲ
ʿǵڶԲĳ̸ġ˵ߵļֵĪķ̡
  ع꣬ŶصȲܡλ֪öһ㡣
ǳ춲ܡλߡ

һʷһֱǶ

  Ļ˺ܳƪ֤ʷϡһֱǡʵġȨҡ
˵Ԫйûʲôϵⲻʷʵй
ʮʮҳһƬյڳɻʮһؿ
ϮķھԪᣬظ·͢͡Ҫ
ǽԪӡ͢طӡ̨ʹԺ
еӡ֤
  ˵ذƽҺͻ֣ܳΪ峯ؾ
ӵȨɡΪἴһҲ
ʷʵʷʵǣһ߶פشǧءһ
ң͢춴ϳؿȨƣͬʱȨ
涨ͬʱܴפش󳼹Ͻһ߰˰һ߾ŶᲴ
أǬ¡ɸʱһǧ˽طս͡Ȼ͢
ͬɮ׹Աƶġն³̡Ǭ¡һ߾
׼ʵʩ
  ³̵ʮ涨פش󳼶Ӧƽ
ͬЭ̴£Ը()µԼԱ
ϵ۴С÷פش󳼡ʮ涨ض⽻桰
פشΪ涨ʵ׼ǧؾ
涨ؾáɲפش󳼷ִһ涨
ػתͯפشڴǰԡƿǩʽ
϶Ȼᱨ׼³̻涨صĲ˾Ȳפش
һ³̵õִСԴFreedom in ExileҲ
òϣйĶԡйʵ۵ͷ۱˵峯
ʵЧͳΡ
  о˰ʵҪݡءԼڸ
(פش)Լ׶(ʵΪ׸)ӡĻҡ(פش
)Լķɡ(뾭פش)Լľӡ(͢פ
ش󳼽)Сһֱʷȵȣڴ³ǰơ˵
Էײͬ춺壬ܳΪһֱ֤ݣϾͲڶ
ˡŷÿҶ̫ˣ̫Լԡڽ̡ǳ
ܷݴ֤ÿŷ޹ﶼһһֱ̫أ˵ء
Ժθ߶ΪʷߵȻ򡱸޻̸֮Ľ
  Ļ˵һʮ䣬ȫġ
ӢӡϹϡһʮйռ(
)ᣬԳƶظӢӡԮͨ߶Ϲ
ҪǡֹйԡӢϹݻۡص
ӡȴϹ⣬Ҳͬݻ
ۡϹίԱǾ⡣ӡ
ӡȣֻΪ񣬲ܡ䡱ĴӢһٸ
ȡӡӢӡҹִ֧
òйǩƽءġʮЭ顷(ѧMelvy
n GoldsteinA History of Modern Tibet 1913-1951)

йһٶʮ

  صʵӴʿĳЩʿһͳָйʮ
αŰԿѧо˵ǲȷģΪйĶԲҲ
һëʱʱ˺ܴı仯
  йëʱرĸʵиѹߣɱˡȺ
ɮ(Ȼǲ\(20).ģʿɼëͷ)һŰ
ҫӲйѸȫΡڽԭȺĲƽø
ٺ»Ŵǧͷô߲Ҫ
йǷһٶʮˣԼĿǰ˵״
Ρ
  һһйǰϦ˿ھݸԼһ(ǰM. Goldstei
n˵ָյҲйǰʵʿ)
һžйĴ˿ղʱ˶һʮ򣬴Ҳƽ
жٶˣʮһһ㡣ͬȫй˿(92ϵ
)ҲǧӵʮһڣҲһһ㣬ɼйͳ£뺺
ͬйɱˣĿǰȷ֣ĳЩʿ
Լǧ򣬼һʱй˿ڻʮ֮һҡй
һٶʮˣôءṩı(ܼж
ԼаɢصĲ
йһžĴ˿ղ飬йڲܹİʮҡ
ָйٱ˿ڣΪйΪҫ
౨˿)йӦһٶʮе֮һ
ʮ(ʵΪǴģӦɱø)һ
ӡȵʮˣܹɥʧʮˣ˿ڻһ롣
ˣĲɥʧ˿ڻһᣬȻʮͬ
ںɥʧ˿ڻʮ֮һᣬֻһ֮йµĲ
˿ʵ춺˵˿ʷҲ漣
  һ漣ܵĽֻһйδһٶʮˣʵ
Ĳ뺺˱ƣ˿ڻʮ֮һ뺺˱
ͬйһᣬʣµĲԼź
ҽӶʹǵ˿춺˵ٶѸһֽ͸
ʵ߲Ѱʶжϡ

˼

  йһŰ˵ĸйʮźģ
˶Ȩܵȫ񹫷ҽ˾סլڴ½ʮ
ʡСռλ(ʮƽ)ӹԣⶼú˵Ѫṩġ
˵ĿǰطƵҪǺˣⲻʵȻ廧к˶춲
ˣΪڵصҵϵصĹٵ̰ȴǲ\(20).춺
\(20).ΪĿǰ70ĹԱǲˣ(Ӫҵ)һ
(ܲ)ȫǲˡ
  ʣĿǰҲ뺺һûۡ桢ᡢɡҲ
һ춶Σĸڼ˵йѹض
ʾôԴ(261ҳ)ǴйַȨ(һž
¶ʮͨѶѶ)Ҳòϲʾʹñ
(廧Ჴ)Ϯƽ񣬴Դ˱ʾźָ
˲ǣв˵ʾʹñҪ˳ض˶
ϹȨԣֻ˵кƽر˼ɣδԱ˼
ΪֹκָʲͳɱǹѹһžŶµɼɧ
ǡַȨȻҲšӡûš
  һŰйþ޿޸һǧİٶ˲
ǧɮᣬйн蹫ҽơκȥص˶
֣ᷢгֵڽɡȻйϽɮڽ̸
ǳ̷ԭ򣬶̷ҲʵеĽԭ
  áͳ˵ԭʮɮ(й˾۾
)⻰١ʱھ˵ʮɮᣬйֻ빩ǧ
ɮᣬ̫𣿲עʵйǰռ
26Է̩ʱɮֻռ12(ּM.G
oldsteinǰ)̹̽棬˲ô26Ӳ
Ȼ谭ؾá˿ڵķչ⡣޹
M.GoldsteinΪڽ̺Ժĳ(ͬ顰ۡ)
йǧɮᣬռ˵1.6̩Ŀǰɮ
ռ˿ڱ0.7(̩ٷṩͳ)ѵһҪ26ĲгҲ
ڽ𣿾صӵдƬũūôɮᣬ
ӵũū()ڲضʾÿÿͷ󡣲Żָص
ɮǷҲҪָũūأ
  ˵ƻĻôע⣬˿Ѹƻ̬
зչйҵĹͬ⣬Ϊֹû˭ܽһҡ
ʯ͡ú̿˱ɭ췿շȡůƤȼ
ϡвԹţ࣬ʹлʲܻعȻ²ݳ˻ɳ
йΪ˽صԴ⣬޿ˮ糧ֱָΪƻ
̬֤ݡȻй糧ֻ˵йµĲûе
ãˮƽԶԶ춺ˣӡ
  ҲһŰй˱κʱöѧĻ
о桢ĻŲ(ƪ)ؿĿΣ
г̨̨Ҳ˫ȻŲˮƽѸ
ݽ塢塢ҲѸһ˲
ŷ𣬶춽ǮɫΪ⣬˻ѧġӢ
ģȴԸѧġҲоᡢ˿ϡٵִ˳е
Ȼ󣬲й⡣شͳĻȰͲĹԳ
йΪͳμƣҲ᲻ûĻ
  ֮ܶĿǰΡáڽ̡Ļ״䲻
ȴҲԶǴǰɭɲ

ġءܷƽض

  ĵ۵ǡĸԭ˵ѡȨ˵
Ϊ߼ֵҡ߽ƶȵȣӦΪ˱˵ɺȨ
ãΥһгʱҪıϣءˡ
ľҪضԸҪӦ

  ȻȻ̸˶Ӧָ硣ûй磬Ҳν
ҡϧûָعĽڣʹĸ۱޷
ĿۡҶǵȷġعͼԴ˵
ͼعԲΪҪԼ
ӾӵຣĴࡢʮ(Ĳǲ˿ڴ¸
)ԷǲΪҪຣຣʡݳ˲ν
Ժθ߶ΪʷߵȻظԭ(ຣԶຣʡԭ
Ҳȱ)ΪĶռйķ֮һв˿ڰй
һžͳİʮңų(Ҳְɢ
صĲ)зǲ(ء͡硢ɡŭ
סۡŰ͡͵ȵȣ\ȫǺ)߰

  ˹о񣬰ղƳĲͶƱģʽ(Լǰաϸģ
ʽ)ӦɡءȫʮϵľһƱǷ춡
ءڵĲ˲򣬶ǲ߰ٶͶƱȻǷԶ
ԴǴҪ󡰴ءͶƱ
  ˵ءڵĲ˱йĽҪЩ
ȫߡҲ˵йȨ»ذͼķʽԭеĶ
غǰصĴ󲿷ֻĴϡຣʡݣЩ뺺
ˡʷ˶֪յĴϡࡢຣʡ綼
ģϽδݳյһľǰຣʡȷǲ
£Ǻ£ǻ¡һ굽һ꣬ʮ
ùӦձԶ֮ɱʱʡĸ
ຣʡϯĻԵľຣʡϯĻܡһ
ľǰռຣʡ˿ڵ30ܲǡйɵİɣǲ
ܹ֤Թڡءĺ͵ȵȸ嶼ˣ
Ȩܡ˵ɡ͡ѡȨɱȥء㡰
򣬼Ϲ֡ءĹͶƱҲ߽
ѡ
  ϣľͱȲĸˡعԣ
ضΪ硣ֻԼ뷨Ϊֹ䡰
δع롣ǵȽ춹ѹ
ʹйáء(һžŶʮ»ʢٺعϵۻиض
ʿҪ֯Ϲ˽ſй)
ȻǶķǲ˿ڸߡѹ̸ףŷ˹̵Ļؽ̡
硢ȾһžϲĴԶ
ȨĲ(ǲ)׼¶ĴģѪͻ
òӸ˫(ձһž¾)Զġ
ءһս׷ɵĲʿǵڶ
  Ļ಻ʵʵĸۣ硰ûˣɡǰ
ʮ(˹Īߡ³ǡǡݽ
)ڴսǻ˴սɡ޵ĺذ˹̹
Ŀŵظѹȣ簮ɳǵĹܷ˵ﶨּ
ڸռ˿35Ķ˹ڿ׶˹ˡ˹̹Ĺռ˿
40Ȼ涨ΪΨһٷּڽռ˿49Ķ˹ڿ
ȫԱ֮⡣ڿȫѹƶռ70Ŀ
ι͹Ծǻõµѹȵɣԭı
ͳ巴ӡѹԭͳɡ춲ʿǡ޵Ǹ
õɱɡ
  ᵽӰũūʱ˵صĺڰʵǱй¢ϵý
˵ġҪ֪صĲпᣬֻһʮһʮյLife־
ÿ130--131ҳļƬһյǵִ
(˴¼±)һյǴʾ(ע⣺ʱй
δ)

塢ܷ֤йȫ

  һ˵ֻͬΧܷ֤
йİȫв
  ΪṹвΪ쵼صŵƽְ
һҵĻȫĳûʵۡϵ˼·Υ۵Ļ
ԭҲȲĸ˵λҲǸ
ûʵۡضʵ̺һƶȣ֡ʵۡĸ
ǺܴġҪضʵоƣ̷룬Ȩ
ģϧһλڴеθ߹ٵĲԣ˲
ֻۣ֪ɣҪйͳΡֻĲ˲л
ῴһʼҲԸĸ⽨ƣ޽޷
ʵ֡ضʱ֣˺⣬Ҳһܽܡ
еԱҲ֪ʲô˼ֻͬô(Ī
ˣʹעһžŶʮһº)
  ءԱǲĻߡӴһ֣
Ҳ֪ΪԹһֱרͳµı
ʵơڸ˵ʲôʲôصֻ
ܲר
  ȻضҪר壬ҲǵɣʱйȨ档
ĶȻĴຣϡĲ˷ǿӰ졣ʱ
صְɿֶ֧ͻصͻ(˵һ飬
ʮ˿ֻռһ)ʹйð㲻ֲֳʿ
ǵľ档
  УͬһԻҰĵӡȽɾͬˣӶйİ
ȫвйô죿飿ӡȿԲ(һӡ߽ս
йǿҿЧ֮)䣿ǾкսΣ(ӡк)
֪Դߣ
  Ȼĵĸۣ뵣ǵġΪʵ
׷ƽĴͳԸԼʮӡ
Ѿʮ꣬ʹסӡȵĹڣҲûбӡͳΣ
쵼ĲһֱǶġ
  ȿʵΪ˱ĻУҪ˵Ķͯڡ
ѧУѧȻӡȴǰӡȹٷĽ
ѧӡʽӢǲʷӡʷΪʷΪĿǰ
УγйʷĻڽȵֻռȫʱʮ֮һ
ʹһ˲ģҲ֪Ļʷ(ſݣ֯
֮⡱̨оίԱһŰ˰ʮ³桶о
һ)˵ǷӡȲС
һž£䡰פشɯĲ˴һӡ
ˣӡ˱ʾҪˡȥ롰Ǩ⵽ӡ
Ȱ衱˵쵼µӡǷԡһֱǶ
ġˡ
  ٿʷʮͶӢӡ֣Ԯ¹ʡ
ΪرʮӢǶפصʵ硢վ
ӡⷨȨ˰ܼ顣ӡȶᣬȫ̼̳Ӣ
صȨֳ档ԴҲ˵һȥʱפ
ӡȾжӾǹ¾ΪǺҫ֮¡ССᲴҲ
ⷨȨ˰ҵȨפÿҪТᲴ
¬ȡӡصȨֱй𲽷ϳ(һ
ӡйصطӡ̺֮ͨͽͨЭһᱣѺù
ϵԼйصطᲴ̺֮ͨͽͨЭ)ʵʷ
ƾʲô˵ضһ䵽ӡӶɶйв
  Ļ˵ûй˵İ˾޷ȥĹ۵㣬ʵǶ
ǻۡ๲ͬԵıͣӡմ߼
Ԯ¬Ƕǵӡ
  
ضйĩ

  ıȲĸĵǿ˲ض⽫δйش
Ӱ졣˵ʱûԾĳŵ֮˼׼
֮ⷢͻѪ¼԰´ٵ˵ǵ
ĴݻԴŪûӰ쵽Ȩ档
  Ȼһ档֪һͳҲ͡ڽӴ
ӶรТΪ󡱵һѳΪ˵ļʶ
κ޷˵˱ڽӴһκҲ޷˵
˱һͳᡣԹԬҷ
ƽĲë֮ԻȡӢ֧Ƶۣοһٶʮƽ
йð֮踣ضôйһ
µġġ˶ں˽Ͻʾָ򽫴š˳
Ӧ⡱롰άͳһŷ䣬δȵ
̨֪̿ڴΪΣ