 

𸵴


() 

  춲ض˵ԭ򣬳ǰŶġᶨ
ķ硱һ(֮һžº)֮оݣ
ԡݡε̬̽ˣʮ븵һ
ۺ̽֡ҿġ硱̶ܴ⡣

ν

  Ϊ˵νȽ綨νΪǰ߿Էʽ
رΪǼ
  ҵ⣬ָ־ɴģȺԱƷ
ʵֶ൳ļ˻š
  AĻٶǣעܸ(תʱ䡢ƽݱ
)ԼйĿǰѾ߱ʵ
  BĻʽΪȺ˶ֵܳԼʹ
ǲʹñ(ӹ׸ԣBˡA߼Ȼ)
  Cļֵ߶ΪǵһλģΪֵøһдۣǼ
춽ĴС춽Ĵۡ
  šʿУСϻ͵ġ롰
˵ġ֣֮Σ߱ѳ֮Ϊ
  ˲ǣҵġŵʿУƺȷԼ
ڡرֵǣͨһֲ֮ΪΪ(ж
)(ͬʱȴǴˡΪ)롰Ǳ
ƴգӶһ֡йؽܿп̨ġй
ԷȻƶȱɱΪˡðҲܲ˵
ǽѧ˵(׼˱Բı䡱׼ʷ
ǰĻͷ)Ψʷ(ǲ˵־ΪתƵʷȻɡ)Լ
Сʲ׼֪ʶӵѧ(ҪܣҪԲݡ)ϵģĪ
һӻ⡣ʵʣⲢǼҴǳ⣬Ӧ
ɽ֮гװѪǽ
춴˰ҡź۸ߺ
  Ҳ˵ҪȥȽ˼(Ҵڴ˰)ҵ˼ǣ
֮йûм˻Ȥһרβбʡ(
ԣҴĲбʡ)һ׻ˡǣڽһר
ĹҵһСĲ;ɿʱѹȥҪ
Ϊעߵĸߵܹйʵ⡣
  ŵĽ涼뼤ΪԲǾ
ܸı(ܲ׸ı)й߱ʵȫ(õġ
εġĻġ)෴Щȥഴ죻Ⱥ˶
ûȥƱٸΪӦִ
𲽽УҼʹñ˵Ϊߵ׼ٳߵĿ
ҲӦΪۣΪ()춼()

Ĳ

  Ŀꡢţ޲ʵʩ취춿̸Ӧй֪ʶ
ӵдҪָժȱͬʱó취
ëǻۣСӶʲô鲻⣬ǻڿһҩҩ
ҩãǾǴǻˡ
  ֪Լ޴ǻۣǻýëڶҩ
ǺҽĵˡĿйǲҪ̸ڽй
ĿͲʲôɡгá֪
⣻һ֪ʶӣгô󳱵ĳ£׷
Ϊֻһ׷ΪɵϹˣ
ʵӦʵĶ۵˵(ź֮
ˡŹ̫)ֻƪֻܼٶǶĿ
лʶĿеǣҲֻǽͨŷһ׶
ΪΪֹûзеͨĸ춲
йƽľ;ܲʵʵظʷ״涨й
ɫơйɫڲϣǻйһִͬ
ʲôġġƶȡйԡйɫΪɸܾ
ɡйɫԡƣ
иĴ
  ŵĽ֮ͬʱڵĺ
ؼ򲻷˵ǣһŬʹйƽݱΪһ棬
ǹ(Civil Society)ıǿΪ(͸
Ϊ෴)ءǾķܶܳɹ(Ҳ͸
෴ǿΪԶʵֵ)

֮һΪᵳ

  ı仯ͻ䷽ʽ֮⣬ǽģĳһʱȡ϶۲Ļ
ָᷢһַ¿ײࡢ¾ӳµĹּ̬
ʿͨ춵͹񶨴ֱ仯壬ΪֻҪǳױ仯û
仯磬ʿͬ˵ʱʮøĸܴ
ûбҵĿ֮ͬ½ʮ
¼ش(˵ĿǰǸƶԵ)仯
  һйʶ̬ȫʧܣʶ̬ƴΪɶ
ֻýĶ¢һ·¢ڡġǰҲ
࿪ʼơġǿѹ©ʹַʤ(
־ҽĻ¼ɱƷ˸춷Ƿ棬Ϊ˾ݴѴʮ
)˽»򹫿Ѳʲôʱ֣Դᷳˡ
  гõѸٷչԹҵλҵƶȡƶȡ
ƶȵΪֶεĶĳ׿ƻ߽⣬бëʱ
㷺޷ɡǨɡ뾳ɺʹ¸˽Ӫû
ɡ
  طȨɵطȨƣ١
ʹ⳥ڵĴɷƶʵʩһϵоֲԵƶȱ硰
ֿԼ˴ᡰϷ泪ԽԽǿʵȨ
ȣʵ϶ζŷȨƺγɡʮĴίξֳ
ίʯ𻷷˴Эȥƺ򡰵һԪ쵼ˣʵ
Чܿ෴ֻλƿӵʵȨ(νƨɾ
Դ)ֻҪִᶯҵ¾˸쵼пƶ
Ҳһֻ̬
  
  һ仰йѾëʱȫȨ(totalitarianism)ƶȣϳɹ
ݱΪСƽʱȨ(authoritarianism)ƶȣ˵һ
ӵ֮κɣһֱÿ˵˼
г׿ƵȺڷ˹ȨƶȣֻҪ㲻Ȩսû
İᡪǰ̨塢Ϻκëʱ
ᵽ仯֮޴Ѹ١Ϊƫ֪Ρ춸
Ϊë˵йȨ֣ѡͳ֮
Ϊһ̸ŵ(ҿ)ȷĽۡ
  ڵСƽ쵼µʮ꣬й()ı仯֮֮죬
˵κ˵Ĵ󡣲۵ڡġϵĴж󣬶Ӧ
һȫʷۣӦġĨɷʷ̹ʵ˵
й󶼳θĸ춾øĸ˵һֲҪ
շ۶ϡͱٶȶԣαٶδᡣؼ춴ˡ

  ؼ
  ΪؼȨϷҪԴļֵϵͳ(ϵͳʶ̬)ı
ʮζ(ۡɻ
)Դ춴ˣհᡰģʽȨ֮ҲԴ춴ˡй
ȨΣʵΣΣϷԡ
ΣȺ尴ƶȵļֵǷǵļֵȷƶǺ
Ƿ(S.M.Lipset)ġնᣬһר֮ǷȻ
ңκα粵ء
  йǿӲ()áϷԡ롰Чԡһ£Ϊ
ؽϷԡЧԡָȨʵʵָȨܷЧ
ҡʱйȨһ൱ЧȴԵɥʧϷԵȨ
ӵ(ԵҲ)޿κڡëʱǡ෴
Чȴ߱ĺϷԣǸʱйôƶ࣬
ҪëƶȵġҲǲýĵʱëʱһش𣬻
˵һġ˶ġǽ˶δܱ
ʲô˶֮ش𡣡塱˶ʱûмǶƶȴгױ
ʶģ෴׷ǡ塱ܿǵ
ĵĶԣġѾƶȳ׻(ħ)
븵ķ磬ұʲô룬Ҷԣһһ
ֱ¼᲻ñƳˣһʵ춼ֻ
һ棬򵥵ΪǴ£Ϊô򵥣ܿ
΢ҿܾйɺż(
)˼(ʵɼɳֲͬ)ּ嶼ˡǰ
ΪϲҲܻȥ򲻵Ϊй첻ȥ(һ
̨)Ҷ϶й̨Ǵ¡ΪйĿǰӻȥ
ǳܴǺ£˵Ϊµϣ΢л
ѡҲйΨһԾ֮йʱ϶µĽ
ؼ㣬һʶ̬£һᡣֽ
ɹĿ(Ǿ)춶Ҳ֪(ܿϣ̫
)ֻ֪һ㣺һİ壬ϣɸǿϰ
յĸΣӦʵʵΪٳɽŬܶҪ֮
ǳͿִ̿ز۵ʷ磻Ҫ½(ܿǼٵ)
ҡר(ܿǾȨ)һǨʱաȥʹ
༫ǰȷѭܹȥ()ôԲǣ
йʼˣһʵġٵʷᣬ
ʮ֡ʮϧβٴʧΪ
ʷˡҷǳ༤ʿȳУҶ֡²
㡢ࡱķǳʮʹģǰйִѴ
͹ˣ춻йôõһӰһк¶õ֡ʷ
һ֤ϣģѡ֪ĸʱ̿
ʼϵͲپй(Ǵɥʧʷʶһ̿ʼ
)
  ҪɵĴƻͱ뽨һȨ֮䡰Ի
Ϸ򣬡һҲҪȡ˫Ӯ֮֡һ֮
ʧϷΪ׷һƯĹ޴ɡ˫䡱
֡뻢ıƤʽͷȫģʲôҪϻƤϻ
ƾʲôҪƤ㣿༤ɷ񶨹ΪûԼƵ
ȫȫ⡱Ϊ񣬶ڡıһ֮˽Ҫ
ĻŹѧ¡Ļٶǡ෴Ȩ
һı˽Ϊ˷ֹֺɣȥҪı˽Ӧ
ҪƶȥලԼ׷ģܹõģһ
ı˽˵˽˭Ҳ̫ˡʲôɲȥ㹲
˽أȻҲıԼ˽йζ군̨
ᣬйƾʲôҪȥͬ㣬ôУ
  ҪͳμòҪҲӱеõô(塢Զ)
ֻиƴδƴùͷԼͬһ˵
࣬к洦ҪĸɹҪͳߵһּΣСаȫ
̬ûΣУûиĸĶûаȫУûиĸ
Ҫһ֡໥ϡϷҪռġҳϷԡʶ
ҷϣӮҪ(ȻزٵǶƶȵĴ
һµͬ)Ǻ͹ʲôȽ
Ʋ⣺֮ҪֻΪڲȨǡ
ͳʱڵĹһ깲Ҳѡ߳ƣѷ
춽֮ɡ
  ֡˫ӮҳϷԡľĳ֣һǰǣйͬĿ
꣬ܶ൳򣬼Ȼ϶Ҫһ쵼ȥҳȥ
̨군ѡ̸ϡҳϡԣֻг׷ԡһ
ֵ֮زԴ춴ˡ˵ĸĸۣؾ(
)̫ǿ(ˡˡ)֮⣬ҪΪδܼʱ
ĺϷԴӶ֪ʶ(ģ羫Ӣ)ĸ룬޷
ĳͻǹϲֻ춽Ұˡɱǣ
˯˵ʲô췴겻ɡ
֪Ƕʷ׵֪ʷһγɹ췴֪ʶ쵼
쵼ġǽţȻ췴ɣûŵ췴
Ҳɡ
  й񵳻ͨ˹֡½˼ë
˹ֱ˼سͻëһͲ涼
ߣԣһС塱йǿֶκ͹ߣ
ûʲôԴֻкòãþӦüޡë
ʵ()춴ûڽй(й)ԣ
ȡûʲô治ΨһĴ治Ǻ
  Ҫ󽥽Ҫȱֱĳԣˣ糹׷
˼ë󶫣йɷͳĶѣֻᵼ¸춸С
ɹѡйʱһϴͳ·Ŀͬ
൳ԻȡϷԣԴᡢ𲽿ѡٺ
ɳʧأʹй½ڱֻȶǿľ
Ļϣʵ·ȥʵЧϷܿ
Ѹ٣Ҵ۽Сʵ൱֤ݱԪǼ
ʱȨԣһѿʼġһ౯ᷢ


֮

  ɵһ©ǺĻѧرǷ
չѧⷽоɹɳƺţ䶰ڼǿйΨ
һƷġ򡱣Ʒⲻ
ȱѧ볣ʶر뵱йʵҲǲ۲۵ġ
ݡܡĵĻ
  Ҫѧĳʶ飻Ҫ˽йʵع
涼ﲻ˸ѵæֻܼԵذ(ҶԵȻ
)ͻΪҪ棺ڵĺģٰ
ıＯеؼ㣺йʶ̬й

  Ϊǲνᡱ(Civil Society)ᡱ
ΪȨ֮Ȩƽ)ĸ(Ը)˽Ӫ
ҵ(ǹҵڡաųƵ
ҵ)ѧУоЭ塢̻ᡢᡢ
塭ȵȡʣʱйķ൱Ѹ٣ͬ
ǣ֧һȽȶƶйỹкܳһ·Ҫ
ߡⲻָĿǰй˽ӪҵȻ١ģС
ΪǻԶûȨ֮⣬νв׼ڣȻ
Ȩмԡ
  ӦйĹĻ߱Ƚխ˵ʣҲƵ
˺ܴĽȻܴ
  ԼʮĩڿʼѧͿʼԾԵĵͳƷ
ойʮڲſʼƳ(ǵε
Ϊһѧֱʮȡޣȫ)ֵ
ҵǣǱϾǿԴģΪݵо
(йĻйˡ)ʹпܵó
˵Ķֵۡרܣֻλ
Լͬóһ½ۣйĻʵ״֧ƶ
УĽȷйʵ÷֡һִ
ƶܹҪĹʣ˲һ롣
  (Ļҵ)һԣо̸ʱȱ
(ִ硢̶ȡСΧ)ǵжͨǡȫޡ͵ķǺ
סһϣҲδ⡣ɵҵĹ۵İ
պܲ׼ȷ(ĻҪ̸)磬˵йʲߣ
ָ֧ʵȫ˵㣬Ƿëʱ
˾޴Ľ仰˵ѸߵӦþ쿪ʼĳ̶ȣȴԶ
ƽˮƽڼɿУͽ񡱡
ڡԾݴ˿һĴרƶȡ˵Ĵñӡ
ɲǶǰᡢ(ᡢĻȵ)ȫ֪޷
˵ìܣһȻ񶨵ʱĽһĵض
ֵĸʣǴδȥΪʲôʵȴһ
Ǵһרơ汧ǸҿԶôһ£Ҽţ
롰ǲ
  йķ϶мĲͬ(йȱ̫Ķ
áʲ׼塢ڽ̡ơȴ˺ܿµһ)
Ǳ֣˼ʵ˵һҪ
ȡۡо˼۵Ĺ㷺ȨؿӦ
ۡһ棬Ҫ翪ʼ޷ΧڡϵͲϵʵ
ΣʡԱ(˴)ֱѡ٣Ը
Ľȵȡ֮ǻΪΪศ
ɵģңӦҲʵ̫̫࣬ں⳪ߵ
̫̫ࡪֻʧѧĿຢӸѧ߰һѧУ
һѧ춿һ˽Ӫ˾Ƕйһ
ʵʵĹס



  Ѿд֮Ӧ֮룬ֱԸ򵥵ġ
ͺ塱
  һ˵롰Ȩ塱𣬿ǳҵ
Ϊʵڸ㲻塰Ȩ塱Ĺһµĺ徿ʲô
  Ҵδšֻ㲻йȨȨܱ׼ܵν
(ʵ)෴ֻͨʩѹܴٳйڲԡ
εĽܽ춼ܾȨô
ܡأȻǡǡƷȻΪйܡ
Ȼȴ롰׼ɣ¼ϵӹϵĴʾ䲻ʵ춡
ңʵЧһͶֵ޴ַƫ׼ȷ
ԺʹֵжɫʵĽʵַεԭ⣬
ͶԷб춲ܳʽĴҰԱһ˿װŵ
ŵַϣע⡣Ĵ֤(硰̫ƽʢ
޺ͻʱ̴ƽȵ̡йɫȵ)ˡһһָ

  Ҵδа仰˵ġԲ෴䷳ط
ġǷɣ˭Ҳ赲סֻһָġ
ǼһԸʮּ򵥻Ϊһǡ¡
ΪضкõΪ󱯾ʤ
Ĳʽͬʱѡͬʱĸ(Ҫǣ
ԡĳ̶)ԱȲͬȫܴΪͬ
ȡɿ㡢г嶯ܿƵķʽ(ңйϰ
ķʽ)һ£ȡΡ⳥Ÿȡѵžٷ
ٳɺͽ⡢δĵ͵䴦һ¡ȷҸ
ȻǺõúܣйִԹһô
ΪʲôͷԸһ㣬˼ȫһ㣬һ¿ܵĶ
øȫЩأο˵ķǳġĴѪδ
µĴ󸴳ѪҲѡġѹ˵Σ塣
ߵʹ߳ǡġİܷΣ롰
ȶʲôϵأŸǹ⣬һ
˵úܶ࣬ǲҲ̫˫Լߵʱ䣬ֵ۵
ĿһȥأںôõĲϵѵӦڽ
֮ǰȻһʱѱߵԭ
  ġʮͬ(Ԥͬ)һ̶ȵҺܿԱ(
ҸͻɴǷܱ)ֻһһҪ߾ȫ
ҵķڶҸ޷μǲᡰçײ¡Ӷɴң
ҵŴͨ˫ٳɵġһĲ졣˵ֻҪ
ɼռλɼռλ涼
ɼռλұ̬Уδûл
ܣҪƽ⼫ǰ˶㹻Сռ
λһһͷѪĴɱҵɿ֤
º(ɡȽɡ)λγĳʽ໥
ƺ⡢Э
  塢ҿоٵĶԴҵġķֹ֮(Եس
׼ᶨظ족)κβֵ˵
ɲݣҵĸо(Ҳҵĸо)һƯݴʵĶ
ԼȻĿջ׺Խҡ
  ƺҰʱġëʱԼʱйһɲ֣ǡ
ǡΪһ׻⡢һʽ˼ά֤ǷʱջĴ󣬻ʵ塢
߼򻯹ȵĴ磬Ұʱй󺰡һרơëʱȴɡ
ǿһԪ쵼Լ˵սʤսңëĸﲻ
ңϵȴʮֵңʱص㲻ͬҲ
йı仯ǡܱ䡱
  ߡңлβ𡱣۾ݣΪӦΪһ
ֲ۾ݡǣһǰᣬǶδѡ뿼
ǵġۡ͵һΪ˵ԭ̵͵㡣˵
һָۻʽ̡
  Ϊ˵йɢġҡۣҲΪǰ
;棬Ϊ˰ѽɽȥǰһʵһ
Ӧһ䲻ɵĻ˭ĸִǲѽɽȥ
ǷΪǰ;棬ҿӦĹжϵ
⣬ʿжϣӦͨΪ㷺顣ʵϣĿǰڸ
ʿ֧֮йҪԭǡǡĸ￪߼񸻣
ʹǿйִĶʲô̫Ҫѧ
ˣҲ˵̫ӽˡҲǼɵһͨ

ϣͻع

  ᣬһᡰΪƣ˸𡱵̬ȣһҪðһαָΪ
Ӹµؽѵˡķգһмɡʿԣ
ϣ
  ΪйǡҴͳĴߵǡƽ(ƽӹ)Ʀ
ĵĻʵεʵ(Ȩȼ)ڹ
̬򹫿ļֵϣйš쵼СרȨ
šȺ·ߡרιųƽȣԾӢġǹ
ΪʮͿѧʱһ̥еһ쳣Ŀparadox(
ɱ)ĸɣ׵ƽ壻˵רƵʵ
ס(Ȼⲻǹ塰ʵ
Եһ)ȤĻﲻ˵ֻѸȼ
עһ¡ʸʶִУҪκһ򣬶
ӦȾ߱һ(̶ӸҪԶ)רҵ֪ʶͼܡȻ
Ҳ⣬˵䲻⡣ûѵ͡Ҳ
Ӧѵ볡ȯθһ볡Ϸй˵һձ
Ķ⡣ƽ񻯵֮һרһٵǿ
ıҪǷĽŵпάһ֮ǰ(
Ͼһ)Ǿ͵ܵµһ
вй֪ʶӵĴԴһ֪(
˹ٵһѧϣһλĳֲͬʱߡʲôǶ
ƺһֱ߶׫ĺ˵)ϰˣġ
Ǵ¬󡢷蹫絽ë󶫣һ(ŵ
)ȫİһ㶼֣춽ʮ˼Ҳ
ƫɡҲȥ˵
  ͺ˶ԣҼΪҪ̸Ρ̸(٣Ҫ̸)һ
ȱʸ񣺶飬ͻع
  飬˵ܽǸΡ̸ıҪǰᡣΪӦǿǣ
ҪָѧдѧرǷչѧ飬ָڹڹ
ʲôƾ˶֪йһӼЩй
ĲǽǽʣƬġ˼䡣ɵ
֪ʶϵͳƫȵ֪¡Ҳйв߱
Ҫԭ֮һⷽ棬ұгʹѵġ硰ġǰҶ
ѧ鼮ЩܲһҲǴĽѵˣֻǾ˳
͸ȡѵѵֵƼİˡʱԼʵ
ǡɸ֡벻ͨΪʲôںôõ(ڱȲԵ
)ȴôй˸ö鲻ȥԳ춼֪ǳľȴ
Ľһ뱸ʮģû飬Ƕʮ
ӻʮӵĲȻ飻飬Ҳ
жϣƭ˭أ֪뼤()൱ǿԣⱾһ
ѧĳʶ
  һѶˮ׼飬˽йʵʣͬῪڱһ
ի֪ʶʵʣëȱԺҵ
й֪ʶء⣬ûлعҪ
ں˽ʮ£صڣԼںܶ෽ˡ
⡱ˣòѧϰֽ̣֮һءо
ʵʵһֱǴⲻܾ߱һҪ
ҷǳ⡢ʮͬ˲ԸعɡɵϲŻӽ֮ص
(δܻ)ӽֻ֮޷⡰Ըعϡ󳪸
(ôʮİٱ)һ൱ϵɡ
ڵʵ򶼴ھұ䶯еĵйʵǸʲ
ôشжأ˽⵱ǰйϰĵľʵ
ȶ;÷չء϶κ´˱Ȼ
ּ֧(ɺܿ˼ٶģֻǸ)
  ⣬Ҳ븵ǶԹڵ(Ҫع)ǶЩºͿݡ
ڰ£òͷǵ۴ʼնѵơ
Ӧǲġдˣɵôĵӿ˿  (һ
ʮ¶ա)