̽

δйĻ

 

	
  ڶʮһͣйɫĻ򣬾ĸ
棺ĿɣǷΣṹ
  ϸѾãֻЩ֮໥Ҫ
¹ľ飬ۺΪһٳ̽Ǻʹͳ֮
ϵΪһ򲻽ձԭҺй
鲢в㣡ֻҪԵĿѧֶΣһǵĹϵʵ֡

(һ) 

  ʷϣһǧǰġ顷Ωʱ˴
춳ָҪΪɫһλŰʹ
˼ǡҲǡĸΪֻǵ
ʱڣ˼űĵġDemocracyӡ
мž޴תֱ̣죬תδɡ
ҶǷӦóΪĵʵʼֵѲ顣
  ԶʱϡٶԴڶ࣬ԷŽụԶԸȻû
γıҪйʱ˿࣬Ȼ𽥵֣˴֮ìܡ
ͻȴңΪ˱ÿ˵Ļɺ棬ǲͳε
ҪԷγԭʼ˵еҢ˴
ͳȨ˽ʱŲͳһִϵĹ
ͲһȨľޣδֻܷԵͳ
ɾʱȻۺƣϷͳĿĴΪ
ÿ˵ȨɡǹСΪ֮Ϊᡱ֮˵
  κﶼᳯ䷴淢չ̫ˣ˱ȴͳεı
ĿģͳδΪͳΣȨΪ쾭壬ǲרơԹż񣬲
۹ĵλôʥڱֻһƽ˶ѣְô
ֻзɵе˽⣬һȨ
ͻΪȨı˽ĹߣΥͳεҪĿġˣ
ǰϦѷ(James Madison)һڣΪǶǷ
ҪͳΣҲΪֻˣҪ÷ȥԼ

  רƲΥ壬ΥѧСƥΪʥ
ܶΡһ壬˿ԽԽҪͳΣԽҪͳΣרƾ
Խвͨ۾οµȨרȻһܵ
õķʽȥȫִһ񣬵ͬʱؽ©һټͬؽ
顣죬ܵľʹɵãҲСҪ
ִ׷ӵԼԼˣӹŵ
񾭹ͳΡҪΡıΡп
ܵȱݣĳʽִΨһϺԵ
ͳηʽ
  й𲽽Ϊһ壬಻1912ġ
ʱԼл֮Ȩ춹ȫ塱Ȼɣһԭ
ʼûиı䡣ٴ˶ʼΪһƶȣһֱ־ʿ
˵׷Ŀꡣʵ˶һĹʶͽһǰ
ȣĿȻͬңԶǰ;Ȼͬãϣڻ
УؼġȻǸģʵʩѡ
  ΪĽҪκζƸӵöࡣרԼȥ
ɶ෽Эͻǻ춶Ȩʶ
ǻ۽ͳλơԽԽڶ࣬ƾԽӡ
Ϊרףѡ˵Բԭʼţ
Ҫ߱ˣܷרǽ
ʾܲơɵǵģܹ
άͳεƶȱȻǸӵģ߱㹻ȥ
м춴ˣ뱻Ŀѧԭ֮ϣֿɱΪѧ

  йʵľӢۣ֮ںѾã
ݻΪȨ塣ҵĴǳ⣬ֹ۵ڱ˵Ǹ
ǿһ춰Ϊ׷󣻵ֳʵѹ
㡢ŴڵʵʹʵڲҲ
ġӢɷ֡һ棬ȨΪһʵֶΣҲרת
ٵģ񵳵ġѵṩвǣȨ
ֶֻζѣΪĿͳר塣⣬κΪﵽĳĿʱ
֮ĴʩܵΣգΣκת
еģΪӵо޴Ȩӳʱڡˣص
ʱڵϻ⣬ʵֶ߱Σмɸ¡춹
λȨδһ;ۺʽȨĿı
ΪȨ
  ⷽ棬ŷֵǽǷֱķκ
أΪ˱Ȩã뾡ݺʵзȨĳ
ϣȨζΪԭһȨڱɢ
ݺ͵طܵʹơˣȨʹƽոӽȨʵ
塣ķȨǸΪģϵķȨᳫֵ
ΡΨһȨģʵ塪ҪҵҲ
һĹְ(縣)ͨġȨǰĲְֹ
תƵҵ͹ɵľʵ塣͵¹ڸҵʵ
еġͬߡʹ˴ҵʩΪº塱
ʵǶӦġ̡ˣȨ
ȨȨһɢȨ
  ǣʵҪԽվ޴ȨΪ˷ֹȨã
ȨΪҪڶʮ֮ΪЧԤִãҵ
ȨȨձšʵרƵй¸ܰ
ȨƵӰ죬ĳʽľӢȨ塣ԾӢ
ԼӢȨԼȨôʹǿȨҲô¡춿Ӵ
Ϊ˿ģڴ֮ᣬ˵ط⽨ݣ
ǿȻȱ͵¹ֵطΣԲΪ
δͳĹҡǿˡԺԿΪɴ
ķ顣Ժ𽥷չΪ˾
ΪΪù淶ˣԴ춼ȨͳεĻһö
λ֮ᣬȴɳΪȨַĿɿϡ˵Ȩ
ϵĲ㣬ʹǿԼӶȨɥ
ʧĺϷԡʵкʽȨ壬ڲȡ
ʵķȨƣǶ˾ԷֹȨתרơ
  רƵ񣬾ϰȨ
ʹڿ͹ϱüΪѡһ̰ӣΪʹ˴˸
ཻдճ񣬾ʧȥнͻ죬Щ
ġũġ̵ġġְҵǡܱ
һ֮ж⡢ͬ顢أ̷֮ʱ˭
֪ᷢεȼҵײ Ϊṩ˭ܱ֤
춸Ե桢ʡԣȥ˵ı໥кԴ
ֻ޵ΣֻڿԤĳ̶ϣֶȥδȻ
Ƿܱձܲãȡ֮Ƿγһ
ʶ
  ΪĿģвѧߺ蹫ᡣҪγɹᣬʹͨ
֯еͻұ뱣Ľɣṩ
񷨻ʹЭʧʱìпڷԺԽй½
λҲȫȱֻơڶĵطίԱ
൱̶ֲ˾Ƶȱݡ
  ɱȻ鵳ɣ൳ԭһ¡ɷϣȱ
Ĺң൳ҪҲΣա춴ǰѹȡŤ
桢ȱξȸԭ򣬾רƴͳĹңʵ֮ȷ
ʵײһЩ˵ɣաɿƻģϧԱƷ
һΡúᶯһ壬ά֡
ȱұƣƾΪ¹ġ
ֵýĳɹ顣Ϊ˼ȡκ깲ͻɴרƵĽѵֹ
ҵȨȥݻ¹ĻȨԺȡڱ
ʮԺ˵¹;
۹ȱ壬ұ
ȶڱۺͼɵͬʱٿֹȡ
򡣸ֻںƽԷΧڻȨǿߣֻ֮


() 

  ǹʣôĿꡣĿģ
Ǳÿ˵ĻȨϷԵΨһԴһ̶ϣ
ɵһ㺬壺еľɡѡ
ͬȵѡ񣬲նľԼɹ巴
κʽĹרƣԶ÷ʽһԣ
ֹãķκԿƶרơ
  ڴҪǿɡϵģǡÿˡɣǶ
ĳɱ𡢻ͳġ塱ɣҲɵһ֡
ǣֻΰĸˣΰ壻ûһ
壬˽Ϊū͡ҪɣҪɡӦñĳ
ֻ壬ʹøȨˡἯŻַˣ
ɰһֶ˸ܷܵƵķɹ淶ڣж
ܵ뱣ϡֻҪжδԽɷΧȨͲ
ַұܵҷɵı
  Ȼɲָ˵ΪΪ״̬ڷµ
ɡɵԴһֿһΪ˵Ȼ״̬Ϊ
ͻѣбҪƶԭԼɡ˹
(Thomas Hobbes)ġάֹ̹۵㣺ȻȨ˵Ȼɡ
Ա񷨰ƣˣƶɵΨһĿľԼ
ƽȻ޴档ɽֻΪ˵Ȼɣʹǲñ˴˺
ֻ໥ЭŽһ·Եˡһֹ۵Ϊ˵Ƿɸ
ġ(John Locke)ڡ۹ָɵĿĲȥȡ
ɣǱɣΪܹΪͳεУ
ûзɣûɡָƺͱɣûзɣͲ
ڡɲָΪΪָڷΧڣж
СȫƲɣʱ˵ɾͲ˵룬Ȼ
ԴԼ־
  ֹ۵˵ìܣ˵ǶɵĲͬѡڶԴƲȨ
ϣƺԲȡ˶ԷĹ۵㡣˴ʼͶֵۣΪͨ
ƲԼֵ˽вȨκڡ˹ȴΪֻ
ܸ貢ϲƲȨܴ춹֮ǰ
  ڴˣҲɺȨԴֻϣΪ˲Լ
ĺϷʵ壬Ŀ޷춱ÿ˵ĳЩȨֱ
ͬʱ͸塣ȨֻͨҪûдҷ
ȨͲӦܵơȨһֿ͹ԣκ
ĿַҲ˵ҲȥַЩȨһ
ȥֹܵŻ˵ַƩ磬˽вƲһȨ
ôҲΥɳķʽȥռȡƲܾʲͬʱ
һƶἯŻ˶˽вƲַṩɲȡ
ÿ˶һַĻȨģ˵Ȩ޶ȣ
ұ
  Ȩһ㷺ֹһֶ塣һԣܵձ
ĻȨĳЩκͷɳȨֱӡƽȡɡѡ
٣ۡ桢硢ᡢǨɣǰƽȣֹһ¶෣
Ʒ˽סլַԼµܷ߳ķΧ
ڣЩȨܵɵơǾúḣȨ
ȡضȡľƺձܵʶ̬˵
ûһľƣҲҲ֡ȨķΧȻ
ɲͬȡ˺壬빫вϵõۺ;
ȶһɲĹ򡣵ۺƣ񾭼Ȩ޶ǣҶ
˽вƲռȡӦþ򲢸ʲ
  ֮ܶǿ˵Ȩͬʱ޺ޡÿ˶ĳ
Щ޶ȵȨǹġȨġЩȨܵκ
ַܵҵıκ˲ԼĻȨȥַ
Ȩˣÿ˵ܵҷɵơǳԽȨ޵
ΪܵƲá
  ᣬɺ͵ڴ˲ìܡɡļ˽
ܵɵϸԼڷɷΧڣ˲ɻȨԽ׳
һܵȨƲõķաʵϣǳĵĹ¡
̰ѹת֣ͨ˾ϸʵʩ˵
ͨԡˣڷµɺ͵֮䲢ڳͻˣ
ɻȷκ»Ȩɹ岻ͨԤ
ʹһѧ˵ѧ˵֮ϡڽ̺͵´Ҳֻͨ˵ȥȡ
κΥʽȥʵǿơߴ˵ĻȨôȻ
óеΡ

() 

  Ϊ˱ɣαΪڱͳӢܷѧ
(A.V. Dicey)ڡܷѧۡ˶巨Σ
  ()ζţڹҵͨԺǰͨ˾֤ʵԷ
ɵַ˿ܵͷǿʹʧ
ϣȻͬнڸʹ㷺Ȩ֮ϵϵͳ
()ζţκ˲óԽɣҲĹλλΣÿ
˶ӹҵͨɣͨйٵĹϽȨƽȵĹ
нײ㶼ͨԺִеͳһɣӢ򼫶ˡ
ᣬΡйܷķ...ǸȨԴȨܵ
ԺʵʩĽ
  ɣκ͸ϢϢءͬʱϲԼɡһ棬ɲ
ǲƵľɣ֡ɡֻᵼרƵĻҡ޶ȣ
ɱܵɵԼûзάµκɶܳáҲ
ֻзβΨһɿıϡֻзɲܿһκʽȨ
ʹַ֮ĸ˵εĻҪ˾ֻ
ж֧ķԺΪٲߣ͸֮
ͻʵȨķǷַ
  ι廹Ϲȶ֮䷢ͻ
ôԵȨֻͨƽ͡ԵķʽͨǿýΪ
ǿìӦͨⷽʽл⡣ìܲɵ
䵱ʱұṩƵ˾ԲþʹԺ
зɵǿԼΪͻսʽų˱ִ
Ҫԡ֤˾ҪԡӴڶδս
ȻרƵ棬˾ƺ͹ϵͳȴ쳣
Ժ쵼ԺԺΪ׵ͨԺֱڹ˽
Ƚطչʹɲʱ仯չҪˣڶ
ֱᣬ˾Ϊṩȶء
  Ȼκ֮Ǳìܣ໥ٽָᴩ
ӢܷԭȨ͹ҷϡܿ˴˳ͻ
ֱǴƭԵģʽȨͬȨ޳ɷϣ
֧ϸʹȨʹӶһǿȨ
...... (֮)Ȩ޳ɷΣҷɵߵλʹʹ
Ȩʹ֮ڷξ»ʹ
  һ㷺ĸҪذȨΪһԭ򣬷Ȩ
ѼɡȨҪִ˾
롢ְϷֹȨƺ⡣ȻȨȨݲ
ͬķȨģʽҾвͬʽȨ໥ơͳƺڸ
Ƶ˾ִȴΪͬƺơۺ
ֻƣΪܵԼðְίִ
ִΪ춷ɣóԽɹ涨Ȩޡ
  ȷܷǹҵ߷ɣҾ߱ͨɵԼ
ԱԺֱӸʵʩΪһҪۣԺܷĽԼ
ԺԻܷ⣬ϷͨķЧԺ
ȨͨΪ˾飻ʼ1803
ѷ(Marbury v. Madison)ܵҲ̶ͬȵĲɡ
ɲȡͬ˾ṹɰ߷ԺҲ
ǽܷ߻¹רŵԺĻ
ԺԻĽ;ֱӷЧԼԺ֧
ᡣ
  ȡ춸ܳѡͨƷԺۣͨ
Ҫ޸ͨѵöࡣ˶֮Ȩ
⣻ϣͻԺԼ
ƶκηɣôǾⳬԽܷԭ򣻶Ǳܷô
ʵϾٶܷĽ͡˾ĿԼ
ɵϵĻȨӶﵽķΡˣ
֮ìܣֱ֮Ȩͻ
ìвϴﵽƽ⣬ִ봦
⡣
  ᣬκͶǿġìܡǰⲿԼ
߻ಹ䣬ƫϡҵĿΪıܽ
ΪĿüõϵΡֻȱҪķԼ
ôǳ֮ʣֻס෴ֻзɣȱ
ҪĵԼô෸βܡң϶ţë
ԺϾƵġΡҲֻͽѡֻȥ
βʵ֣÷Լŵά֡ˣҾ֮
ͷΣȱɵƱزܳáҾԹ̾
ȱµҲطɡ
  Ȼºͷβһ¡´߲ȡֶȥĳѧ˵ʱ
ȻϸԶκηɵԼȨ͵Ȩܺ϶Ϊ
һͬʱзɺ͵Ȩ˳ѹֶΣȥ
Ķ֮ԣȻֹһΪа˵ΪȨԴȪ
ֻǷεΪγĻ֮⣬κضĵ
ѧ˵ܳΪɲ֡ͳȨȥᳫκε
෴вжȥϹɣκθˡ
ַ
  ֮βų¡ȷ
ξ񣬵ڲͬϣεҪҲͬ춹֮
ͻԵӦùѰͽľȥֱӴì
ѷֶΪСȻһ֮䷢
ִӦãԱ˫ԱɲĽ
֮Ȩ飬ҲӦܵԼһ̶
춷Ժ顣ˣԽǽӽ˲棬ԽҪԽǽӽ
α׼Խϸ

()

  ΪʵɺͷΣĽṹơһ˿ڶ
ҪȡƣʹȨ롢ݺ͵طú
䡣ƣڶֵýĳɹ飬ܳ¹
½ŷĲϵͳƵľʽָֻ
뷨ε໥
  ͷƺԹϵʵϣʵ
ǰᡣڡܷѧָۡ
  ζŷ塪˾ܷеĵλԽƾ
ձʢС߷ԺܹҲ붨ִȨļޣľ
ϵġ߷Ժķٲܷػˣʱܷ...... 
ֻڳξ񣬲ϰ𾴷ɵϵͳܷ󡣡

  ΪȨʽ廹ɵЧϡͨȨֲ
롢ݺ͵ط岻ٽЧʣͨǣƣ
һȨõĿԡȻطȨ໥Ӧôﵽ
ƽ⡣ȻͨȨµ¿ƣֱ֧ط
ݺ͵طѡٱ¶ϣȫơԵطƺֻͨ
ʵ֡Ϊ˱ϸݺ͵طȨȨܷȷȨ
ȨΧڣܷͷɾߵλִ֮ݷط
һЧܷ涨Ȩġߡȣݺ͵طܷ
ֻࡪǸȨݻطַܷ
蹫ȨԺ˾Ȩָ˵
ΡۻɣúóɡȨ춹ʻ
óףݻطöݼóʩκԹ˰ظ
춸ݻط¡˰ʹͳְϣݺ͵ط
ȨܵϣܷӦ÷ֹĸ档ڴֵ
ýŷġԭ򡱣ڿг̶ϣ뾡ɻ

  ˣͷϣʹȨܵرϡȣ롢ݺ
طȨɢȨܣȨܷȨΧΣ
͸ڲһʵִ˾Ȩʹòͬε
ԴﵽȨƽ⡣ͨݺȨ໥Լȫ춶Ժ
˾顣ˣκƲκδһͳԹȨʩ
ޱ޼ʵȨᣬܷ涨˵ĻȨģȨԺ
ԱַȨģֹݻط
Ȩ
  ᣬ廹ٽȨϸݺ͵طڸȨ
ڵȨЩѡΪӽ彫ǿֱӲ衣
춸ݵص˿ڷֲ͵Բȡͬʽʵ
Ϊزȡ˵ģʽṩ鳡춸ӽ
ĵطӦȡֱѡٵķʽԶɰ
ĴƳɷ֡ˣطиġ塱ô
иġӢ塱ءȻйλ
طǿĲݣ뱣ϸݺ

طĹơⷽ棬ܷСδʵʩ
28ƣҪ֤ط
һʵ塣ϵط͵οܳΪȨĽڣ
ȱطδͳĹңԤǱҪģˣط
ǿơʵӦȷĻԭ򣬷ܸ
õ䷶
  ǧǰ˵δСʡԶʥܰľ
ܾˣһȻӵķʽǵʽʱ
ͬı䣬ڱ仯ıᣬһгġǹ
ĿѧԭֻԷԭķʽȥ棬ƽҸŻ
򣬾ֻжҡƶѡһԵĻ򣬸ÿ˵
ԶṩȱٵĹʶҪʹԼͱҪ
ʹԼɣͱ˵ɣҪܵҷεıԼȱ
طҪöȨĿɿϣֱȫӵ뺴
  ˻˵ν춿ѧ֮ϵɡΡȫһ
ʣκйɫԣǡ෴ĿѧȻҪ˼
ͳĻӰ졣ѧһּϵ߼ߣᳫֹκ
Ŀ꣬ڼٶĳĿǰ£ȥֶεĺԡĳ־
󡪡ʱ塪Ϊһ޶ĿѧۣͲϿ
ѧĻѧ̬ǼĳձͬĿֵ׷ģȻ
ͳΪ㣬ȷﵽĿĺֶΡ鴫ͳĺʱѧ
ȫ̽ܡҲȫų⴫ͳгɷ֡ˣѧԴͳ
ͼԤƴͳãҪĸ涼й
ɫڻѿ