 

ֶκĿġ

 Ρ


һĿĺֶ

     չá͡ߵĹϵһֱн϶⡣

     ǽʱڣκˡûûִĹ۵㣬
ҲǿйǾ⡣ƽΪû
ûִǳʿһֱŷġͬʧ֮򵥵⡱
Ϊ˹µĵ¹ϣµĵ۹Լ˹µ
רμȨ£ʵ˾ִڳΪġɼ
ҲִıҪǿûûִںţ
Ҳп˵ΪںУرΪ
ʵִĹߺֶΡӦóΪȡĵһĿꡱ
ƽҲšһģء֮ʮڣ͵ҲƵĹ۵㡣
ƽΪйܹ֮ѹˣΪûаΪĿ꣬
ΪֶεʧĽֹ۵һֱд֧ߡΪ
УһĸʶЩ˻س£
Σٵע⵽ѧΡ
ƽĹ۵Ȼ˼ΪֶǺͰΪĿ
໥ͻġԣȴĿֶεĹϵ
ϿνĿġָ䱾жļֵܹ
ǵһҪԸνֶΡָ䱾ֵ
ʵԸȻǳ塣ʵУ
Ŀĵʣֶεʡͬһ
ͬ˴ӲͬĽǶȻԸͬһڲͬ龰£ͬһ
ʱĿ꣬ʱֶΡ
һֱ߹ϵĳһΪĿֳΪµĽһĿֶ
ѧŬѧϰΪֶΣĿǿϴѧϺôѧϴѧ
ֿѰùֶΣõĹҲĿ꣬ʵ
ĿֶΡʵκκ£ֻҪʵаԳΪ
ΣȻ⡣
һԲȦϵһﻥΪֶκĿꡣой
񡱵ۡһ˵˶Ϊ˹Զ
ΣĿġΪʹ鲻ɢҪ¸ɣν顱
ֶΣ鵹Ŀġ
һֶһ㶯˱ȶĵطǣ
ʥϵ˵˳Թǻ۹νǣʶϵ
˵ɵ鳤Ҳһǣ򵥵ֻ˲ϳʷ
׶εϵΪҪһʷ䡣ϵǻϵ
ŵģ໥ϵĹϵӳ˵ͷͳϵȻ˵Ǵ
ˡ˲ǱطӳķۺϡĳϽΪ
ʶҲ봴ϵ
һʶϵǾҪʹ֮ΪԼǾĿĺ
εĸͳֶΣΪĿ꣬ǻ۹ֽƶ
಻Ҳùϵﶼڳ
ڻΪѭڣԾĿĺֶεֱߺԲĹϵԲȦ
ֱ߽֯һ𣬾ͳʽӵĿĺֶεĹϵַ
ϵΪϵһرڹѭرҪ
áʵĿĺֶεֲǾԵģǴһġ

Ϊѧԭ

Ͻ˾̬Ļ棬ֻǶ̬еһ档̬Ȼ
ֻǸϵתϵ̬̲漰ֶκĿĵʵתϵ˵
Ŀĺֱֶ֮Ӵڵϵ
ֶκĿΪĻΪ˵һΪرΪ
һΪȻҪΪѧһЩɡΪѧһҪ
ǣҪֶΣһǿµĿġ
ΪѧĵǶѧҰ͸ѧ˵
˹ʳźţɫ㣩ķӦҺԭԹԵźţ
һʳźͬʱڣһǿᣬҲᵥʹ
ԭʳķӦ͸һ֮Ϊ䡣͸꾡
оγɺǿ˺ͻָͷֻĿѧʹ
1904ŵҽѧ
Ű͸˼·о˹ɵΪѧҡ˹ɣB.
F.SkinnerΪ͸оҪԻ̼ķӦΪ
ҪǸ컷ĲΪҪоγɡһ
ĸһܸᣬһػͷųһ
ԭĻģżȻ˸ܸˣõ˹ʹĸܸ
һΪõǿһǿ˼ܸ˾ĵϰߡʹûй
ĹҲĲ
˹ɻо˲ͬǿʽǿǿǿ
ΪϰߵĲͬЧȤĽǼǿЧǿÿζ
ʽʱʱʹӹĸܸΪҲԵõ
ܹ˰ɡڽ̣ͻΪĸܸ˶޹ʱ
ۿʱûйҪҪĸܸ˱һ
мֵĳ߻ţĪջ񣬡
˵͸ʹöԱԵźγɷӦĻ˹ʹԭ
ʵĳĿĵֶαתµĿģʹµҪ˹
Ϊѧ˵ӦͨϵͳǿֶΣԱ
ΪΪ˵˽
ṫ¡һɵĳ춸˵ļƻ
ȻǷ˴ɣ˹ܵ˹㷺Ĺѧ˵еĺںǲ
ݺӵġҪֶתҪձڵĻ
ʵᷢչĸ컯ڻơκ
ʶļֵ£ɣȵȣҪһֶεĿĵķչ̲
ȷÿһҲܹʶԾ
һɣܸЧʵָĸĿꡣǵĿ겻ǰйת

˹ɵķյƵã̫ԸϹ
ǿԿƣùӰǴáô޲סһ
ģֻҪʹϵͳۻ
ĽǣΪֶκͽΪĿ߲꣬ìܣǰ
ߵıҪʶǽй÷չ
ֶΣǰΪҪıҪ裬ļֵʵڲʲôԭ
ϵ۵ּ涨ģҪ涨ģ
˵ĹӦʹǸʶֵּʶִ
ϵͼʹȨƺ;óѹ󴿽е
ҵóΪ÷չĹߡ

;

ͷ˵κԭ⣬ûûִʱָй
ʵҪоһ۵ĶԷӦþ忼й״ָ
йʵʺ壬̶ֹйõ໥Ӱ죬ǽڳ
϶ȦӣȰ۵Ϊһĺ⣬κ
ʱʵʵ˹߼ϰ⣬ȻٳŽһЩ
ȣ޶ЩӵʵĿ飬Ҳ޶䲻ͬͬ
ľʵʽڳطһᣬ־ط
ڵǰйú໥ԡڱ߼ܵû߼
Ϊûо΢ۻơ
ûûִζκʱκεص㶼ԽԽ
ãԽԽʹ÷չļֵҲ󾭼üֵһӼֵݼԭ
̫Ҳᷢ⣬淶㣬Ϊ׼ȱʹ˲֪أ֪
ŬŪþ飬½ѧ̫
أӵѧУĽϺñȻΪ˵ļͥŽ϶ļҳȨ
˭ֻȵóձ鶼ãӶΪйĿ
ǰҲ˸ǾǴˡҪҪʵζ
л϶һ⣬һ󼸺ιһĳ
⣬һʵʷ忼ж⡣ȷʵ
ʣĵطǵǰйʵϡȱ谭á

ġ֮ǣˡ

ǵһйڱƣƪ빴ʱ
ľ·ߣָβ塣ʱУÿѰݶ
˸߲ңüɫһǰйԿľ
˵Υ壬ùĽǿ߶塣Ȼй
ʷķҲвȥϵĶɼ
ֻʹһʧȥгʹеļֵʵʼֵ֮¡
ϵ֮Цйȴ˽֮ˣƽ͵
Ȩŵ˷룬йȥǿġͻΡΪ
¶ӦλΡֻй˵ָ̺ͼǿ޲׼ר
ƽ͵˵ǡɣϡȵȡ
ʮǰġǾʱһʱд÷չȻ
һٽ˶ֻ֤Լ춾÷չܳɳ׳
⻰ýĻ˵ǣòܵģûоܵġ
ƽּ츳ֻҪġĩĳ˼͡˳֮ͿԿ
ϤĵĹڴѧǱŬʦˮƽȻ
ʱδҲ̫ˡˡϣκ;ǽϵģ뿪
̸ΣȻΪӭĿͷμҡ
̸˲ʱΪ⣬ڶ
ȵȡʵҪǡ⣬ʹΪ뾭޹أ
һ˵ľ޹أйľ÷޹кȵȡ
˵־֢ΪΣйƽ˵
ǿ˵ɱȳԷҪͬǶٽ÷չһûģ
߸ǵӡͬйûʲôôҵЩ۵ĳֳ
̳ϳռϷ磬һȦҲϸ죬Ϊʿͬ
Ĺ۵㣬һȺҪԭ룬Σ
ġεķɡΪ˾ƫ

塢ר谭÷չ

ҪԾõĴٽãҪҪרƶԵ񾭼õ谭ã
ֲ춳߼ƵռоʵϣоķⲢ
һɵҪ˵ļŬΪʲôһЩʿ
رܿȥʡ·æƣԼûоӦ
Ŭ
ƪֻܳרƶԾõ谭ļ棺
һרߵʶ̬Էչɾõ谭Ӫõƺ͹Ӫ
Ĳ¢ϡЩʹѻת֮·ܶ£Ӷͨ
͸߶ʧҵ
ɵƶȣ继ƶȵȣԾҪغϵ谭

Ȩݲк˲šйԡ÷
̶ȱȶηй֮޲شݲйľáй
й
ġйΪ˼ƶͨ豸ӶʹԻг
ϢһóŶûдⲢΪ
塢Ȩߣ˾ɵķͷϳۣУ
ҵɵ
ΪάһɵĲľƣƶȣóƶ
˰ƶȣƶȣƶȣƶԼйؾ÷ķ档
ϣлЩһϸۡ