̸ضĩ





      ܳϴԡ(֮ºţ
ơġ)Ʊ׾ġضĩա(֮ºţ
¼ơ׾ġ)Ϊɳ塱˱׼й־ʽı⡱
߼йһ۾˵ϹŻԡ
ǵйʵҪϰ߼Դ
ȵȡִӡñáսÿĸڼμӹ
й˶İܳҲбҪһԼ˼ά
      Ķ׾оٵĴʵݱܶȴ˴ƪ̸й
±䡢ս͡սԽսϵĻԣԴ֤йصҲǻ
ȷĳ˿ڲáΪܳõ
ë󶫵߼ǵ˷ԵģǾҪӵǵӵģǾҪ
ԡ(ëϯ¼ʮҳ)Ҫͬй˵йһָֻС
ƽ߲ͬë󶫵ôǡŻԡҪϰ
Դϧܳˣл
ԼɹйĮ̄쵼ҲǡԴ
      һйǰǡʵġϧйС
ʵĸʹȴޡʵĸΪֹϹûн
ɹһδʵĹΪԱҪôҪô
߱ؾһйǰϦǷһȨңʷʵ
ѧMelvyn C. GoldsteinA History of Modern Tibet(һһ
һһ)(University of Califonia Press Berkeley Los Angeles London
1989-1991)˴ϹļӢӡȵ⽻֤й
һʮ¹ռؾᣬԳơʵظ
ͨ߶ϹҪϹֹйԡȻϹӢ
ӡȹǸңҹִ֧Ƚܡʮ
Э顱˵ڴѹ²˱ѡ񡱣⻰ֻ˵һ
һϹӢӡȹ춹ʹԹۣѡ
      ׾ĸйǰϦĿǰ˿ڱ仯ййɱ
һٶʮ˵˵˿ٶȵʵйʵɱ
˵һ˿ڵʮ֮һʮ֮ס޷׾ĵ
ݣֻë󶫵߼ǵ˷ԵģǾҪӵǵӵ
ģǾҪԡƱߡظйȨƤ顯еĹ۵㣬Ϊйɱ
һٶ˱绤ǵáġɱշʱи̨ý
ڿһʣ˵йڡġ֮ҹ찲Ź㳡϶ѧмɱ㳡
ʬɽѪɺӣйʬ߷ٻ١ʱϳ
ʵԣһᱻΪظй۵㣬Ϊй绤¸꣬ס
괫˵йġġ֮ҹ㳡ɱȷ£ڹ㳡ϼֵĲ
ᡢ»ܻ죿רŵ£֤
ԱΧصĻ᳡Ǵδӵܷٻٵʬ壬й֮
ĵ鱨档һ˵ʱռ䷶ΧΪ
ֶ֤࣬׳塣زΪй绤
Ϊʷ֤йɱĲ˲һٶʮǶʮ
ҲΪʷͬʱҲΪ֤ĻҲǡΪ
ƣ˿ڡйһžͳйڲԼİʮ
ϺҲ򡣴ȴ˵֮ڡû뵽ѽ
˿˵Խ࣬ԼĸصйǰϦ˿ڵ
Խ(õصĵ˿ݼMelvyn C. Goldsteinǰ)ô
춡йһٶʮˡԽ(׾ĵķ֤)
νǧǣһʧ
      춿͹ؾơйһٶʮ
ôȷԣؼҼѪֻҪһ£ʱᱬȫ
塣ǶʮôҼѪ֮˵ԳȫĿҲ
΢΢ʵйʮɲϼʮй
ȵߡڴ쵼¶ǾͻɥʧйǵһȨ
ȨǾͻֳɵ֯ϵḻġ׼(
й̸ǵĿұ)ֶܹѵ(йǷǹ֦)ȫ
սܷƷδ֮
      Ļ˵׾ġìܡΪ׾һ˵ĿǰҲ뺺һû
ۡ桢ᡢɡһ˵гֵڽ
ɡڵйռ񣬲ʲôʱֵܹڽɣ
ע׾˵ǡ񡱣˵ǡйռ񡱣͵
ʱ䡣֪й⽨ʱۡ桢ᡢ
ɡ˽鳯壬ͳν׼ԱҲ⡪ȴгֵڽɣ⽨
ͳߴӲֹǿẒ̌ʱԶŵһ档ɼû
ۡ桢ᡢɡ롰гֵڽɡìܡйһ
ºҫӲеľߡĳЩ
ʿ˵ڽɣΪйֹ˽ڽ()
Ϊ˹̷᳹ԭ򡣶̷ҲҵԭĪ
Ҷûڽɣ
      ԴFreedom in ExileгϣһŰ˾³Ĳضʾ
Źƽ񣬲˵Ϊ˸еһž¶ʮ
ҲòԲضʾϮ̵ʾźϹȨԣŹ
ƶϮ̵궼ַȨһžŶɼ˽ڡ
ӡŹƽϮ̵к
      Ļ˵׾ĵĽǡһͳѳΪ˵ļʶ
׾ĵ׾ĵĽǡضĩաָй
ضͱضᱻƷһͳѳΪ˵ļ
ʶֻ۾ݡһ۾ʵĳйִʷݱ
ľ˶(˶뿹ս)ǰЩ̨ı(̨)˶ٵ
֮·ġйϷ֧˵(˵ԭͬ
˵Ĵ½̸˲ᶼ˵òܳȨùȨΪ
йй)޲֤һʵ桤ҲΪй
˲޳ɲض(ԷԴ硱֮ºŵʮҳ)
Ȼ԰Ѿй˳ΪҪϰҲ
ıһʵ
      ˼ǽȫͬ߼˭޳
˭Ӧ֧ض˭ض˭Ƿϧ춲
һʽضʿҲȫͬ˵Ҿ
ҵĶĽŶβ󣬶Ļɺ
ҸˣĶҪġѾЩѧڻ
ȨǸ˺ôǻռ˵
ҪһΪʵҸɣռĿֻ꣬һֶ
ζſԸҸɺͷ١ʷʮǰķ޶
ֳأ׷׶ʱΪԴһСʮȥˣ
˶ˣЩרȨĸܺڰʵ͸ˡ޵Ķһʧ
ܵӡķ뵱ֳʱȣû׼統ʱȻ
ٲʢҲС޵¼¡̨壬˵ǡ򡮹⸴
ԣǱȽϳɹӡҲҵһûһ
Ҿ޹кܴĲͬЩûжʷ
ǧ꽨ʷĻҲ޹һǷ
ЩҳɹҲһ᲻ֶõר벻춣Ҳҵ
(ͬ)ʧܵĶ˷޹⣬ɲһŷ޵ӣ˹
ǡ׾ôʵ֤ذġءͼķ
֮һйͻս׷ɡͿ̿Ķ˹ǣҸ
ȥԶ
      ֮ĹҲҷѡ
ӢķҲ
˹˶ĪֿͳӢ쵼ҲǡҪ
ϰԴ
      ߲ΪйĿǰȱ෴߶ָйĿ
ǰ߼Ϊӡ޴ЧǡǮǮ򡣡йΪ˰
ˣһŰþ޿(˵Ѫ)߲˵ˮƽΪò
ִйǿȴѧҡʦũʦʦҽ
ʦҽּԱԱĻȥؽ跢糧͹ܡ
·ո̨̨ۡӰꡢӰԺ̳ݡݡ
СѧҽԺѹԢȵȡص˾סլȫһũ
ʮƽףߴʮƽס˾ũù̶ʲҲȫ
һزũ߱Ȼ塢廧ؾ
ҵǴǱйش(ǰѲҾ
ؾ̵ĸ廧ʱ԰һŽմ߼ЩȥͶʿҵ
ձ̨ۡҲ)ͼûˡȻй
ȥģأָֻ˵йͳµĲˮƽԶԶ춺
ӡ
      ŲִԽĲγ׬Ǯ
ܡǰһпձȥתݷһھȥȹݡ
ưͼ䡢ҹܻᡢӰԺݡӷȵѰ֣
ڼĿתؿ(سٷ֮ʮͥвʵ磬
ظͨתܱͬĵӽĿ)һ뵡
갮ۣơƶƣ˹ƶ
Ե⡢ˡ˶Ρץ⣬סֽˮʽԢ
סʯľṹĲطõƶ͵ƣú
ţ࣬ȥζȥİݣѧӢĶѧġʵ
ǲڲŷĲ˵᳾ǴǱйض
صڽĻйǻǮô
      йִأȻش̼˵ܸУӾ
˵ƶֻйĹнӽٸ(Լ춱ְͬͬ
)Ҳ޷֤Ǿο͵ĺݡưͼ䡢ҹܻᣬֻ
ս𡢻ӽĺعٵٹ˼廧(ν)ÿ
ѣ뺺һġ˵ʲôͬ춽ذ
֮ʮĹԱǲˣص̰ٵҲǲˣ
(丸ϵί)ھһҹٵ˾ܾ廧
̱عٲлߣȡάӪҵִաôȻģͨ
ҲͨһԴޣйĻǲضʾ
ΪйߵȻ뺺ְ֧˾˵Ķһġʾ
Ҫйؼ̵(Ӫꡢ廧Ჴȵ)˦ʯͷй
ǻǮô޴ټ
      йһݵؽ⣬Ӧܴһžʮ
һʮյ̸ķ̸
ֻйڲΡƹصΡá
ڽ񣬶صĹ⽻йƹܣ춰˹̹
۰ĵġһơ(ͬͨѶ籨ܡձ
ɷʱһձʰһžͷ)
˵ؽָΪǸ÷йӦô
к(פ)ͣһвز쵼(Ӧ
ر)ʱҲգũūҲաֻصĹ
Ȩ׼̳˵Ȩ༴ָ峯һ˱㽫ʧȥһ
ִܣӴྻĹһһתݷ𣬳
йʡ´ʲ֧ӮáȨĻ
ȫԴϲ