

˼άδͳ



й½նĸıȽо(֮)







  й½ĸ￪ʼʱĻˡ춻
ǰһֱ֡ǡĿںţĸΡú⣬
õĸʵ춡ʮƽ١ķϡ
  ҲǴ춴ɡǷ˵ĸʷʱǰ
ƺͰ޲򣬶֮һֱݵĳʮġ
ͣʱڡ
  Բͬʷǰᣬꡢ˼άѡ˲ͬķ񶨷ʽɴ
ڸĸν̵Ĳͬۡع˱ȽϺܽʷľͽѵ
жĿǰй½״˼δ򣬿ܻвС
塣

(һ)˼ά롰οš

  ޿ɷϣͣ͡Ҳһ״й½ġʮ
١ȣ׻㲻һֶôصľ档ʵϣǷ򷢶
֮ʣľƻսۺͺ˾ľ޴
ĶѲܾܵ˵ȥһŰ˾һž꣬ý
ѾгȱȾΪɽˮǣͬʱй½
ѧͷʵѧѧߣȴ˿ûӡ󡣲ڵʱгϣĳЩ
ǹƷţп㡢Ƥпˡ̺;ˮ߼ױƷȵ
ȷʵƷֲ࣬ޡȻʳסõȵȣǻбϵġ
ң()֮Ѵﵽй˳ԾĵزǾ
ʱǵгӦˮ׼ѴǰйѧҲô
ɴ˲̨֪ĸʱľƿ϶ʮ
ĩڵй½õöࡣϿڰ޲ƴҴȥ
֮ᣬչ߲ȨҲȽϼң껹ǰĳ൱˳
ؽȨңڻǶŷξƶƽģ
ġɼǰĸĸﲢֱӵǰΣıȣԭӦ
ȥѰҡ
  ո걾˵˵֮Ҫĸ춶״ġƫ
Եķڸ̵ĸ족
ȻΪƫ˹ٷʶ̬涨ĹΪԺ³
ԸΪȽ֪ʶһԶչ쵼Уҵ
һΡ˼ά˼άٷʶ̬ϵ
֮䣬żìܡ
  Ȼڸ˼άҪԵǹΡļֵ
׼֮ӦΪ׼ʵҲȫ춹ڵΡˣֹ
һεע⣬ĸĸ롰˼άɷֵġ
  ν˼άʵ˼˵ṤҵϵĲ
ĵһԭ򣬾ǰ˿ߵļֵ˼ά롰ۡͬ
ȻĺгͳһУ˼ںδ˼άҪּ
ǡѡɺͷǿȻϣڹҡ֮䣬
ͻǿȫĸһֱǵ˱˴˼ء
ˣŰȫ塢Һͽ׼֮ϡΪӦԿݴ
ЭԿһʤһܵĴͳ֡ΪˣҲ
ԽԻ̸Ϊһ˵ĻֶΡҪĸ
ϣʵȦλĿšΪʲôԡοšʾ
θĸԭ
  ڸ£ǰθĸѭ˼άʾԭ߹
һɿ۵ѡ٣ٵŵĵ·ȶ׶λĲ
£
  һۣʹ͸Ҫؼһ
㣬ֹͣһгֲͬߵȺǶԡĿ־塣
ʹܷǵĹȨɡʵֵȾΪˣ
ͷ˰޷ڵ˼뷸ķʱ־׷
۶ԲӸԤĬϡ£
νĽѧͽѧȳڡԡĿں£ȥֹ
º鼮(ʷѧ÷ά׷)ʷش¼
࣬ڳĬ˼ʮ֮ᣬҲԱ¶ڹǰһŰ˾ѡ
֮ᣬýͨ԰ҶյŽĲɷúͱʱա߲
ζĻҲ㷺ɢᡣϵͳȡ¼
ֱصҪʩ(1)չΡʽζԻ
ǿѡǰ쵼չǸǷĪ˹ί
һҶյȵȣϰֱӹͨ͹ԻҪʽ(2)ֱ
(3)ͨ䲼˱֤źͳɵķһŰ굽춴
ʱԼ꣬춵ȫʵ֡
  ڶ֮ѡ(˾)ͬʱԱġѡ
ӴաҲƶȻˡɡԡ͡͸ȡĻϣͨ
ѡ٣ԭƤͼ¡άתᣬʼ
ữĵ·֮ῪʼΪȫζ֮ʵ̨ͷ
Լ٣ᶷ໥Ӧ(μ׾ɽ
궷Ļع˻ʾءй<ձ>һžһʮһʮ)

  ڶչԶ̶ϳһרŵɴ˻ʵ
һר൳Ƶת䡣
  ӦָǣǰθĸУһֱֵ⡣
˵ĸ￪ʼã˹͹˶Ǳ̰һֱ
һչһר֮ᣬ𹲺͹Ÿվ
һСķ粨ѡ
Կݻʵжļƻͨƽ̸нˣ
ûѪͻڸ굱ڼ䣬죬νԴˡ
ǵԭôӣӦ˵Ǹ꼰˼άĳɹ֮
˹͹ЭƶԼ⽫ΪһȨҵ
ɢˡⱾһԾЭ˫Ӯֵļƻʹδ
壬ٿʹĹԽķʽСйظ
Ȼаһȴ˹͹Դʾ޳ɣ׼ǩ
Ȼһƻǹܴɡʹ˶ԣʧˡԭҪ
  (1)չڹؼʱ̡ԼǩֵǰϦ˾䡣ͷ
Ŀ˳ԭкĳԱΪͳĸȻ
ƼĸͳҮ֮ĽҶǧһ֮ͦ
춼ȵԤϡ£ȻѸٱ飬
ɨأ̱״̬Ľ˳ˮĴһ
ա(2)Ϊ֧Ķ˹͹ʵҲ
¥(3)˹͹ĶۺֳɵĹ֯ʽͳ
ķԴ(ǰ)
  ֵ˼ǣչҮ±ںţһΪά
ͳһΪƣ˽оòóٷ֮塣ɴ˿
͹չɾԲϷߣǴŲ˵
ߵǡٸĸĽͿǣǵʱӵĸ
͹أĸֵˡĽѵֵ˼


()صһ

  е˵һ߰ٿйʮһȫᣬ־й½
һִΪµʷʱڵ١ܵǶԡִ
ܲȫһ¡ǲô˵ԭǸԽ׼Ϊ١Ⱥ
춽ˣǺȻӳڰȻĽ׼Ĵսս
ʱ׹ʿ԰ɣϾѱһӣһУȨ
µģˣȫᴵ³ĺŽǣǻ˼ͼһ
Եż裬Լȥδһģ
  Ƕһ壡֪й½ǷǱѰ
ָйʷϵһӢ׳٣һʥйͳ
ˣԡ̵ִʱڲ֪䣬Ѹִ
ͿһŨصĴͳɫʣҪϽִ޶
йͳķΧ
  ϸʮһȫṫ֪ǴλҪĳɹνȷ
˼롢κ֯·ߡǡȷ·ߣй˴
·߶ԣʵ⡣ֻҪȫĹй˴
ϵαȽһ£κ˶ѿߵһشǰ߱
ҵѱɾȥġë˼롱ᷨ˶⣬˼롢λ
֯·ϣǰ߶ߵķ档ϣˡ
ʷʱڵйʮһȫᣬҪּһԱΣǡصһ
صһй˴󡱡
  ȻҪصһʵҲų˽θĸĿԡΪһ
꣬ʹɻĴ֮ʣйʷ
Ϊ˹ֱ绤ͼֱԭġ޲׼רʷ顱
ķ¡ʱйȻûСƽԼͨ׵ķʽ
ѹͬȫɱθĸġԭ򡱣ȻԭΪй
ͳĻԲͬʽйġ˴󡱼ᡰŴ󡱡
ʮ󡱺͡ʮһ󡱵С֮йʮһȫȻ˴ǰ
йĲ󣬴Ӷʹй߱ñĸʱº͵öˣ
ܴͳ֧䣬ϵһƶֻͳס
ľ֮ʹԹȥࡰƶȱ(
˼Τ֧͡ʮҳ̨һžһ)Ȳͻԭ
˼άĿܣĴ£ûҲΪθĸ￪ٿռ䡣

  ˵ź߱ڣ½Ķѧߣйʮһȫ
ߵۣȴٷľԡֱڣĳЩΪ
½ĵᣬ춵Сƽȫ·ߡֻע⵽
ȫĹУֽ֣дš˼롱͡ʹƶȻɻ
ȵȡʵֻץס˹Ƭֻ֢춣йЩͳ
ϵ絳쵼ƵȵȣʹЩƬֻ
أʹʵ޷ʵС
  ȫִͳĻԸ񣬳ַӳй쵼㵱ʱ
ϵĻ֯ϵġ١ԸСƽһŰ귢
͹쵼ƶȵĸĸ˿йθĸϵĵһγԡ
ƪ߰ḴйԪɽ١ԸжĸͶ
ԱƪУ˾͵͹ҵ쵼ƶԭ
Ҫǣ
  (1)ȨּСˣʹȥ˹Ժ
ϯίϯԡ˷ֱ֮᲻ãйϯְλ
ָĸǰʵм쵼ǴǣǳΪй߲վ
ȨΨһСϯͷεԡ(2)ίԱᣬɳϯ(3)ʵ
е롣һʹʵУҲξּ䳣ίһ
ֶ޶ʵ塣
  һŰһϰ꣬ǰѾʵֱ֣ͽŻ
мϯй½Ȩϵһγһ˫
䶥еˡ¡()ĸǰë൱ֻ춣
ëȨȻѽܵǣƣëϾǾ˵ȨԶԶ
¡ˡ¡йϣȴ׻γһֹͷ͵ĸ֣
棬ǷֱԺΪ׵ĵڸ󡱣ĸܵһơ
  йԪɱڸ߲¼䲼ֽṹ棬˶ĸĳ
Ӷʵȫĸ١ˣй½йʼһ߰׶
һŰ˶ϰȫν̵ĺݣȻֱ¶йʮһ
ȫͨġ춽ʷľ顷һͳϯ
ν̵ʤͬʱҲյϸɲǵҪ½Ͳȷ
йδͳȻ֣棺й½һΪֻ
ɸá顷ʷɸá顷ʾĸʥԭ
л
  Ȼйδͳ壬ȴԽԽܵսһ֪ʶ
ⷴɵ˼ɻҪǾøĸθĸ
Ҫ󡣶ǰߣйȨߵҪӦԷʽǶȻܾͼѹ(Ȼ
ǰйδͳ)ͬʱҲԶȨϵĵıԵشȨ
ıֲϣȡ˸ĸĴʩҪһ߾꿪ʼ()
ֱѡٺĳЩϵĲѡ١ߣСƽһŰ귢
ָƸĸͲܱϾƸĸĳɹʹ
ĸǰֱʱ½θĸᵽճ
  ˵ʱΪԭ򣺵һҪֿ쵼
쵼⡱ڶȨҪ·ţطĹϵ⡱
Ҫĸķ롣һŰйʮԭͨĹ
ĵı棬廯ˣĳЩḻߣ
㷺Э̶ԻƶȺ͹ҹԱƶȣԼƽ
롣ԿúЩ룬ûҲܴԭƵ
ǡȻʮͨƷʵϺƵÿκܿ
ˡйʮĴѺٱ𡣽ʮȷĳЩ
ʩ繫Աƶȣֱõ̧ȻʵԽչ
  ׽ʮй½ν̣ͻӡǣй½
̨ϣȻиֽɫϲı仯ҲһĻĻ򳤻̡
Сı硢ϲ־磬Ȼʹ˾˺ɱ
¼Ļθ֣ȴԴӰ˶ϰصһ֮ᣬ
㶨θĸҪʽȻǰԸΪĴ
ͳν̵Ĺԣȴ˼ηƣʵ
谭γɵηСһᡢֹͽĹ
̣ȷʵͬɡ˼άḶ́
  һй쵼߶ȱ⣬⼯еرڣֲͬߣ
ĵĲߺ쵼ߣܵصȺڶȨֻȨϵ
ıֲκͱԵشҪΪķ񣬲ԵΪȣ
ֳĳּԺػԣģһרĹΪ

()ͼŵ

  һ֮ǰθĸй½θĸ춾
ĵʱ䣬ķչϣġôǺԭ
ʹθĸֳĲأ
  û˻ϣǰĿнĹУǷ˵츳ѡ
Ŭ˾޴áȻ˵̽һ
Ľˣʷ̨̣֮ǰΪθĸ
ĳЩҪ˵θĸֱӵܴԺ³
Լʮͼŵ̡
  ȣġ˼άͻȻڣһֱ׷ݵ³
ġⶳʱڡ³һ깫Ĵƽɡʱ
ζţչڶתĵ·ϣ˵һʱ
ٶչѷ˽׼޲׼רѧ˵һشת
ȻʹչתһȴСӡ֪
Ȩԭǽڽ׼ͳ޵ĻϡˣϷ׼
׼ר(Թ)Ϊʵձƽȣ⣬ޣʵ
ȫͽ⣬˱Ҫ˼ǰᡣĳʮġͣʱڡ
Ȼ˶ݵΡⶳʱڡʶ̬˵廯Ĺ̲
ûֹͣ⼯еرڣ˺˵ļֵϱᵽߵĵλɼ
Ӻյʮ꣬ǡ˼άѿ׳
̣Ǵһʷ̵ļߡǣ̵Ͱ
ʱʹ֮˼˵ڻԡ˼άʽ
Ϊṩһո¶ϵͳĻ
  һ棬ԺչƶȻͳ򻯷棬ȡԵ
չӶһ޳أԼϵ̵Ӱ
ͬʱ˵Ľʹļձ˱ȽϷḻ
֧Ŷ˶ˡŵһɳ̣
ľӢײ㣬һ֧ȡƽмǳǰ
̵ĵߣֲв׼ǰȱ磬в׼ͨ
áǷҶգǵеܳߡԣ
û֧ԻļŶ飬չԼһרǲģ
ǰҲôԣôƽȵķʽʵִһרƵת

  ҵǣй·ǵûоɱ̣ھ
˽ʮķ޷֮ᣬӭԼĸĸʱ䲻Ӧǣë
˰ﱻͻʧƵһϵش¼Ϊ־ķ޷ʱĽ
ҪйڲĽڴ֮ǰũ֪ʶӼ
ʽվëһߡľ߷ζǣǳʤģ
ëɣǱëԼ׷ëĹũڣ֪ʶй
̵ġϸɲɣɡִһɿͷ˵Ⱥϸɲ
øɲģֻǡһС顱˭ǾһС飬ǧȺڣ
ѳɳΪǧƵĴСС֪ʶӡȨйһ
Щ֪ʶ֮䣬Թ֮ǡէů
ֳͳ޵ĶϵԼй½ʮ֮
һΪҪء
  صǣëʱĻŲУֻҵԵͳ
һֶɱ˼ԴйȻëĽ׼ѧ˵
Ļ˴ͳѡǾϷ¡׼͡
׼רѵӡ֪ڹרĹ
ϵֺ֮ϵĶйʮһȫڡ׼
͡ר䡰˴󡱹۵ĸ飬Ͽĸ
ʵȴͬй½Ļϡ˵ĵ·ɴ
Ķһ׼޲׼רѧ˵ȻԹٷʶ̬
ݳ֣ģغϷضǵ顣һʹ½ԭеĵ
Ի⣬ͬʱҲڴٳµĵһͳޡڶ⡰ѵӡΪȺ
ѹֲͬṩ۸ݣΪӦĻ
ϰ
  йĻϵִͳ岻żȻģԴɲĽṹ
ʡ
  ӽṹϿйɲļÿһϣĳڶɡǹ
̡ϸɲɡ߼һӵΡú
Ȩĵȼ塣ЩսʱڣԭëΪǸë
Ŀ˹깲ͬеĹǸɷӡй֮ᣬɱΪһ˽
ΪļҲƹżš֮üԼĸȼϣյ
ҵͬһģʽϵز㸴ƣ󣬱ƳĲϵΧ
½мרҲμӽֱĸ֮ȻҪһЩ׼ר
ҡɡϿйĸɲȻδҲƵķ
Χкܴ𡣼򵥵˵ǰǡսʿǡ
֡򡰹ӡһԣսʿٻûרҵ֪ʶǵΨһУ
ˣȻйĸͳǸͳػ
ǴȱרҵѵճĵУֵֻͨ
򡰰ѹءáԶսʿšй½ĿǰռͳελĹ
ĻĻֻ֧Ҫǻڴ½ϵо֧λ
ͳĻĹٷͳλͺѴӸ϶ҡšʮ
ʮ쵼ĸɲԱȻܹһЩ֪ʶˮ
׼β룬ԣӦִҪ󡣲ǴĽ
ǴӿѧѵˡйڲŨصĴͳ
ĻķΧѬճģдͳƫҲǳڵ
˵ġսʿšİֺˣĸ仯ȴʹ
øƻˡϵͶͷ޳ѳΪһҲĲ
ϰԡ˵ʲôĸءרƣɡūۡΡΣ
νһж÷Լǰ档ǵȻӦλм
֪й½Ϊص㡣ˣǵĵһѧǡת
桱ͨ£ǡȣ±غ֮ʵߡ
˵ȻʮĩսʿšһֱԼ롰ս
Ƶġ֡ʱƺ͸鶼ǵͳһߡҾѾʹ
ɥʧԭ֡ͻΡķ⣻ĸζǵеĶ˽ʧҵ
ʧҵˣôܲվθĸĴͳһأ
  ľй½״Ҫ߻θĸƶ̣
ҪֱӵβŬ⣬⣬޼춴ٳȫ
ͽĻһִ֧(Ա)飬ǲ
ӵĻԹ