




ΪŽṤᡱʮ


Ү


      һŰʮգŽṤʽͬʮһһգһ
ϵеĿЭŽṤᡱڲ߷ԺעᣬΪӪ
һġġϷĹ֯ǰѰŽṤ˶Ϊ
ⳡŷӪɥӡ
      ȻйЩΪܶйУҲ
Ի͵ľ¡෴һĵĹȴйʿţ
йİ˾ˣֱӵ˶ŷŵ߽⣬սĽȥգ
ڡ֮ΪĶرĿУ㳡ѧ»
˵
      ӳϿ˾ʵǹӪеһδģʱѧ
ƽԸ˶ʹйõĲб౩¶ʵϣӰҲ˹
硣ֱӵ˰ǽĵӪ߽սĽ
      գڡ֮İ˾ֻϣ½Э
Ҳͬ˵
      찲ŵΰŷޡŷ޵Ĺ̨ᣬ
Ҳ̨ˡӦÿ塣
      Ƶ˵ʿйΪܵɺսȻ
ʷʶ˾ͻ֪ŷŵ߽⣬ǴӲʼǶŷС
ֵеµĵһŶŵơԣ»ָ㽭ɽ֮ǰӦ
һʷ
      һ꣬˾ͿʼȨַʮ
ʮͰʮһֱϣңճΪṲרƵĺ

      һ꣬ģѧ˶˲пѹ
      һһ֮޵ĺذ˴ģطѡ
      һ£֪ʶӳĹеһķ
֯ίԱᡱKOR
      һŰ꣬ٴηѡŽṤᡱӦ˶
      һŰһ꣬ѧϻóϡ
      
      һŰ˾գ롰ŽṤᡱġ
Բ顱δѡٵİŴЭ顣йİ˾ˣʱ
ݶ
      һŰ˾գйΪʹӡӴɱ䣬ʮﳤѪ
ɡȻǡǡͬһ죬ڵһ˵ĲŽṤᡱԺ
ĹѡдȫʤڲĽѳɶ֣ﻹȵü
ǰ˾˵ġӰ족
 ͬһգѪˮߡϲúͷ̡ڲ
ۣͨԻķʽպƽת͡й
ѧ֮ĶԻѾʼ˶Ѿ˳Ԥʤ
ǣѧֲڵıռϷ磬ᵼһǰ
ɱźǣʷϷԵĶԱȣ޷ʹ㳡һЩ
ѧ淴ʡԼĹʧԻԼйľ鹹Ű
Ȼûойȴ񻰡ǲһ
޴ľ߳Ļйǰ;νǰˡˣ
Ṥĵڽʱ̣й˶зǳ塣

Ϊʲôǲ

      һŰ꣬ӿ֮ʱۼǵһӦ
ǣΪʲôǲ
      ׷ѰԴⳡԴͷһֱ׷ݵԪꡣ
      ꣬ҮĿһ(Mieszko I)̵ϴ񣬲
Ϊŷ˵Ҳǲּصʷˡ֮ᣬ
ϳɳ٣ϲ󹫹ʹ佮򸲸ǰĴ
ֵһռĪ˹ơʮͣչһ
صƣɹɵᣬŹȨҲѡ
ٲУѭƽȵԭ򣬹˵ȨܵԵ
أκһԱƾԼһƱκ鰸һֱ
޷ñҪĿ齨һְ֧ҵӡҪôȫͨҪô޽
ĹƣڲеߵĵϻǴ˰´½д
ȥĻᡣҵǣǡô춶˹³ʿǿ֮俪ƽԭϡ
һ߶һ߾һ߾꣬˹³ʿͰµιϷֲ
ڳһٶʮʱΪһĹңӵͼʧˣ
      ǣΪһ壬˾ܾʧͨͬ
ǵİ٣Կ¹½̺Ͷ˹̵Ӱ졣һһεرһ
һεرѹڿУ֪ʶһֱǿΪԼͬš
ļֵͶԲ֮ٹļ䡣ʫǵά(Adam Mick
iewicz)дľԤԣеѻͽѳʮ
ּϣδŷ޵ľбػ
      ʷУзͳĽ̻ᣬ֪ʶײĻͳ
ľ徫һͬ˲Ĺԣ˲ʶ
һŷޣ֡ŷԡʹŲɶƵ׷󡣶
ɶԲԣζΪǰǿ
ɥʧͨ˹ĶԿԼͬΪʷϣ
ͨԶ֤ԼĴڡ
      ʮͣĶԿΪĸļ塢
רơĶ֮ĳͻڶʮ
ΪոմһսĻҽе¹ңֱһŶĲս
ᣬ˹ϣǩյ»ַԼУĴιϷ֡

      һʮգվ벨һٶ(ռվռ
˿ڵʮ֮һ)ŵңԶĶУֻвһջص磬
ǵĺӡЩӵԺУԶҲĨǵϿ䣬
֮УЩճΪˡŽṤᡱ䡣
      Ŷ
      ȻӵһֿϣգȻУһⳡ
սȥٶ˵ۣȴ˹Ѳ͸˹
֡Ƚ˹ƶȡǾˣǿĲˣԱ
ĶĽ̻ᣬũĴ󲿷ָ徭úͱ֪ʶĴͳĻ
ЩʹΪնӪء

֪ʶ롰ŽṤᡱ

      ġʷһǧĸ
ˣĳɹҲܼ򵥵عΪʷȻʵϣ
Ḷ̌˷աҪ쵼ߺͲ߾гԶս۹⣬߳μ
ɣȻЭõĵԡһٴ벻ʧȣ㲻
룬ƪǲŽṤᡱȫΪй֪ʶ
֪ʶⳡ˶аݵĽɫҲ޽档
ʮй˶ĲͬһʼҪһ
˶֪ʶӣҪݲıʵĽɫڶ˶Уʼ
ǹ˼֪ʶº͡һЩؼʱ̣֪ʶӳԵù춽
ơͼ˵һЩῴǲҪЭ
Ȼˣ֪ʶӵĹȻҪģоġԴˣ
ĹһֱĻмһһһ֮޵ĺذ˾˴
ģĿͰչһоĹ䡣ǣһֱʮڣ
˻ûγԼ֯һ£ϷԵı仯ˡһ֪ʶ
ӣ౻ָصĹ˹ԮΪԼ绤Ǿ
ίԱᡱڹ֪KORǹĲĵһķ
֯KORһʼͼֳʵͷǱԭKORĹ֮£
֯Ҳ׷׽
      KORڸ˹˵ĻֱӵˡŽṤᡱĽĹؼ
ǲ̹³ά(bogdan Borusewicz)̴ѧʷϵıҵK
ORڸ˹˵Ψһ˹ǲĹҵ򣬹ܼƾ
ķͳǣϿѹܻвͬ
СȦӣ˴ȱϵ֪ԷĴڣ̸ϻമˡ
³άĵĳ֣־档ѭKORĹԵԭһһ
KOR־RobotnikϹԼסַȻʹ⵽ֵĴ
ҲͬʱʹѸٳΪ˵ĺġʶĹ˻ңͨ
˴˼ϵϵĻϣΪŽṤᡱǰġغɹ
ίԱ(Committee for Free Trade Union of the coast)һ߰¶
ʮճڵһ˾ӢͨϲҵԼͬ־
ҺKORԼɳ֪ʶײ㽨ι̶־õĹϵ
      KORİ˽Լ֯ڹؼ֪ʶӷ
֯Լ֮ɴ˶ιϵʹϯĹ
˶ʮ˱ʵĲͬʵϰ¸˹˹˵İչ
ǹ֪ʶӹͬ߻ġ֯˶Ŀ쵼Ȩϣ
Ѹٴɹʶˡ˹˰չЭίԱᡱ(MKS)
      Ȼ˶չ֪ʶӦʲôҪ
˷磬ҪĹᡣ֪ʶΪҪ
ܡʱ³άַ׿Խá֪ʶмֹ֧
ĲԵʿ֮һΪMKSܹʣġʮҪ
ǣս֮УȻº͵ɹطˡ
ѡ١ȼҪԽݿ˹工˵ǰ֮˵
ΧǲҪߵ̫ԶҪòǸµھӸе̡
      Ȼ˹ؼʱ̣KORҪԱİȫشʱɳ
һº͵֪ʶ塰е֪ʶ硱Ѹ֧֯
ְչˣ͹ѡ̸СЭĽ취ͬʱǵĴ
ֱ˹ˣûκ磬֪촬£
̻ͨ춼ǰ֪ʶֹ֧˵׸ʱ
Ӧ̹ʣ
      ŷǳãҪͨ˷űﲻ
ǡȫ֪Ҫʲôǣûк̸еľ顣
׽Ū
      ǣһ֪ʶɵġּڰǩЭġרίԱ
ᡱѸɡͬһЩʱ̸оʽʼˡ
      ǻعʷʱרίԱᡱص顣
ΪרίԱᡱ춽С΢˲ҪЭԵ֤
ЭСֵ쵼һԴˡרίԱᡱӦΡ
ǣȽһ֪ʶӰĸ˹˵Ĺ˺ûְʲ(S
zczecin)Ĺ˺ֱǩЭıǾͻᷢ֡רίԱᡱ׿Խ
ס
      ȣ֯ͰչȨһʲЭȻᵽˡ
ιᡱûִĹ֯չЭίԱᡱȨתΪ
⡣෴˹Э͹֯½ι
ᡱչЭίԱȨתΪ֯ң˹Э黹ȷ涨
չȨµĹᷨı񱣻չߺЭչߵĸ
ȫʲЭ˵Դ°չĹ˲Ⱥ
      Э鱾ı⣬˹˵ĹڰչھΪŽ
Ӵ촬ṩ㡣ⲻ˲ڸ˹һУ
ֹͨѹҪĴۡʲ࣬춶֪ʶ
Ӻ˵ĲΣֻ߿Խ촬
      ׷ʷǺ׷֣ʮĹ˶Уʲಽ
춸˹ˡιҪȳչЭίԱ
ҷģİչȻʮᣬ˹ϣڹ
вռȣǿ쵼շչΪŽṤĺġһУ޲
֪ʶӵİ
      ڰĩŽṤᡱļλҪ̹ʵس֪ʶӹؼ
ԵĹס򱻹ͶΪչĵߵ䰲ȡ׵
ŵά(Anna Walentynowicz)˵ı仯ں̶ܴӦ鹦KORе
ǡΪһλˣҶǳмǲˣҽ̸
Լһλ䰢ȡƤ˹(Alina Pienkowska)˵KO
Rľѹ׿չֺ֮ƽЭķʽʽ
Ҫ鹦ǡ½ҮŰ(Andrzej Gwiazda)Ĭ˵KOR
ǿԲȼƿñķʽּۻۡ۸Ϊ
ȫĹؼ춣KOR̻ȥ
      ۹֪ʶŽṤ˶еı֣ǿԷ֣ڴ󲿷ֵʱ
ǵʼձȹºͣɴʽ
ῴȷʵЭȫǵĽ£Ҳ
ɥʧһЩʷᡣǴһ濴֪ʶһдļѡ
׵սԡΪʱĲ̬ķӦвֻһֿԣ
ȷʵǿӲķӦˣ֪ʶ˭˭Ǿͺ
˵ˡŽṤᡱĳɹǹǵͲи
ĽǣͬʱҲǹһϵʧĽ˾ѡǰ
ͳһ˵ڲԤƵԼŽṤᡱصʧ㡣
ǾЩʵƵø͹ЩôԲ̸пܾ͸
ò֪ʶӵսԣǻ£̸нȥĿ
ǡרת͵Ḷ́˵׾ǽ̸СЭĻƣʹ֮
ȻĹ̡ҪҪʹ̸ܹУⱩͻ⡰ȫȫ
ӮʽġϷ֪ʶӰѽ֯øںţѽ
Ϸ򡱿춵õĳġϷȽçײʧ㡣
̬ȣʹᱳ˺ڹأ˸еܿɹ󡣰
ڹ̸֮ǰ󲿷֪ʶΪıʹǲһ
ĹιĴڣһйƶȵı÷Ա
һܾ˹˵Ҫһº͵ķΪּۻ۵ĳ롣
һ鱻˾ܾҲ˹˽Ҫ˸һʵ
ָ֪ʶӶһ٣춱ءȻʱܾ˹˵ҪǷ
Ե֪ʶӵĿǱȽȫأȻ˾ܾһ÷Ҳսϵ
ʱļʤڡŽṤᡱᣬȡ׵ŵά
Ļܾ񣬿ɼľԱĳ̶ȡ
̸еĵƣȥּۻ۾ͲˡȻδǰһ
ʱһ򣬻춱׵ġǾ˾˵˶᣺
ػʧܱçײðǰҪáһŰ˾꣬йѧ
ڡĶߡἴձɹǷǳ޵ģΪͲоʳ
ȫĲ룬ѧǰδеĹԻǣʹ
ձʷĻᣬҲܱðĵĽҪá˶ĸ߳ڣʱ
ֱ仯Σյı߽磬ʱɲãʱɲסѰյġ
ʱأһЩʵ޿ɺǡ෴֪ʶӵȽأ
ǡǡ˵⡰ġһʧǧź޵Σգǡǡӳǵ
ʷθС



      ˣŷ߽ˣǸԢԤʾ
еѻŷ޵ľлȻΪף
֮ᣬй򲻵ò˼һ²ľǵʾ
      ȣΪǽʾһͨԻ̸СЭת͵ĵ·
֡Բ顱ʽķʽʵ֤һΪתͷʽ
ĳɹһؼ춡ŽṤᡱܹɹԻĻᣬ
ﵽԼĿꡣΪԽڵġʮйΡһ׫д
ԡУٹ˽ѧй춡תָۣ͡
ɡ֮ʧֱ磬춡͹
ʷԼǡǡжߡжԼҲ˵
жڵʱѡ˲ͬĲԺжʽνܿȫͬ
ת˵ҪһǣγͻУͻж
֮Ƿܳĳ̸ͨȥıЭĻƣֻƣ
ɡĳɹԾʹ󣬷֮СޡΪȨ(authoritari
anism)ĸƶȻ̸Эʽγͻġ
ˣνתȨ(transitions from authoritarianism towards
 democracy)Ḷ́˵׾ȥ̸ЭĻƲʹ֮ƶȻḶ́
һ̸ЭʽγͻƶȰź
ᾭõķչȻֻιвѧϰʵ𲽽
ʮڲйڷĳͻУ
̶ͬ϶̸ֹͨȥıЭĻơͬڲֻ
ܺõãұƶȻйֻ򱻰װ
˷ѵһŰ˾ţйһѧ乫жԻֶԻĹ
̶ȣйʷǰδеġѧܹʵòпܱ
̸ЭĻƣйɴ˱·ϧʱѧûʶ
ֶԻʽҪڶԻлĳ־ҪҪöࡣɱǣĹ
ȥ࣬൱ԱšԾۡţΪĵɱ
йѧо塣»һҧ
벻ûʲô߼£˵Ϊѡιоʧ
ȥˡʵйһ飬˾йġʡʱġ
ʡʹһҪǣ֡йʾۡţ
߼ųδйԻĿԣͨĵ·Ҳͱ˴
롣ʵϣǶйοδйĳɰܣؼ춷
ܷй֮佨һֶԻϵ̸ͨкЭξס
Ⱦ͸Ĺ飬ʵϾҪͨΪº͵ţؽ
֮ĶԻϵ̽һͨԲ顱֮·ϧһ㺣
ʿδ̸ЭĻƣҪжѧϰ
á͹͡ʷȻɡͣǽ첻
ʶֹʶǾͻʧȥĻᡣ
      ڶͨۡọ̈̄ǲѷ֪ʶӵ׿Խ
áȻһЩۼ֪ܽʶӵãҪ
ڵľϣǵ֯Ϊǲļֶϡ
ǵĹص㣬ʼռڰ˽̸֯еȼԡսԵ
ϣʹ˵ڼϵʵԸսԼңɿ
ҡ¼ҡй֪ʶӣἼ򣬺ںţ
УȻһ˶ǿͷƸӶ䣬ҪԶս
Ǻ֮֯ʱŴҡ˾֪꣬ʶӵɣս
ıȴǳ֮١˾ᣬݹۺ˸ۣŵļ
̶ϲνڼϵʵȱʡ
ƺĵվĿʵѶԽԽ󣬶ʵ
ȴԽԽԽߣԽͣȥԽԽԶ


Ļ

      йȱ崫ͳԼĽ̻֯й˶
Ȳ˶ʮ¡ˣ˾˵ʧܶѧǲġ
ǣ˾˹ȥѾ꣬ѧ䣬˶꣬
ɵԽȫ˵ĵʧһΪֵķʡ
ҹ۵ԲͬӦһЩʶֳôЦ磬󡰰˾
ֱӵ¶ŷ壬ս֮Ц»֮ڣʵ˲
⡣νսҪָնӪ֮ĶԿ
ż临ӵʷԴұ˫μҿľӪ˼ʮ֮
ãйвǸǡĶԿλйһµζ
ỵ̂ԶԶй֮ǰ֮ʱѽ
Ĺʵйʲôϵ»ѧ䣬Ѷ꣬
ͶһĴѧ׻֮ǰͼݲʷϣҵ֤ݣӦ
£ſڿӣǳϣ㳡ѧ䣬
ͷܶˣ𾴵ġҲòָڲͬʱ
ͬĻΪܶ˵õ˵עĿδ
һЩʷĻԵΪǵ˴̫õ˰ϵ
һУǵڹ㳡ô׵ĻôӦص԰ȥ
ʵϣ˾˶԰ǽĵûʵԵã෴ŽṤᡱ
ѧ˶ȴŲɺӵӰ졣ݱ֪ʮдѧ
ҪԡŽṤᡱΪҵĵĿϡСЬ˾ʱ
ѧмҲ۹ŽṤᡱ⡣ں⣬йԶˡǣǱϾ
Ⱥɡ٣о˽ⶫŷתͣ
˵ҪȹڵͬöࡣǲЩ鶼ſھ
¶ԼĿ֪ôгһջعĻкȥأ
