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      ëڡרһνйѰҸĻ
˵һѻƬսᣬȽйˣȫΪϸɽ
ȣǧ࣬ѰǶвͨηܶ
ȫģ˶ʧˡҵһһ컵ʹǻȥ
ɲˣˣչˡֻ˼崫йᣬй
òһ£ȡʤǣʲ׼ʲ׼壬ʲ
׼͹ķйĿУһ˲
      ʱʮ꣬дѧ˵й˵Ļڿ
дˡڽᣬ˶Ծ硱͡Ļ
ķ츲ص˶ʧˡë󶫰йϵ˾˺
Ȼɲˣˣչˡ
      ҿԽö˹һλдһЩڵ֪ʶӵ顣
ڡӿ뵽ѧУ˹˵ʮͷЩΰѧ
ǷǳģΪձ壬Ҫһ
Եʤˣ?µƶȳȻȾƶȺȻ
νԵʤƶȺƶȴ
һʧķ̻ҶһλииšҲú׳
һһεŵָǺΰ͹ͼ?˭
ʵ֮ľ޴ࡣ
      ëŴˣй˾ȵؿǸһȥ
ϵһ߶ȷչǧٿ׵йγǿҵķⲻ
ܲʹǷ˼Լ߹·ĸ￪ţҵһȽʺй
ķչõĵ·ڼ䣬Ͷŷϵˡǣʮ¸
ĵ·ѧ壬˼壬йĿУһ˲
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ı׼ѵӦʵһ˼?һ棬
ǵʵǷ˼ۣҲһ?
      ĵĿģùʵ˼ۣ
˼йʵ

ʮ¸Ļ

      й˵˼壬ҪǴѧģǶ˼
塣ιΪë󶫹ͼ鱨֪˵˹
Уëϲࡢ¹Ҳë
ԼҲ˵:ʮ¸һ죬˼塣
Ǹ˵塱˼һ˭Υ
Υ˼塣Ǵδ˼вͬѧ
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      ʵʮ¸йʤֻ֤һ:ڵʱ£
ʲά˺йܹװȡȨһֻ֤˼롣
װȡȨͽ岻һ¡ƶĹʵļ
ձ֤ʧܵġ      ڶʮͳҪʲ׼
ڡʱķչһõ1897ĵϣʱӪũ
ҵ˿Լռȫ˿ڵ֮壬һ˵˶ʱᡣ
һ㣬ڡԡߺ߹춶Ա
ʱ巢չ˵Ƿ˼߽ʹʱǰչ⣬
κ湤˽׼Ѱҳ·ǷġڶĹ
˽׼˵ǿʱ壬˵ǿʱ巢չòҪ
ر֤ʱ㷺ɺѸٵķչ(ѡ1541ҳ)

      ȻΪĸҪй˽׼쵼ʤὨ޲׼
ũĸרⲻרʤ˿
ʲ׼Ϊ(ͬ548ҳ)ܴ(
չеһϵм׶εĻ)ʱĻ(ͬ547ҳ)
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žǰһдҵչСʱʲ׼Զûɣ
ҲûСչем׶Ρ̸ϡʹʱǰչ
ԽķΧֱӽ
      ڡԡҪʲ׼ɵ
ûᵽɵľⱾҪġڶʺͶ
һЩۼҷڶ壬Ϊûֿ͹۵ľǰᣬ
ûзչʵˮƽ1923дġҹ
зֹ۵㡣ضƪ£׿Щ۵бʾŭͷ̵Ĵ
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ڹũȨάƶȵĻ׷ϱ?(ѡ4691
ҳ)Ϊôҹǰʱ
ȻῪʼ?(ͬ692ҳ)
      Ҫ߶ȷչľúĻҪ߶ȵˮƽ
ǰᡣ˵ﵽˮƽҲҪǰᣬǿøֶȡ
ǰᣬʱңũȨάƶȣȻ
塣
      ʱңũȨάƶȣѾڸ
Է˼˵Ҫ߶ȷչˮƽǰ
᣻ѶԷ߼ߵ˵ʹﵽ
ˮƽǰᡣһǲԾúˮƽΪǰ
Ķ
      һش⣬ʲά˾ʶԸȥˡʮᣬ˹
ڡ徭⡷Ĺ۵㡣˹ֳϣʮ¸
춹ûκֳɵ徭õѿάνյϡ
µľʽ(˹ѡ¾542-543ҳ)ͬһ˹
ڲǰ˵ϲ㽨(ͬ502ҳ)ڱϲ㽨ˡ

      ô?˹˵ΪάȨϵһҪʺ
ùɡʱҹرǹҵеǾ
ԵģƵʽȴ˽˵ģʱġ(ͬ543ҳ)άȨ
Ϲлͽìܡ
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ڹҵչڣҲǺܵ͵ģռе˽Եìܲ
ֻеҵ߶ȷչᣬìܲͻҪҪì
ܷչĽ׶ΡʱĶ׶λԶʱڽ
ΣôԴΪɸ?˹áرǡǿ
Դ춹ҵУԱʹߺڹҵũҵСũõ
˵ԡ˹ֵ߼˵ֻС
Ƚġϵʺ춶ˮƽ
      Υɵġ˹ֵı绤ȫվס˵˲
ʲάԼһɣǾ:һҪʺϵ

      ʲάϵĹлũҵļ廯
ϵ޷ʹˮƽʱңر
ũҵڻﲻɳʱڵˮƽһϵܴٽչ
ôƾʲô˵Ƚ?
      ë󶫼̳ۣйΪʲ׼޲׼
׶Ρ˵ǵʱ̫ˡ(ëѡ31060ҳ
)ڸʤһ൱ʱڡһС춹񾭼ĳʲ׼
ɷ֣Ӧںͷչ(ëѡ41431ҳ)Ԥʱʱ
һ൱̶ȵķչ(ëѡ2650ҳ)һ꣬ëġ
ʱ·ߡ˵ʱǡһ൱ʱڡᣬ
Լ˵ĻҴææƵ
      һ꣬йڰ˴У˵йĿǰҪìǡȽ
ƶ֮ͬìܡ춹ϣƶǲ
ʺйľˮƽġ      
      ڶһĹҸȥ˵˼
ķչԣǶ˼ΥϵҪӦˮƽ
˼һԭڶִл·ߣʵԼ
塣

οʱ

      ᣬǱӦоͽ壬ëȴҪν
塣塱(revisionism)ʣӦΪ޶塱޶
ǶԵģҲǴˡڲܶԴһɳΪǶС
塱ҲˡԴȷı壬ʵ
෴һӡ󣬺˼ǲġ
      ʵ˼ӦʵļвģֻöԲ
ԣ˵ǲޡ˹ֺëһ˵˼
ĸԭ͸ǿģԭܡС塱
Ϊ޸˼ĻԭΪ˼Ļԭ
ҲҪʵвϼ飬ҲҪΪ˼ԭ
Ĺ۵㣬ǽ塣ݲնĹ۵㣬κοѧ۶ȨΪԼԶ
Ʒģͬ۵㡣
      ˼ΪʱϵѾ˼ìܣ
ìܱΪ׼ɵʱϵʲ׼ʹµ
޲׼֮Ķ޲׼Ҫʲ׼ϳʱϵ
˼ǰʲ׼谭չġ
      ˼ʮ;Ϊʱˡ˹һ˾
дġ׼ԡУ˹ȥĹֹ۵Ŀָʱ
ŷ޴½÷չûдﵽʱʽĳ̶ȣ˽׼սӦ
ɸתƽչӦܺõúϷʽȡѡȨμӹ
ȡ
      ʮͳд۹֤ۡʱ嵽׶ΡȻ
δսʷ֤:۹׶ιȥˣʱ巢չšʱ
Ҳкܶ仯ȻܴٽչЩ仯˼ԤҲ
Ԥ
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ʲ׼ƶչĽ׼˼˵һ̬
ɵȫӳǰǾġ(ѡ283ҳ)
˼ʱ̡˶
ġ󡱵ëйеģ繲˶е⣬
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չҵҵǱȹо顣ʮй½ʲ׼
ʱףʤʵϣǰһоӪ
ˣ෴죬ǻòӺ;⡰
ʲ׼˲ź;顣50˽ӪǰйǶԵġ
ǽһЩȡŬӹҺĲƸǵôʧ
ʮдһƪèۡ˵ǳڰʱ
ϵһĶϵèĹϵʵǲԵġ
ʱ壬ǡƶ롰ᡱʱһֻè԰
ֻʱҲкĻȽƶǽСġ
      йڴ½˰ʵϴûйӦ÷Գ
õİԹֵġпİȫģҲûбҪ
ʱҸ˵޵ģҪȸ
˲Ƹ˰գҲ˴ľҵᡣµǡ
ǹ⼸ʮ춹ľߴɵʧ˷ѣκ
׼İҲܱȵġ      
      һ:ʲ׼ũ׼Ƚϣһ׼ǽ
ģһ׼?
      ʮǴѧϰܵĽǸǣũ׼Ǹ
ģʲ׼ǶҡģɷģרĶ(ǡ5.16֪ͨ˼
)
      Ǹ˼Ĺ۵㣬һ׼ĽҪľõλ
Ҫᾭ÷չáʲ׼ִͬҵг
ϵġ޲׼ѧԱһ𣬴һµǽ
׼ûб谭չ֮ǰǲ˵ǷĽ׼
̸Ӫãִʱѱ˹ɶμҵľӪ
ˣô?ΪǲͨдϢĻ
ôҲܷԴͶлֻҪչкô
ܵʷ˵ģųĳʱڣĳңʲ׼
ϿԲȡ
      ԡ߶ʲ׼ʷãǹΪֻ
Ѿˡũ񣬡ԡȴΪ׼ǺСϵģ
ûĺͱصĽ׼ֻ뿪ԭеվ޲׼ܱ
ɸġ˼˹ũ˼롣Ϊ׳޲׼
ΪũһȽĽ׼
      ë󶫶ũͬũǹȡʤĹؼΪũ
ռ˿ڵĴũıԼƶλ˾޴Ĺ
סũ񾿾µϵܴµϵйʷ
ϣÿũ壬ʹȡʤỹǻص⽨壬䱳ԭ
Ľ׼µĻʵۡ
      ô֪ʶ?ëΪй֪ʶӶʲ׼۵Ӱ죬
Ҫġ֪ʶӸϵũȥũǡ
      й֪ʶӶ˼Ӱ죬һľǰȷʵܹ
ʲ׼ʽĽҲɡƽЩë󶫲ϲ
ǽ˼룬ëͷеĵ˼Ҫö࣬Ҳũķ⽨˼
С˼öࡣҲ˵֪ʶûȱ㣬ǰ֪ʶΪһ
ȺײԱͣΪϾšӣǻƵġ

塪ѧǿ?

      ˼˹Ϊȥ嶼ǿ룬ֻǲŰӿ
Ϊѧڿ˼ĹȻаÿ˵ɷչ
һɷչԭǷǳõģôʵ?
ȥһ˼ġСͻ֣ᷢ˼Ĺ
ڹĳ׶(Ҳ)ûƷͻҵ
˼˵һˡ᷽һ֤飬֤
ṩ˶Ͷ(۳ΪеͶ)ƾ֤ᴢ
úṩͶ൱һϡƶȲˡ
˵ԸǮгȥѡ񡣲ˣΪֹûһ
һڿüĽҲǲġ
ԳƽĹң˼Ĺ۵ǲġ
ô?ҪЩҲá塱ƣҲð졣Щѧ
壬һǡϵ塱һǡʵ塱          
   
      ˼ΪôҪƷ?ΪҪһ˴
ֵõʣΪͶļֵĻұ֣Ͷ
ļֵȡʹðΪܡֻҪƷͻңֵ۸
ıǲġҪϸʵаͷ䣬Ҫϳңֱ
չ˵Ͷļֵ豨꣬˼˵Ͷ֤ȯ
ͬһвƷҲм۸񣬶ǱкжͶ˾
֤ȯȥ쵽ͬͶĲƷҲƷ
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ƷļֵƷҪƽҪͶʱһ
ӣҪʱ䣬Ҫʱ䣬Ҫһʱ䣬ôӵƽ
ҪͶʱ죬ļֵۣͶΪġ
ӦõͶϣûʲô⣻ӦõͶϣЩѣӦõ
ͶϣرǴԵͶϣȫˡͶĲƷ
ǿԹ񻯵ġұӣһģźñȽϣ
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ģһǾͺð죬԰дʱƽһ¡QǶһ
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ѧƷдʱ豨꣬ҲǲġдһСʱܱһСʱ
Ͷӵöࡣôô?㸴Ͷİ취ҲУΪţ
УǸܼġһƷĴʱֵ
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ʱҲǲеġ
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ļֵȹũö(벻ũ)ëʱеĶ
ͶԼũ֪ʶӡ˵Ǹġ
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?ͬһҵĳӪͿ𣬻һŤΪӮӦϣ
ӪҲǴֵģͶҲͶͬ޷ʱ
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ĹҪһ˴öࡣ
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춿ѧѧõı꣬һǵǵĹ׵ġѵ
˵ͶͶߵģҪǵ֮ߵ?
      ǲҪϸİͷ(ܷ͵)Ӧ
ҪԺķ䡣ڽйԺķҲû
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Ϊʵȫļƻá˼Ϊпİ״̬
ͣͣϳ˽вƲ⣬Ӷؽ
ѿϸİͷĲܣôȫļƻÿ?ʱ徭ǿ
гġ֡ܲԼȫֻ?ʵ
ǲܵġִг˲Ϣ䣬ǧһܵĳ
ҲܰȫΪļƻ֮Сһ㣬йľѾ
֤ˡֻгԷûϼΪļƻڣ
ܲҪֻ֡ŵߣӢѧҺҮ˼
ԵΪƶȵıǿƵģΪ
еġ
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ҲܳˡҪ˵ڱͳĶûʵ˼ŵ
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вƲȡңôľϾͻ
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ԭˡ˽ơĿںţʮ첢ôģֻ
ز߶۽˰ûӺҷӵĲƲ¢ϾӪС
ҵȣ׼͡ȫĸ˵
˼ֻǺ˵Ҫڷչн¡
      Ȥǣԡʮ죬֣ᷢЩ
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øá
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ʵľôʩһ棬ʱҲȡһЩʵĴʩ
ƶڿ
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ΪһĸԴ˽ơΪʱ巢չȥὫѸ
ֻһ«ΣмϸͷһһСһͷٵĴ
׼һͷǹ޲׼׼Ķδʷ
չ˼Ԥԡ˵һӴв׼
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Ӣ˵ı״ڷʱѿˡ
ҵĹ˲ܹĸԭ
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ͬ˶ϵġ
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ʸ衷ˡĹ۵㣬ְѽȫʷһض
Ľ׼Ĺ۵㣬γǳһ׼?

޲׼רר

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Ĺ쵼Ȩ޲׼רѧ˵
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ʵ쵼?ͨĹ۵㡣
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˽Զ춸ĳԣ޲׼Ľ׼ƺһµĻ
޲׼ֻͷʵдڹʵǣ
ҲƷȱ㣬ǾͰЩʲ׼Ӱʱ
ĸʴ
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ĵλϻλϡӦеλǵĵ
ռˡ
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ҳѧνĵιһ򡰵(party-state)й
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      ˼˹ϲ(˴ġҡָһ˼˵ġ
ιҡ)˵ġ޲׼רֻʱĹɡҪҵ
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ơ
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ʽǰ蹫ʽ֯˼ûظ۵㣬˹
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Ƶ͹ά͹ֱ˵˼ķչ
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׼רѧ˵Ҫ
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򱶵޲׼ûгֹһʲ׼кܴ
ȥûѡȨĸŮˡ壬ڶƽȵѡȨˣҲ
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      ¹ɡ:ǵרǽ׼ר?ר
Ⱥר?ش˵:ȺǻΪ׼ģ׼ͨ쵼ģ
ͨšӰ졢о顢ѡΪֵ(ѡ
4197ҳ)
      ¹ɡ˰Ⱥںͽ׼ȫ
ǶԵģȴһˡ˵Ϊ޲׼Ⱥڣ
Ⱥר޲׼רΪ޲׼ȷӣ޲׼ר
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ͼֲ˵޲׼ר͵쵼(ר)֮䲻ܻȺš޲
׼רʵϡǵר˵ȫǡʵ֡޲׼ר
ǰǡȷӺ͹Ⱥڼ䡢ͽ׼ȷ໥ϵ(˹ѡ
ϣ423ҳ)߲ȷߺͽ׼淢ͻ
ԲΪǽ׼쵼?ȻǲԵġ(ͬ425ҳ)
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⣬ƺһԳƴ޲׼ʹ޲׼òһ
¹˵ͬ⣻һôԶ񣬲Ҫ
ǷϸκεطκβŵĹ⣬ȱ㣬Ҫ͸
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˹ֵСڡĵڶ˹⡷˵:νԸ
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ǿܴȺ컯ģ컯˵ĵܴ޲׼컯˵ҲܴȺ
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      ޲׼רһ޷ֹ컯ë1957
ڲì⣻ûпҪΣǵ컯Ϊ
Ҫ㡰ĸڳһʲ׼ʵԼ
ϣ񣬾Ⱥں͵֮ϣ˭ҲԼˡ
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ˣ˵ڶӴ˳Ϊѹŵģʮ¸
ΪֳغͰֳؽŵĵ·ľʵϲδе
֯ʡͼƹľ飬ʹ˶
ฺӰ졣

˼

      ˼ѧһ˼⵽Ϊ
ô?˼ռоѾ˼ʮ꣬Ϊô?
˼ľѧǽܵģΪ˼ʱۡ
˼ĹˣΪ˼١ѧ?ǹȥӰ죬ֻ
˹ļ飬ٶ˼ԭ˼ѧдһЩ
öصξѧȥˡ˼˹ЩҪ
ֻǵ͵ʮŷ˹ġȻ֤˼˹
־ʶ̬˼ġ1844ѧָ塷͡1857-1858꾭ѧָ塷
ûж˵˼ѧ˼˽̵ģ˹־͸
˵ˡ˹˼ӣҲ֪û
Сë󶫵ѧ˼Ӱġǳڸ棬忴
Ƕ˼ȫĺϷļ̳кͷչӰʱǺܳġ
      Ϊ˵ѧ˼ͬ˼ĲͬȴġΨ
塷̸
      ΨĻ˼룬һ仰:ʶʵķӳ
ûдѵ˼Ҳ˵?ͳڶԡӳ˽⡣ǰ
ʺ͡Ӱдͬʹõģеκεطû
ӳ͡ӰдʲôͬʶۣǳʶΨۡй
춶ճ˵ѧУͿαжģҲΪ
˼ѧ      
      ǿʶĶ󣬼ĴڣǶ֮ġֻֻ
һ²ǶԵģܳΪһձ⡣ǰӣȻ
ǶҵʶڵģӲȻġһ
ӵˣҪһ룬ҲӵĹ˼ָ˵Ͷص
һƷ֮ǰѾԼͷаˡͶ
ʱĽһʼѾͶߵıдţѾشš
((ȫ23202ҳ)ӣеƸҪȻǲ
ĸףͶǲƸĸסʲ׼ξѧѲƸǵĿ
Ƕġ˵Ȼǵ˹ѲƸͶ
죬˼Ϊһ޴ĽԣǲҪӿǿ壬
Ҫӵ巽棬ҲǴп˵Ͷ˵־˵ǻۡ
ǼּˣǴмˡˣƷнֵ
ֵʲô?Ĺϵʵ˵Ĺϵ뿪ˣ뿪
ᣬûʲôֵ˼ξѧҪĹϵʾ
˵ĹϵĹ۵㣬ǿ壬˴ڣ
˼ġ˼ġѶ͹۸١˵Ψʵֻ
ӿ巽˽⣬ûд巽˽⣬˼ 
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˽͡˵:ʶӳڣ˼ѧ˵ӳǶ
ӳߵĽȷĸд...ʶǷӳڵģΨһԭ
ԭʶӳһʷΨԭֱӵĺ
ɷֵϵǲܵġ(ȫ18338ҳ)
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ĶǷӳĴڣַӳҲ«ĸд
˼ڡ־ʶ̬һڱʹáʶ̬ʵģ˵
һЩ˽׼ӡõĹڽ˵ɣʲô͹۴
ȷĸдǸдôԴ
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      ˴ϵۣȴ˵ϵ۴ˣһ컯һֵߵ
˼˵:ҡᴴڽ̼ߵۣΪǱǵߵ˵
硣(ѡ11ҳ)ڽĿѾʵĿѵı֣Ƕ
ʵĿѵĿ顣˵ǡҸ(ͬ2ҳ)
      ΪܿѣԼˣҪһϵΪ
Ķ󣬰ѻڽʵһַӳ
һ۵ġķӳվʽķӳַӳ

      ڡΨдġѧʼǡУֲؾԼĴ˵˵
ʶǼ򵥵ءֱӵءվΪǸӵء
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۵ӲӵĹ֡Ψһԭʶ̬Ĳ
еġǰĿ͹۶˵оͱԴ
ʶ̬ĸԴǰߵʶԼĹ
ǰĿ͹۶ߵǲûʶǵ˼ʲô
ڱƶģ˹˵ͷзһ˼̵ǵ
׾һ˼̵ĽУһʵЩ˵Ȼû
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ʣ;˵ĻʶĻԣʷΨĻ
ԭǼ򵥵ذһΨԭᵽʷжóġ
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ϵȫΪ׼ϵ׼ϵȻҪǰֹϵ˵
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塷)˵Ͷʹ˺ͶĶͶɵʵ֡
ĸΪ˼˼˵ıɡʲֳɵظ˵
仰˵˲ɵġһϣ˼¬
ءܹɣֻ˵ǱܣҪͨͶʵͶһ
ʽϵнеģʽǰһģǿ
ѡġֻвܻɡɵʵҲ˵ıʵʵ֣
һʷ̡ġӶˣһбʷǺͶ
һɵģĻÿһɵһ(ۡ)

      һ֤Ĺ̡ڻɵĹֻµĲɡ
磬һϵʹ˵ܹʵֵȴֿܱ˵µ
ϵ컯
      ǿԽϺõ˼Ļˡ˼˼˵˵ıֻ
һϵʵ֣ϣ˵ϵ˵ʵıʡ
ϵǻ컯ģ컯˵ϵ˵ıʵʵ֣Ϊ
ԵĶ˼˵רƶʹ˲Ϊˡ˼ΪѶ͹Ĵ
û֡ʵıʡûиԡ˼ʵ
ϵҪУҪƷ:ƷЩʹ˳Ϊ衢ūۡ
ͱӵһйϵ(ѡ19ҳ)
      ۵׼Ȼ˵˵ʵıʣ컯˵ı
ʣ˵ıʡ磬ʱƶµĹ˱ݲΪεˣ
ū˻Ļ˳ֺ˿(׷Եֺ˿Ժ
˼ذ⵱ʱ˵Ť)Ե컯
      ˼˵:в׼޲׼ͬ˵컯޲׼֮ԱȻ
״ķ߿춡౾ԺֹءȻء
ȫطֱԵ״ìܡ(ȫ244ҳ)
      ˼˽׼ĸԣûаѹ˽׼д
ȱͳ˼˼Ϊ˽׼ӦԼԼ
Ľ׼ԣָԼ˵ĵλ

˼ľʵΨ

       ʮУĳЩеѧ̿鷭ȥǡڵһԣ˼άڶ
ԣ˼άǴڵķӳֽûΨ۵ʡΪֻҪ
ϡ˼άԴáԺ;ΨۻˣʵǴȻġ

      һ˼ġ1844ѧָ塷ķ˼ʷϵһ
£ŷһЩ˼ѧѧ߿ʼµĽǶо˼Ƿһ
ͬ춶˼壬һ˵˼һʱ䶯ŷޡȻ
оΪδսжϣս˱һй
˲ͬѧɡ˵ָ塷˼
      й롶ѧָ塷̫һһ뱾ͲˡȻ
ԭĵļĵĻɬʱֻע⡣ʮѧγ
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ɵءһ棬ٷְ֡ˡ˼ΪҪ˺
󡣵ڣѧΪ˼ֻһң޷ǽ׼޲
רʲô?
      Ȼ˼ͳ˼ϵͲܶ˼
׼ȷ˽⣬Ϳ˼˼Ķ
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ʵˡ˼ѧһʷѧΪνʷ
ͨ˵ͶĹ̡(ȫ42131ҳ)̻ûн
˴˲ڴ˵磬ͬʱ˲ڴԼ
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Գֹƣ˵ǡһʷĵһǰᡱ(ѡ132ҳ)
ⲻ˲άԼ棬̸ϡ
      ͣάˮƽϣ˺Ͷûжˡʳ
ŮȵҲĻܡȻЩͬѿ
ʹǳΪΨһռĿģôĳУǾ;жʡ
(ѧָ塷)
      ˼ĵе⣬Ϊ˼ĵǵĳԷ
ֻҪ˼езԣ´
˼ĿеĹ˶ԣ˵˼ǡ
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32671-672ҳ)˹˵ҪΪ:桢ܡչˣ׼
ȡϣȡϺͷչ(ѡ357
2ҳ)˼岢ܣڰܵʲ׼רƷ
Υ˼˼ġ˼ֻ԰Լܽڱ˵ʹı
ϣҪı乤ֻͶܺʱֻܲͶ״ܺ;
(Ļ)֣֮ģܸܡܲ
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ͨͶʵ֡νɵͶǲܰѣһִ
ͶͶԵҪͬʱҲܣǡҪء˼Ϊ
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ȻɵģǲòеģȻ춡ȻԵ
춡ı˰(ȫ25926-927ҳ)˹Ϊ
壬ʹӱȻ˼Ϊ
಻ȫѵģֻϣܷ
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ơ۹˼մݵȵ)ʱ䡣
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ŴԼ⽨)ص˵ԣڶ̬(ʱ)ص˵Ķ
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Ҫһȫµʹÿ˶ֵܳȫطԼĴǣ
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˵һ˵ɵ컯˷ˣ˽ΪΪˡ
ΪΪ˵硱˽ΪȻˣ˺Լˡ
      1986귢ġ˼˵ѧ˵:Ϊ
ǡҪʲôʲôᣬÿ˶̵ձ
⡣Ĵǰѹ忴̫ˣǡǡ෴ǿ̫ˣΪ
ʹõļֵ߶ȣȻʱĳ߶ȡ˼۵㲻ǡǡ
ˡܣǴ(챾Ҳһ)˼ĿеĹ
˲ռеöġеˡǳַչ˵ıԵġḻˡ
˼ģΪĻⲻ˵
Ҫģ෴˼Ѿļֵʵļֵ֮ϡڸ
ıɣ֮Ϊ˵ı(ڸ:ʷѧ . ۡ
)˼еؼ̳˼룬ɿ˵ıʡ
      ֻ˼ѧܰѧ˼Ĺ˼
ϵ˼˵ɡԷѧһǳ˽⣻˵
˼ʵѧѧɵѧ
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⡣СڹʱиѧңҪй
˼֮ѡǻѡʲô?Ϊ
ûɣΪЩѭ˼塣ⲻֵ֣Ǻų
ҲǹңɡһںܳʱǴһЩģ
ֻŵĶʮձͷֹһ
ĿǡׯׯǱһסլΪ˵
ׯǰ˹?ԡ˵ׯңС͵åβ
㣬֮˹һͿͽСһ
˼ΪָĹҵıֽ˼˹ġ
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ΪʱĲǹļֵ׼ʱ
ϵǲģѸ˺ͼҲǽ׼Ĺ
˼ָּ壬һǡõļ塱ʲ׼Ҿļ壬
ʲ׼ðΪȫ档һǡʵļ塱ǡ
塱ּУ˲ûڼУڼеõɺͷ
չ˼ΪĹ͸˵Ķʻ
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ˡ
      
      ˵˼ıĿһЩ⡣⻹е
ЩҲԿ˼ѧǺصġҸ˵
Щ⣬ֻһ˵ĿУҴһЩѧߵͷС
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Ϊ˵ߺ͸ҵ˼עǺȻġ
ѲǽͷˡȻˣֻҪ컯ڣ˼һЩ˼
ûйʱ컯ֻ컯һʽʽ컯ȫ
Ե绷Ⱦ˿ڱըϱȣȻѣ
ԼĻ˵Ϊ컯ǽҪָĸ￪ţ
òɱػһЩ档ѾȨ컯ڽǮ
ҲˡĳϣǽĴۣҪκδ۵Ľ·û
еġҲܷ컯кͲȡʩ˼˼
Ϊṩ
      ˵ҲߣҲͳ˼ߡΪ˼
ľѧ˵ʱˣĹȻа˼мֵĶ
ѧ棬ֱ֤Ψ壬Ҳ˼˽ʷ
Ψݲͬѧ֮ΪʵΨ塱Ҳ
˼˵ѧѧѧ(philosophical anthropology)Ψ塱
ҴHumanismusӢhumanismΪ˱Ҳ
ҾáΨ塱áȥΪ˵壬ʵɫ̫
ԱӢеһʣhumanitarianismʵΨ岢
ȻԣڽʷʱǴ˳Ϊޡ˼
һԳΪHumanismusƣΨʡ
ﲻϸ˼Ƶԭ͵ʧҲҪ
˼Ϊݡֻ˵˼һ˼ڵȻʵ
ΨΪṩһֵּ׼ȿʱ壬Ҳ
ʵ塣˼ҲʹһȨ컯ͽǮ컯У
ֶ˸񣬲ʧȥң¿˵ļֵ
      ˼ǿŵġеġ˵ġ˼徭ʵ
ļ飬жٴͷ񶨶٣ؿϧǶ˼ҲҪ׼
ȷʶҪ˼˼ͷϵĶ˼˵˼
˼۽е飬֮ˣڡٷ
Ϊ˼˶УΪȻ˼
:ЩҶں
      ˼һٶ緢˷춯صı仯Ͷ
ŷҵ߽˼˥䣬ôҵĿƼϢʱ
ĵʹ˿˼ĳЩ׿ԽԤԶʹ˴ӵ˵Ͷ
½ųʹ˴ĳЩ﷦ζͶ½ųȥİСʱ
Ƶ룬ѾΪʵÿ칤ƴ档ʱϵҲһЩ
仯ʹûбΪ幫ƣУ˼ڱ
Ϊʵ

      һвĶһҪ˹ùµ仰
˼嵱ȻҲá֪ëҲ˼˼
һˣͳ˼ʷĽ
Ӧӭֻ벹㡣һ˼˼ʷϽԶռһ
Ҫλãڶ˼еľԻᱻ˼̳С
չЩ˿˼һɣҲԲǡ˵ȷһЩ˼
Ǽ򵥵ʧǱǽ˼ӦĹ
˼˹Ժڸһ:˼ķϾȳмֵ
ݣԷչʹ֮ʺϵҪʷ˼һ
˼Ӱ컹᳤ڴڡһĶԪĻУ˼
ɺʻԼλá
      (199510)