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ȡɵķʽ໥ϵ

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һڵ

      ˼ƣ˵ףǶ˼Ŀƣˣȡ˼ɣʵϾ
ȡ˼ɡ
      ǰһλҳʡйûдɣش
ܸɴࣺСһЩҵķ顣λұ
˵йдɣû˵йзɡֱȴǸ
Ϊ˵Ĵɣָɡ
      ڹƶȡ˼һѵҵһ
ǣƶ£Խȡ˼ɣܿµֵѹ
˵ͷԽпܻʧȥе˼ɡ
ֱӵءȡ˼ɣпܱסԭеı˼Ļᣬ
㷴ܹȱ˸ر˼롣Կ֮й
󵨽ͬǣҪôҪôҪôֹڹ
̳ϣӶڹڹкѾʧȥԼͬʱЩӲ
ٲȡ˼ɵǣʼձǶԹڹڵķԻᲢ
˳㷺Ӱ졣͸һӡƺһڴٽ˵˼
ԾĹױǰһ˻شʵЧȻ춣Ź
˼֮˶ֻȥŬݻ
˼֮ǵ棿һ档һ
ǣЩĴݻר֮˵ǲܽΪ
ԣǻ뿼ʹǵΪЧ֤
˼֮£һҪɵ˼ҲĳЩôѡ
ѵʹɵ˼ܹı͹㷺Ĵȡʤ

      ѧߺ(Albert O.Hirschman)Ǳ˼롱(˼
)С顶˳ҳϡ(ExitVoice and Loyalty)д
ڵ֯˾ҲʱǿԲȡ˳ķʽﲻ
ҲڲνҳϣָһڷԲȡ˳ķʽʱȻ
ڡڡıĽ˳ָоߣ
ָбۿռ䡣Զ⼸ֶֿζһо
ġŵĴ󻷾·ַܳЧáڲͬ⼸ֿ
ֶεı֡Ч໥ϵʮ͸ٺͼʾ˵ϧû
лٱīȨߵĹ۵㣬ȨͳΡһרƵص
Ǽ޳ڣȻҲ̸ҳϡ⵱Ȼֻһּ򵥻ĸ
Ȩƶȼ˼֮޷죬ߣٵĻȱ
ݵƶҪȱݵȥִСˣڼȨƶ´׿гЧĿ
Ȼǿܵġ붫ŷı仯ҵṩ˳ɹ֤йļȨƶȻ
δת䣬˥Ĺ֮СȻδԼȨ
չϸµۣЩ˼·Ȼнֵ
      ǰһЩУһٵѾ۹ȨƶǴ·ѵ
ʽ塣ҴԴһ



      кܶν죬˵һֵĳЩ
ԳͻƩ˵һ˶Ϊһֻе
ֵͣܹͬǵĲ֧֡˵й
ǽйȻơȻƫƫһ
ֺŵİܵΪ֪Ľ죬ȴȻһ󵳵ĵλ
ѵһĹôҪʵǣΪʲôֱڻҪȥ뵳
ΪʲôһЩֲͬҲڵڣΪʲôЩܵȺ˵ͷ
Ҫһٵ򵳱ʾҳϣΪʲôĹǵҪԼϣ
ڹϣΪʲôڹڲ˵Ѿߵֲ
ֱìʱȻеԱ˵Աְ˵ȵȡ
      һһ͡

1ΪʲôҪ뵳

      ͨΪһ˼ĳһΪͬõ
ֻ൳²ˡŹһרƵĽǷ
빲ͬѲǱҪأһЩصԽԽ
Ҫ
      ȣ뵳Եõʵ档ڹͳεֻеԱ
ԵÿȻвΪ˳Եÿȥ뵳˵Աͱ롰Կ
ǰᡱˣ뵳ƺûʲô˿ռģʵˡ
Ȼǿα׼һҪϵġȽ̶
ȷеĵλߵ͡һ˵ελߣôݡҪ
ܵõĳЩչ˺ͱĸС뵳ۡ޷
˵һ˲ӦñٵĶȥ뵳ǣȻһЩְָɸ
ԼˡԱܱΪٶ뵳أ˵ĳЩʱ
Ա뵳ֵñȱ˸Ŭۡ
Ͻڹ¢һԴ£ԱҪմЩ
˵ú̹ʣССռˡ
      ֪ڹ£δССĸְ񣬰ЩרҵԴ
ԵְһͨΪɲ˵ֻǸרҵԱֻ
׷רҵְǨα׼ʮҪģڵڵǴͬġ
      Ȼÿһ뵳˶׷ְλǨ˵
лʲô嶯ĻΪڹһҵ뵳
¡¢һȨҲͲ¢һй¡
»¡ĻᡣûеƱ볡ȯͼܵõ
κȨҲͲڹжΪ͹ŴĿƾƶΪ
ơͷߺγ֪˹µãΨͨƾ֮;
һ˲ſ磬һЩ춹顣¡Զȿƾƶ
ù㷺ܣԻвˣȻԹȤΪ
ʩչһֶԸ빲ⲻ춹ǷΪʩչṩ
ûʲôѡ񡣺ñһЬ¢һ
ЬԭϺ͹ߣȻҲ¢еЬһЬ
ôЬӿɴֻýҹ
      ټ꣬ǻԵõһεۡ㷢
ҹϰԱĴ൱ӣľӪһͿЬ
㲻Ͻҹǣֻһҡ޷ֵ£Ȼ
ԻķԼһնȥЬȴһӴŶ
ЬӡҲ˵ԼԲˣǣֻҪ㻹й
½ƬϣͲܹܲĹܡҲͻ룬˺
ΪԼܶǻԼȥôܰĽĽ
      ĸƽ֮ᣬһǧɣм䣬£
֯һȡ뵳١ȻʱĹ۵㣺Ϊ
˻ˣ˻£ԲŸҪǺ˽ȥڰ걱
ѧľѡ˶Уʦ̸ֱ֪ʶرǴѧ뵳
ҪԡָҹʵһƣԣΪʵֹ
ơ֪ʶӺѧбҪ뵳ڡΪ˸
쵳ȥ뵳˵ȻˣҲ뵳ڡ
ŵǣʱȷвȡ뵳Ϊ˸ı䵳ĳɷݣƶĸĸ
      ǾͶΪʲôʼܱӴ֯ģǲ
ΪĿΪרƣΪеΪʩŰ
ٺҪ뵳ΪǷֵڻ̫ࣻΪǲеĵ
ǲ跨ԼС
      ɴˣǻۡһרƣ١쵼һ
СҲ˵ĳЩһ˿ԼȲֲܹ
ĹܣôҪ뵳һ͡ʵϣѾˡ
žøĸУֱӿƷΧѾǣ֯ķ
չѾͣٻ򽵵ٶȡĳһ죬йרƶ
϶ǣԱֻٲڶࡣ
 
2ΪʲôЩͬڵ

      Ͻڽ֮⣬Ҳбԭ
      ˵ȤҪȡ˵ҪԹΪԱƺ
ҲҪһЩ
      ְԭһΪһ֯Ȼض
Աϸ˼ҪҪմ˵һǵԱбȵԱ
˼ɺжɡϧȻԵιÿ񶼵
ԱһԴǵԱԱֵЩɢЩҪؽ빫
ضⷢ⣬ôҪܵ͵Աµͬ
ԴǵԱȵԱһЩɣԱȴܱȷǵԱһЩȨ
˵һЩᡣһ˵ͬʵġɻ
ۣǵԱиķԻ͸ķԵλп
ʹԼӰ졣˼ǵԱҲױʾ͡ڶ
һ鷳ҪɻôƱְͬٿۼ
֡һǰ˲ƽȵᣬһ˵ελԽߣµ
ͷܽᡣͬġδ󡱣ǸɲҲֻǳְǵԱ
Ҳֻǿƽյֻҷ߽ˡȻҲ
ʱ򣬲ˡ
      ֪ڰǳɻ˶У֮˺ܴáӦ˵
ͷ֮ΪƼѧУ͹֪ѧҵйء֮ͽ
ڷĹ۵ʵ͵κ࣬λߣֲ
ܰôپһ괺һ֪ʶӺʿᷢ˼
ƪԸ飬ɣҪġУƪʮλѧߺ
ѧĺעĿκοУ
ͷɸӰ졣⣬ΪӰ󣬵ҪѹƱ
𶯴󣬹ʶҲϴʹõھǷѹʱͨ
ҲȽᡣҪͳ˵ͻСȴȻǻҪ
ʲôʵǰͱֶΪ켺ӣ㹫ĳһ
ʹָжʡӶ㶯ѹơ
Ϊʲôοк߲ܶӭЩӹ
һԭڵ˵ǱϿɵ
ξʹͬˡ£ֳѹƻȽѣѹֶҲ
ȻκηУͷһǷյҪеߣͷ
ķնͨ߻򸽺ߵķȻҲȽСҲ
ĳЩļԻУЩλߵ˱ҪɫΪ
ȫȶϵһߡ֮һڵڡһλ˴
·춸˶ԳսСӦߵķճ
ȣʶܸЧش˵Ĳ룬һǿӰ졣

      3ΪʲôЩܹȺ˻ҪʾԵҳϡ

      һŰ꣬ѧдһΪ򱩷꡷Դ
У߻عԷ˶ֱĸڼĿע
һǣǲ׵Ķ֮ᣬƴĽβȴ¼
һĹ֯Ǹġʵϣ
˶бǣƽָ󲿷(ȫ
)»ص˵֮֯ڡЩԭǵԱģժˡɡ򡰷
ñ֮ᣬҲ׷뵳Ҫȷвٱ׼뵳ɴ˾һ
ʮ̵⣺Щ˼ȻܹȺΪʲôͷҪͬǸ
Чĸأ
      ԭȽϸӣһŶۡ
      ԭ֮һҲΪԱΪ˻ýһİȫС
      ӱϿһܵ˹ôпȺͷҪĶЧ
ңⲻʮصŰôʵûô򵥡һܵĲп
ʱײָܣһԹ޵Ĳпᣬһеǿǰʹ
㷴ʹӡ㷢ԼûûȺߣô
ͻãȺװ취ӮȺߵĽɣʹԼΪȺ߶
֮һԱνΪȺ߶֮һԱǵһζԼҲҪ
˵Ⱥɡܶԭȵܺ뵳ᶼܾ˵Ⱥ
ֻϣٱΪ켺ֻϣΪԼˡѡ
      һ˵ܻҪЩǵԱ㿪
񣬵ˣƽ˷һ˳µ㽫ָ
Ҫ뵳Ҳ뵳ǵ°ѵͻ㡣
ʹΪѡΪ㷢¾ܾܵͻĵ
򵳹ʾĲмƲԳԷơ仰ڿһ
˲ʶôӲȻר£㲻ԾƣŶԷͻ
Էơȱм״̬㼸ֻھ뷣жһйŴ
иƼĹ£һλε֪أӹŶխ
뵱һλʿҸ磬λʿûλ֪ر϶û
߳ŭڿ˼ݺֱλʿ
ǾƲԳԷƵһΪ˸
£Ŷԡ㱾ǵԱδʾ֯£ǻ˵
ΪΪԲλ࣬Ҹʣгΰ춵
ΰ󡣵ȴǵҪְѵͻȴ֮ܣǵõ
ǵȥܹĴѵԵģƫƫ
ȨգΣտ֪һǰӡñᣬ
Ҳѡ
      ǵڰһ죬һλѸһ鷳¡λר
ҵϺܳɫڵλԵҲã֣֯ص̸ȡ뵳ԡ
˰̨ᣬ֯뷢˲Сı仯ȥ뵳ı
׼ĺܸߣˡ֪ʶӡƴȡ̲룻񣬹Ϊ
˸󣬿ʼע⵽ҪЩҵɫȺڻ뵳ڡڿ
ϣ˷չڿλδ뵳ֺôֻ
Լε£޷򹲲ʾͬȻλ
ģԼֱ˵Ծܾ᲻õԼСǡ
Ҫ鷳ǣȡ˳ĬķʽԶԵ벻Ӧķʽ
ĻӦԼҲƵɼʱܾҲ
¡
      мλѣȥμӹ˶ᣬΪڿ
ԱȴҪдȡ뵳ʵ֪֯׼ǵ
룬ǱҲ뵳ڡ޷һǹõ
Լѣǻȡ뵳ģô˵Ƿأ뵳
Լһ
      ȻҲųһЩ갤Ȼϣ뵳ص
ڵ֮УҲЩ˿ȻмֵĶ
򱩷꡷Ľβ»صڡһ䣬д֪
볢ԡ仰ٱһֱʧԲʷ
      νʷ˼һǲʷԵϣ֪
ǰܹ֮֮뵳ػصڣһ춵
·߳شʹٶȼϣȻڹȥı
ʧȻѾҲúһЩɡʷ
һ˼ǲʷԼഺʱڵ롣˶бһԵ
˲ԸԼԲ˶ԣĶ󣬲ܴᾭ˶
ɣޱ䣬ǣ粻⾰ֻҪлᣬ˻Σ
ץסһԵġָһ֯볡ԽԱԽǲ
˳Ϊϣ֤ԼôߵĴȷġͽ
ɷȴҳͻݵӣȻЩɷӵĲ֮
ɷԼѡģǻ߾ȫάϵǧټƵذɷĽ
Ӷ֤Լѡ񲢷Ǵ
      ҳϣǲ˵ϼ䡣ҳһ顣ҳϵǰ
ǵѡɡúãҪ˵һβƵ¢Ե
˾֯ҳϣǸûġȥǳЩ
ȺɱʾԵҳϵΪΪҡʵʲ׼ȷ
ڰǴηɻ˶Уй֮˿
Դˣֵ֮ú̹ȻԵЩԸ˾
Թ̫ҡ鿴ˡԼͷ֮һ
֮ԼĿѧңо
ķɻԶԲôһңһߣһߵ
ֵУǱζӴʧȥڹ̳µĻ
ӶҲʹԼҺͼߵְܡɴ˿ɼϣס
ҪĿΪ˱סԼķʸҵδжٹϵڲҲ
е£νңҵӣδޡ

4ΪʲôеԱ˵Աְ

      ϷҲͲѶΪʲôһרºеԱ˵
Աְԭˡ
      ꣬Ⱥһλ˵йΰȷȫ嵳
ԱĹһʱȺٹһӡ˵ڡʮƽ١
ڼ䣬ȫҲûһҪ˵ġȻӵ˵ʲôأ
ȫ嵳ԱĿеĳߵλͺ;޴ǡǡ෴ֻǴӷ
˵˹רƲб֪Ǻýóǽ
ѡܵĹ涨Ա˵ɣǣȻһ
Լжĵ˶Ϊ˶ȥ(ĸʮƽ١)
ô˭춱Զ˵أñӡġظҡҪ
һơĸߡö˶һԱǹʾҪ˵Ҫˣ
ͻţŰ¼ᣬһЩԱ߶˵˵
Ҷ˵ˣǾͺûʲôϵˣǵȴأ԰ݣҪ
ЩѾ١һ鲻ɡɼЩȥ
кεǿҵĳޡ
      Ҫһ˵
      һΪʲôĸ˵ʱȴ˵Ⲣζı
ĸӡȻΪ¼ֵøСθ
ЩȽϷɢȽϲȽϺ첻ıи׶Ĳֱ
ҵĴ̼ҪԭӦĵı仯Ƶı仯
ۡ
      ΪʲôЩѾ˵˻Ҫ١һ飿ⲻΪ
йޣҲΪ˼ǿơЩԱڰ˾вйʲôͻľ
֮˵ķʽʾ飬õʮͷʹǲ㡰
ҷӡ㲻áʹѾ˵ҲõƲãȻ
Щ˵ڱԼķ֮ڵȥǱ
ϿַԷʽĺϷԡǹʣñ˼ΪƣҲҪ
Щ١һ鲻ɡѾǿΪһֳͷ
ͱĿ춷ֹЧ¡
      ְ˵ơְǿԷһȤĶ
ȡְ֪ͽְһһΪһΪߵҲ
һôȷĳЩ£ְ޷ǸͷĽְѡ㱾Ҫ
̨ģǶԷȴԸǳʣԵñȽ棬춶
ԵñȽº͡ĸУְܣһҪ£ĸ
仯귴ɻ˶еĺҫ귴˶
еĳϣͬǱ̨ģȴȡְⲿʽ(Ĵ
ְͬкһɷ)
      ӢԱȽϡ֣Ӣһڸ󲿳е
źڸľ޷ʱʱȡְķʽʾԣ
ڸԱٲȡͬͬƶйءӢƣ
󲿳ɹԱΣһλȥڸְȻԱݣ
ԱĵλչԵĻͳƣְ
ְ񲻵û棻һλȥڸְϾͱһƽ񣬴Ӷ
΢᣻ԣڸͼĽ
      һרµйһԱԴְķʽʾ߾ߵ飬
ôʧȥһȨ⵽ͨƽΪӵĴ
ְᣬȻ˵һֱ춱״̬һԵ
ϵй˵ִ١һߵĿĶһġ

      Ӧ˵ʹְΪ䶯ͨһר
ˡô£֪߲ܲͻһ
뵳صõһȨⲻҪܶĵĥ
ĵָ£˰׳գûڵڻڳڵشȥ
ڵȻѡȡ˵ڻڸĸ·ߣʾΪƶĸз
ΪЧãԸһʱԼһЩίҲ֤ˣ
վ˵ְʱϵİδΨһĶƱػҪ
ڴʱ˿˳ǷԸĸҵͨ׵Ļ˳ǲ̨
ǲ𵳵̨ǿְ˵ǲڵȨ
һ˵̨ǿڷɵ˳ָ߲Լ˳ԭ
ڵǸ֯Ǹøáǻ粻ˣ෴
ϣԼ˳öԷø㣺Ƕˣǵ
Ӿ͸ûˡǣ˳޲ϣи˲ȡͬж
˳̨࣬ЧȻǼð֮¡˳٣
ͷͻԭеĵ޵ɵרƾ棬ͷֻʹԼʧ
ȥǰĳλãԼʵӰ죬ҸЩռݸ
λṩ˷㡣ǲǷźأȷǸܼѵѡ޹ֺ
ְôϡˡ

5Ϊʲôڳĳֳڵ£Իڲ

      Ȩûгڣǣ־춸ĸǱֻý뵳ڻ
Ȼڵڻû㹻ռ䡣ԿΪʵп
ƣһԽޣֱȦ⡣㲻ʲô
ĳͷϴžߵĻ˴үүǣ
ûоߵ£ʵϵʹӹʧԲűúܿ
¡һ˺ο໹Ҫߣˣʵȴǣ
ʱѾĳֳڣ˻ǸԸڲνͣ
      ǽʱΪһȣֶǽȡ˿϶̵̬ȣ
ʱԸֱӲμǽȻ٣˻ϰǵ
ͶٷϷܼ򵥣ⲿĳֳڵʱڲ
ۿռȻҲȽϿǽʱڣٷ۳߶ҲΪţ춹ٷ
ԴϾвɱľ޴ƣͬһƪ£ڹٷϺ͵
쿯ϣӰ泣ϡʶҪ񿯶͹ٷ
      ԳһΪǰйһչţϽ
ʮĩйʼǲѧһʱ
ϣԼ̽ҲƵúܽΨֱˡӲ顱仯
죬ֻҪʽ򵣱һҪȡѾȽס
˵ҲѡʽΪ񵹲ںˡ
ýͶƱأУ֮ᣬһʿ׷ӵִ
Ϊջ𣬿ʱؽһЩʿԱҽ
Խĳѧʵ壬͵ǰ³
ȻƺҲ⡣ȥǰһ˴ӽϸ֮
𵽸ƶĵطһֳͷķȴǷġ
Ƕɻӣһ׷ʽɵ˷ɵȥǰ
ӵˮϳͷʵϣǲҲй𼸸
ǶԷòǳ׵һֱΪʲôͬʱ֮Ϊ
أߵⶼҪϸϸ
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ʵϣ춲ͬĹҶԣսϾ̶ȴͬҴ˿ڶ࣬
ԶԣϰաýͶƱĳҪǿһЩνۿ͡
⣬ͬ壬Ӧ׳̶Ҳܲһ
Ȼи߶ȰԵĵطҲʼǽ֮һ塢
ɫԡĻȲӦϰ侳׵͹ˣ
й԰ãշǾ֮ء򡰽ѲԼ
Ĺѡ֮ĸоŴ󿪣һȥҲ̫ࡣǣͬ
뾳Ȩ񶫵һұɹĴ˿ֻһǧٶ
ʮʮиɾвܵ˾ͬһʧѪ˵һǽ֮
£Ƕµ룬㹻Щߵģ֣ͬͬûж
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Ϊĵߣʲôֵأ
      ӻʿһʵ⡣͡ǰ
ָרƣȡɵʵ֣һ£Զ߸߷ɣרƵ
֮ɵһ¡Ӵǰһࡣǵҵ
йǲΪԼĹޡΪˣǳȥȴ
ֹǻʵһֳͷȺֻڹڱӲȣ
ٲôбȨȡᣬԣʱǻҪԵֵ־
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ڡʲôǷ𣿷ǰһΪԼҵĹȨϽ
ȰһΪԼҵĹȨӶӡʲô£ͳ߲Ż
ȡֶأһȫʱ(ëʱ)з𣻵
һʱҲз𡣷ǷһʵпŶ
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òһЩ΢Сò춶רƣͳ־ķɱ
ѹơֶΣǶķɱֲ漰ֱӵȺ
ܴﵽӦѹֲʧȥϸƵ˫Чá
ѹֶεĳͬʱǶѹֶεһֲ䡣յйһ
Ҫʵֱӵıѹһ棬ĳЩżȻ
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ɽơëʱļ˲б֮ᣬһ׷Ĵ
ƶľԱ׼ӶСһרһѹɣ
ȡЩȨݳޡ

6ΪʲôҪϣڹ

      һλѧߣԹһܼ񣬿ֱʾҪϣ춹
Ϊƿ˺񻹲١˵Ϊ
Ŀǰй(½)Ψһ֯Ҫй仯ϣ
ڹϡ
      էһȥ۵ⲻɽ⡣ƽʱ˵ĳ˼ϣָͱ
ȽϣΪ⣬Ҹ춽ǵ
ϣǸŬȻ۵˲ΪЩ
¡ʵϣЩѴͬ⹲ȱЩ¡֮ԶԹ
ϣΨһԭǱѡǰ˵һ¢Ե̸֯
ҳϲҳϣͬһ߶ȼȨרƵҲ̸ϼϣϣ
ϣ͡ûϣ˵ߵ
ȨΡ

ѡ

      ʮѧƶ¶ɭ(Mancur OlsonJr)ˡж
߼(The Logic of Collective Action)һ顣ָΪı
жĽǹƷȡɣÿһ˶
Ŀ־塣ȻҪȥɣǣֻҪκ˻
֯Ŭóɹ༯еÿһˣǷΪ
Ŭ͹ףͷõ洦ΪԵĸˣȻԸٸɱ
档ˣֻҪܣÿ˶ͼκΪıĻв
Ŭ͹׶(㳵)ɴ˱һֵ⣬
ҶܴٸۡɵĶжôأ
Ʒôȡأ
      ѿ¶ɭ⣬ȡ˼ٵ
мơͨһµķ˵ˣڹеĺܶò
ʵҲ൱ĺԡʵϣʿѡֻ
ԵΪʽӶΪҵشĹסҲҪЩѡ
춸˶ԿǺģ춼ȷʵģ˵ǲ춼Ŀ
ʵֵġҪǶĸһۡ(δ)
