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ƽ


1֮

  ȨͳδʱһǣһͳΣǫ̂ܿȨ
ͳο̨ᣬһǣһͳΣôܴڣ
  йȨͳδҶָ˼˶ķ񶨣
˼ԭȷ˼˶ķ񶨣ǵ
ᾪȡ߶ƣ˼˵Ļƺкô
ǻӦͶ룿
  Ψʧȥ֮䱦󡣿ǣһӮɣǺܿ
ͻ֣ᷢɻһСЩ˵۽󿪡Ƕ
˸ʵ˽⡣ǰͶŷ֮·ں̶ܴ
Ԥʾδйı仯ǰһ棬Ƕйʤ˸ʵ
ģһ棬Ƕ᱾Ҳ˸̵ĸо
ҽʵ˼ɡֵ֮ܳһ򵥵ۡ
ⷬʮֱҪġ룬ֻеĵʱſ
ʮȫʮģһתΪʵƱֳȱݡͺһЩ
߸еʧʧᷴǵ飬ȱ㹻
飬Ǿ޷һƶǵ롣ˣǱо
ֵܳ⣬ڸѵ֪Ļ֮ǵͶĶ
ӭս
 
2һµļȨ

  ֪ʵ˼ɡɣ˵ףȡһֱ
ΪǱ۲Ȩַǲʵ˼ɺ
ɡһһ֯ṹʹȨ߿ƾ豩ѹ֮
ֶΰԼĹǿӸȫᣬӶʹ޷γʵԵĲͬô
ɾֻһնʽѡ
  (Herbert Marcase)Ĺ۵㣬Ĺҵһ
ƽȵġĶĲɡѹһеЧʺߵˮ
׼صĻϣáǡֲȥѹЩĵ
ɵԭʹ֮ƶȻͬʱҲʹ
ЩȨɱһɲ֣Ṳˡһ
ᰴԼ֯ʽƺԽԽ˵Ҫʱ˼־
ɺηȨĻйܾ𽥱ᡣǣһɵ
ͱԼķ棻ǣγһµļȨᡣ
  ѿۺ˼ȷһ֮ΪȨƶȵֱ
ܺߣǺ׶ǱԭĹ۵ʾǿҵĲҲ
׶νԼһõ硱׷ʾǿҵ
ɡҲӦϣǶԵǺ޸ݡڵ
ᣬĳЩǵĺϷƺ
ӰȻǿ԰֮Ϊԭʤҽ׿
ЧĹǵԽԽҽ˲ٱӣͽСɾ
ȡǰᡣ()ǻ˵ЩԳƱѹ֡
ʵδӣǶ൱ɹ۵Ӱ졣ŷ޵
·籩УǷΪʦɼӰͬСɣ
˼ľ޴ӰĿãڻ¡ķ˹(Noam Chom
sky)ҵ켺˼ѹƣȻ֮
Уķ˹ƽػ˹ɴ˿ɼᲢûа
ɵйܣʲô͵ļȨᡣˣϣ
УЩӵо޴ľüԴǸʹԼĹõĴ
֮ڵĹעΪɵԭ
ҲǴšгǷʹ׵϶ռ
ĹضڹɾлʤĹӶиԼȷ
ʵһֵע⡣  

3۵ר۵ķ

  ʵִ߲ϽᵽЩ˼ң
ҲҪһʮǰпάͽ
۵רơпά֣͹У
뾫ļȨӰжܴꡱ
ƽȹУǺ˼롢顢ȤζΪʽһ¡
һȦ˼ǽκԽ׳һȻûб
̲Σգؽ⵽ųӡľѹ֮
пάҪ˵һ֪һң˼ĶԺ۵
ɷһ˵
  ܶĹ۵ơڡɡһУܶҪֹı
صָνıֻֽȨʩӵıŰͬ
ʱҲֽ춡ۺ͵Ƹ롱ʩӵıŰһֱŰͨ
ԼԵ̷Ϊܣǣȴʹиٵӱܰ취͸
ϸڸö࣬ū۵걾
  ΣǶз֮ʹȷʵеľ
ѹˡӦóϣڹͳεʢʱڣȷʵӵйӴĶ
춶еĪȨѹƲͬʱҲһζ
زȡֱӵıԶʩӵľŰҲȷʵȵı
ѹܶĹɸصĴݲС˼˶УҪء
ǲν۵רơֶΡ˵ƾ
ľȥͬ˼룬ø̣ȴѹ㷺
ѳ־á˵һֻҪɵԭܻðö
пάԵĹ۲ȷĻôʵ
Щûάֵ̫á˼ĶԺ۵ɷ
沢ȱǱһҪ
  ۼҺά(Jean-Francois Revel)ΪᲢûпά
ĵ¡۵רơᣬ۲ûбԽԽһ
ԽͳһʵϣǱԽԽɢԽԽ졣˶ִ
Ϊǣ˴˼⣬ҲԸ˷
ɢά֮ǵرֵע⡣
  άЩʣȷʵָһֲǺ
󡣱ϾҪɣֻΪܹɵرԼ˼룻
ҪǣͨɵȥƶӡɸǼ
Ȩȱ˶ŵǾͺɵ±
ù̲Է⣬òΣʹԡһ۽Ϊ۶
˸˵ǽӽͬٽǱ˴˵ķ
ǣҲʧȥں

4ȺڵķĻ

  ʮǰѧҰµ¼(Jose Ortega Y Gasset)ָ
ٵΣǡȺڵķѡµ¼ΰ˷ֳࣺϸҪ
ΣһࣻһǣԼûʲôҪ
󣬶ֻԼȻոһյķܶ
ϣֻ沨ǰ߳Ϊѡ(select minorities)
߳ΪȺڡֲν׼֣Ҳܸµ֡
йŴ춾С˵Ϊơ壬С
ǾӲ֪Ǿ֪бһ֮ߵ롣ܹǷαһ
ֿ֮ƶһ֮öֿκʱŴȺڣ
ⲻΪ档ǣһȫģжϵͳȺڳҰ
λʱǸƽӹǣ֪Ǹƽ
ӹģȴֱ׳ؿ϶ƽӹȨǿʹ춸֮С

  µ¼ǿκϣйпҽѰ
ⳡϷصĹ޷ͳŹĸ߳Ȩ޷һ
۵ı׼̸۹ǺôġȺȴʲôֵ
ı׼û׷ĳֻһζǰ
Ϊһ˿԰ԼԸ£ζɵϽҲ
زȡɵض䡣ʵȡ䶼£µһ
İã־ϵ׷ʾӣ
˶ڶ֮дͶɱɾ޴в
  ǲٽһĻ⡣ʵķԣ
ߵķԼĻˮƽߺϾʱӣĻͻ
ͽķչĻṦܿνбסĻĺôǣʹø
㷺Ĵ˸ĽӴĻֵĻ᣻춴ţ
飻Ա໥˽⣬Ӷͬĺ͹ʶܹ
ḻݣ壻˵ȵȡ
  ĻıײҲǺԵġĲԻԻҵԡȻĲ
һص;õгĻƷҵأڷге
һص㣬һҲ׳ַĴĻ˵ĲǴ
ĻıײǴĻĽ߼ڱıײһߵС
˵׬ǮΪĶ⻨Ǯֻ˵Щߵ
ȤζͲߡĳЩ׵ӵĴĻ޷Ͷöѡǣñ
һĳЩĻӭǵĵƷζΪĿģ
ֽһ̼ͼǿǵĵƷζص⡣ʵƷζ
Ҳⲻ˻һЩôеҲԴĻȤΪ
Ϊ֣ҲΪźʶһַʽͬʱǲ
δԸƷζִ׷ֻǶЩȱٸ׷˵Ļ
þͱ״ˡѧǺ(Ernest Van den Hang)ָоĻ
뽫ڸĻʵӰ档õĻӦ˵ľ
áⲿݵȡĻݵȡĽߡ
  ˵ߺ͹ѣԹȻǲʲôص⡣ص
ǣЩȱٸƷζ׷ˣ춵׵ĴĻ֮ж԰Σ
һԸеĻͶνȺڵķѡڽȫ
ȺͬҲֻ͵׵ĻǳĻǵ׵ģǶ
Ļ⣬ȻǾԶ֮Ǿ֮Ⱥڵķѡȴζ
Գѱ֮ɫԸ߲𾴣ҪΪǿ԰ѴĻ
ΪڰΪڵĻҲƽӹԸƽӹĻӦǴ
ײ
  ޹ֺ˻ᷢĸпʿǰ̣иܶ
ȡ޷ǸϾʱ䣬Ľ͸Ȩǵ
ǣһЩĿʵˣڽᷢչΪ񡣿ǽأ
ʿʤ֮ᣬǷ֣ЩȴӮõʱ䡢Ǯɣ
ڴƬɫ黭־桭ָпƫȫ
µ¼ε۹ʣǣ㲻˵Щ
ķʸ졣

5ԹȨٿ

  ϣǽ˼ɡɶֵ֮ܳ⡣˵
ǶЩⲻӦøеİ뵱֮ǧǧ
Ѫ꣬ԳܹЩЧĽӶһ
õľ硣ڣһȨĽ˱㲻˼ϵ
ͳרͳΣѹȨ忴Ǵͳרֱʵϣ
Χ֮ڣǷִƶȳ֮ᡣǶ
ƶȸеʧͼһָȽƶȶչһ˶
  ֪˼Ĵʼԭ򲢲񶨣˵
ΪȻ˼ΪʱƶȰȨ˵Ȩ
Ψͨ޲׼ܸɸʵݡν޲׼ר
ֻΪɵһݲһΪ˷ֹɵĸ
Ϊ˽ǧ׼˼֧½ų
һȨ˿ǰġһɡһɼȻȥȷΪ
˻ΪһҪǰᡱķѡ
һɢɳΪȡ޲׼ĻĹ߿ֹۣƺ
աĻĵͼȤζήҲһɨաڵľò淢
˸ı仯ͷ๤ᵽԼĹвƽ塣һһ
֪ʶͶ˼죬ǺγŬһָġҡ׼
ҪԼı֣˵úãǴȺ׵ġȨ岻
ǹ񡣼Ȩ岻ǵҲáǧֲ
һ㽺롣˭˵˶
Ӷʹáݾ˴Ңǲõأ
  ǣȨϾǵ˼õ뵽ͷ˼
ʵһݱ߼ӡȣ춶ԵĹ߹ƣ
˼佨õĲġϵһбײһ
µĽһǲƶµĲֻҪչһ׶ΣֻҪ
Ӧƶȣͻɳ׷ȫ淢չˡΪ˸ƶ
˱ζѹɵķΣյĵһȻ
ɹᣬϾͷʵ֮ž޴ĺ蹵ʵ
ûб÷Ԥڵ룬ǰ춡׼ˡ
ƻ춾ɵĴͳǣҪǾ
Ȩȥͷеġ¹
ν˼˶˼˶ȻǽȨǿ
еģʵŶԵĹ͹ơȡõһбϵΰɹ
ʵҪǽáܲӴֶյĽԽ
ܺĿ굹ǿʵֵˣȻǺʼʵϵ
ֻͬбϵƣȫ淢չ˶ֻ˳ѱ
ǣȷʵвĸ߹󲿷ݡ˻᲻ϵط
벻ϵѹǾ˹Ǿ͵˼ͬʱҲ
˰۲ӵȡɵ˶ֱᵼ˼Ȩ

6ƶȵ˵

  ȨԣԵѹһΪԵĶԱʹ
˶ԣǡǡķȷе˵
ķΪɵģҪԼԾܾǿӵĹ涨
ֹ涨õԵ塣ǼȨ뷴ȨĶ˼
˼ɵĶ
  ɴ˿ɼЩߺꡱ˷Ͷȡ˼ɵĶ
ɾ޿޲ɵɡ޿޲ɣֺο
ðȥȡأʲôҪʲôǸʡô˵ɶʿĿ
˼ζ׷ɣиһļֵȻ
ǾձԵĶҪձĳϡΪӦ׷ͻϣ
ҲӦ׷ΪʲôͻϣҲ
ǣֻ׷ṩ˱ϣܵ˶ȥ
׷෴˲׷ɵĻ
ζÿһ˿԰ԼԸȥһ˵ĿͷСΪ
ԼʵΪԼıǡΪӦóΪԼҪ
һԼϵ׼ŬҲȫ԰Ϊ
Ҫһб׼ָԼֱ׳ҷݡɵȫ֮ڡ
ǰ漸ڣһЩ˼ҶЩ
޷Ǿ⡣
  Ʃ˵ҵѴڱֻ׷ġȵ
ˡмٶ˴ڱŸеľ׷ģֻò
Ƹ컯˶ѡǣ֤ʮָĸʵ飬ǲܲ
һٶɡڸеľʳ;ǱݻƷܹͬṩ
£ЩҪǰ߶ȡߣڼܹɵز빫λ
ܹɵ׷ɫȮ£ЩҪǰ߶ȡߣô˵
Ƶëأ˵Ȩܹ÷ľüԴڴһ
ĹǣǷǷŴӣȫһ⡣
  (Milton Friedman)д߻ᱻǣűߣһ
۶ôأʾ޴ĹĿɳʧģǵĻش
߲ᱻǣűߡӸ˵һֳɱҵ
ҶӸǮеõĺô跨ҪԸ
ͼΪҪԸǸΪ𣿵ȷͬΪҪȣ
߳ҪƷһǱȽϱ˵ġĻ
иˡֻҪŲͬĹֻҪѡȨ
ǾûΪƴֵһһռıˡ׻˵úãڸ
ĺô޷㣻ǣСһ۵ܴ
ģվǻᱻͱŴӵģҪһʱѡ
ϣκУǶԴռжȫȣôС
ɵĴһȱݾ⣬ǲǶôص⡣
  һаļ˼һͬص㣬ǰϵһ
ⶼΪƶȵ⣻ⲻ֪˱⡣ҵȻ˵е
ƶѾҪĽʵϣƶȵŵΪƶȵ
ϸĽṩõĻᡣͬʱƶҲΪĸĽһ
ޣǾκθĽԲֺĸΪޡ޹ֺƶǲܱ
ǰ༤˼ˣΪɫɫĸĸƶȵΰͼУ
򰵵ض˰ɵݡǲԷֹΪ㣬ǻϣ
ƣ춳˵ǾͷǲǿƲɣǾͷǰ˵
ѡȨɡνЩ˼佨õ˵ԭ
춴ˡ

7ɵļֵ

  ȨѹɵġڳڣȨԡɡ͡ɡ
ԽڣԽǰɵĿںһߣԽǲεѹɡ
ڵļȨ岻ٰԼɵ֣ǰԼĻ
ԼѹɣΪάйĻͽά
Žᡱʵǻص˴ͳר塣ͳר
ɣΪ϶ɡ˵ʵ˼ɡ
֮ᣬȷпܳĳֵʧĻҵرɼȨר
תڼ䣬󻹿ֵܱ൱ĿǷζרƷ
дڵأҪɣӦ־棿
  ڼȨͳ˥ܻ߽ʱͨνɥʵ
Ϊɥǲ׼ȷġΪµĻɡֻһ
˼ȿϺµΪֿϵµΪǰ£ѡ
˺ϺµΪΪžĵ塣Ȩרƽֹǵ
ѡ񣬽ֹ涨ĵ±׼ΪʵϾͷ˵±
£ǲǳ춵ģֻǳܺĿǲĳ
еòΪǻʲôֵóƵأоƤ˵ͯ
Ȩ(have right to do wrong)ʱͳˡɴ˿ɼֻе
רƽ״̬ᣬǵΪе¿ԡ˵ɼȨר
תڼֵֵ»˵ǵµɥ˵ǵ
µĿ˺͵µؽ
  ӰͼѧһֱǿܲԼ棬
ǿֲܷܷ׷ǿܻ
Ŀǳܵһʱ֧䣻ˣɲû
յġǣǵΣգΪζŸ輫ͳԾ
ȨԵȨԵĸܡ˵ɵǵǲ
죬ǣɵĽȴʹԶҲܳ졣ⲻԵì
ԣ֯ʱ֮ðǰһַնð
һַաѵʶΪһᶯԶ㣬
񣬶ǰ˵˶ؽġΰˡ
šʲôðĳֳڻҵΣգʹ
Ǻθзķʽ

8Ҫ

  ǾļɣǾͱ֮⣬Ŭ
Σһ棬ɲ춷ݣһ棬ųǿơҪֹ
ǿּˡ
  ԽΪ˵ҪǶļֵĽ֪
ζŶĵһҲ˵߽ܽܡջĳļ
ֵô͹ϴԼ˼ʲôأ깲Ҳ˼
Ϊ˼ô෴Σգߣǰѽϴ
ԣߣڷϴԵͬʱҲ˽ڡ˼뼫Ȩѧ
һУٶ˺ԵָĽ
ӦǡѧʦͱڵĹ֮ãֽӦд
ԵڽĹУʦҪزڵĹҪѧ
׹սͬʱѧԼķʽЩϵѧ
һȣѧҪн̬ܽȡӦʶе֪ʶ֮⻹
Ҫ֪ʶֵŬգʦ֪ʶȨ(Michrel P
olanyi)ָߵĻһֺѧϰҪѧϰ龳
ڻ񸸵Ļǣţ⡱
ͽѧϰνѧϰվͬ϶ȥѰ⡣˵ѧ
ϰбضᷢĳͻΪǵԭȲǿһԭеĹ
ѧĹδȫһ»ްѧϰĴжһǹ̲Է⣬һ
¹ԼĿζ;֮⣬ȥȥ񶨣äӣԼ
⡣ѧϰĹ̼ǽܵḶ́ҲǲĹ̡ͨѧϰѧ
ʦڵĹԼĹмҲһֳͻΪѧ
ϵؽʦĹͷȷֻ׹
ǻʦͬĽǰոԵķʽȥձ
ڵĹ⣬ĽУѧӴͬĹͶĹ
ͬһŵѧϰѧԼԼѡ
  ˼춣˼õĹ
ֹǶԱĹʣҪäӶҪ⡣ֻ
Ҫؽܽһ׹һҪǱܶ
׹Ψһһֽͻ⣻ֹԼķʽȥ׹
ͬʱ˼컹ǽӴͬĹͶĹֹԼ
ѡ񡣼֮˼ȫ˱һԣӶҲͷ˽
޷ǰ˱ɱָܵĻ
  񶨽һַʽǷʵ֮׷һë
˵ĳЩǰң˾ȻѧУǷӦý̸ѧ
һļֵʾɣֳ˹ʽϴԡʦ
ؽڣҲϸҪѧѧһʼûѧ̬
ȣܲʦȨѹʲôѧϰյĶ
κνӴĹǳֹƤʪ˲κμʵ
ΪǴδѧϰĽţҲûռֵı׼Ľ
ȥɣѧԣǣͬȡ˽
е--һȡʦͱڵĹͷ
Ҳȡ˽Ľֻʹ沨ƶ顣
  άúãҪһõᣬֻܷɺһ
ҪӵġڵġֹĽҽˣʶĽ˼
죬ԭʮҪ塣

9

  һҪ⡣Ҳ෴ΣգһΣǿ
ľԣԾǿƣɣһΣ
塣  ǿԴҪĻش
  һǳһֳɰĶΨͨԵ
ãǲܷ˵ʶıҪղ
(Karl Popper)Ĺ۵㣬κйȫ⣬ֻܱ֤αܱ֤ʵ
ܴձ˭Ҳ޷֤ԼѾһݵؽ˶
ǵʶǵʶԶҪкͼ飬ԶҪɡ
  ڶ֪˼ɡҪҲ
ΪеʡȻѧе
һȻѧеǷǸԵġ嶨ɣǿҳһֹϵ
ֶ֤Σ˶졣Ȼ⡢ϣͬ
ŲͬĽǶȡͬҲŲͬĹ۵㡣֮ǵ
ι۵㳣ⲻиԡǣֺʹĿζȤζⲻͬι۵
ֲֻǸԵġͬʱҲйԣΪֻ漰ˣһ漰ÿ
һзеĹͬ硣һµǰ˵˵Ǽ
˵ֻйŵֲ˵Ÿиûһ
ͬҪǶԸֲͬ۵ءۺϡ
˵ĳ˵Ĺ۵Ǵģʵ˵Ĺ۵Ƭԣ˼ǲ꣬
Ա˵۵ȱ⡣ǳĳֹ۵ȷ޷˵ֹ۵Ϊȫ
棬ܵۺϸֲͬĻϾи߶ȵĴԣ˵ȵȡ
֮ǽڶԸֲͬ۵ųϣǽڶԸֲͬ۵
ͳϡԶֲֻͨͬ۵ɱͶԻ
ܻãֻͨϵɱԻܷḻͳʵ
  Ȩ϶˹۵ĶԣӶҲͷ˼
ɡɡ϶۵ĶԣԹ۵ĶԷ
ͷʹ˼ɡʧȥ壻Ϊ˼ɡɵ岻
ɵıɵۣԼͨȥ׷ʵ֮
ᣬǼҪֹȨľҪֹ塢ķ
֡Ӧ˵һĹҲʮּ޵ġǶЩոػ
ᡣ

10ŵִŵĽȡ

  ƩĽݿˣչάһȳܵľ
˺͵¸ˣֳ˾Ϻ͵ϵľ޴ҡݿ
ԣɵļֵϵˣδܴҵµļֵϵõ
ţǣĳЩΪƺʱΪӡ˷
Ȩȥ飬Ǿ˻ĵ±׼ΪΪ˼
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춳Щ׵ĹȻɣָĹܳ
֣춣׵Ķùάʧ֮ŵĻڡ
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