̸ơĻ롰ơĻ

David Moser
University of Michigan


  ҸտʼойĻʱһЩѧдĹ춶
Աȵ飬ձΪġơĻԣйĻӦΪ
ơĻҲ˵ͬϵ˲ͬĻǷɺ
淶Ľ壬йǸӵ˼ʹϵĲǵõʱΪ۶
ĳ̶ֳȵĿŻǹּ򵥻ƫȫҿ˲
ǳ飬ӵȵҲϵйҲض
һǱͳεģҪȻĻ߰ˣ
  ǣͨʮйĶУԽԽʶ۶ϵľȷ
ԡԲʲô򵥻ƫȫһ֮еĸٹ
Ĳʶֲκй򽻵˵Ǳزٵġ
һЩע⵽κУǿʶй˾ƶȵ
α֮мйǶô΢
ҵ̸йҷȫ񲻵ĻĲͬǶô
ձ飬󵽼ԪĶóףСڽֱ򼸽߲ˣĸ
档
  ͲйһǴճʶֲġ
й˸еϰߵһйûŶӡһڵй
ĵڶȥʾַһţϡϡֻмλ˿ͣôæһ
λС棬ˣҸҪŵݽڣͷ͵رʲôײһ£岻
һ߻ȥáƱվȽŸתͷһǿ
׳ȻվԣʮԪֱֱ˴ڣҾ㵵ش
ûһ˿һһ߻ΪǵƱԱһȥŶӣ
˭뵽ƱԱȻʲôû˵հˣеŻ÷ֻ
Ȱ죬ٴνӽڣθ򵥣ûҰ̧ͱһֻ
ĸ첲ȡʱ汻Ϳˣô£ƱԱȻŲʣ
˵ŵĻͬ³εĴŻȻ:
ûв塰ӡֻдڵй˿Ͷӵһȿİ
ûСӡţΪһˣΪŶӣΪ
ߵйҲô룬й˲ô˵ֻһûʲ
ôĿɵһվġ⡱ѣãҷֺܶϰŶӵĵ
:վʳáƱʾֵȵȣŶй˲ûЧ
йƺûϰߣŶкܶԵ绺գ
еȺôȻҪʹȫŶӵϰҪһֺǾÿ
ˣжæôãԶ--
ʵʵŶӣ춺ܶԭйĻ֮ǡǡȱΪĳֳķɶ
ԸԼǰľ
  Ȼȱٷɲûкôζڴʱӵи
ԣʱҲһЩ㡣һŰ꣬ҵһȥй
ϺһԱ֪ͨҵӳر赽ԱǶɷ
:Ǯɡ˵κй
˵ûʲôֵģʱҿɳԾСҵɻ
֮ĹĹ涨˵ϵƶĽɣû˾ʹּۻ
ۡķɻضٷٶȷĹ涨˿ûء
ʮУûкκιԱ(˾ʾְԱ
հԱǷɻԱ)κι춼Ǯ顣ͼ
ɻĹԱصĹ涨Ҹұ֤㽫õ񵫿ᶨ
ش:Բ𣬹涨ǹ涨Ϻֻ򵥵ĸԱǸѧ
ȫ飬ܲ⽻֮⣬Ȼͬˣ
  йʱԽԽ춹ȱٱҪĹ涨
ɵĪһ꣬ڵﱱĵڶȥݻЩǮ
˳ҵĸĸ绰ƽִһݸ
ĵ绰Աã绰ܿͽͨˣҺس˵绰ͤߵ̨
ǰԪҡԱҴǶԷС㡣
ҸϽָŵ绰ޣ𣿡ù绰ͷϸز鿴ţ
ٿһºˣ漴˼ĳЦЦƺԼĴ
е㲻֪룬ԥһСüͷŵ绰ߵͷȥˣȥ
ʲôˣȻҵĴݾӦ֧ʵ绰ѣȻȻ
ôšͻȻһתͷһֻǸķ˴
ķԱͨ첻֪һ߶Աһ
绰ϸؿȥСʲôĳǶΪĴ
û֪Ӧô졣ʱһǡͷߵǰ
Ӳġ븶绰ѣⲻǶԷ̬ȺǿӲҪ
ԷҵĴҸðɣնʮԪѣô
ּۻۡдǶԷһûСҼ
һǮҲԸ⸶ҾͷԼѾǵذΧ֮
㸶Ԫôθˣ´Ǳݴ;绰
շѣ𣿡ĶŬ˵ңΨǸ˴ķԱ
ʼճüĶŵ绰Ƕһ죬ǱԲп
ΪһˣҾַܵԿ϶»ᾭ
İ취ǶݾĹ涨Ǳݷ
󣬹˿;Ͳ֧κηáй¶Ǿ£ȱȽϹ
Ĺÿ鷢ᣬͨ˫ӵЭ̽ġ
ҲʶҼֲĻǮͻǸùķԱ
Ĺп۳ԪҶ˵һСĿջǸ˵绰
ѡйıԽԽĲȡݶԴ˿͵ı׼
˻Ǿȱٹ̶Ĺ涨
  йԹĳ̶ֳ϶Էιֻ̬ȣΪ̺ͷ
˵һֲѡΪֻͨͷʹη壬
ܴӸϸıǵϰߺ̬ȣΪı
ʱģȶ֮£񡱲ι֮ıǵ
˼룬ıǵΪǣһԭǣһֱѡ
񡱵ֱввָͳײ㡣Donald Munro:ƶ
ɶеãȻᶯҡ弰ԽλΪ
ΪǵΪѾܷϡˣǲҪܺƽͬķԼ(D
onald Munro.The Concept of Man in Early ChinaStanford:Stanford Univers
ity Press.1969,P110)йͳ˽ǧҴһͳνײ
ϸȼֵĸȨṹάֽṹνġ
ɣζƽȣʵʩȻᵼµȼֵʧǲ
⣬Ҫάǵͳ--ϸĵȼͱų⡰ᳫ
񡱡
  йѾйֽͳһذѺƽķ
ϵͳķչȨľ޴вϣйûһ׵ķɣʵ
ϣܶ෨ɵòʵʩȨ(:շʵʩ
)еȨΪΪòΪӦõõĻ¸ô
ǾͻǧټƵĸҸָ鷳
  һž죬һ¡ʱҺձѧɱ
ϵרҵһλͬӦȥɽķԴأɽʡ壬μһ
ֻᣬһҪڻϱһƪġӱʮСʱ;
ĵʱ˴ᰲŵùݡΪ˵ˣ
ʵʵӴ֯Աָסָķ䡣һ
ˣ൱˳
  ڶһ춼ڴᷢԺжȹġ˽˵뷢Ե
࣬ÿ˵ķʱ䲻óʮӡָŰڷǰߵһֻǿ
Ǳϸ涨ҪȻʱͲˡ
  Կʼһ̨ʮᣬޣô죿ðɣ
Ͼꡣ˵ƺû˸Ҵ⡰ϡһ˶ʮӡ
ʹҾﲻѡţÿ˱ϸʱӦǶ
;棬˲ҪڷͬĴ󣬵ƺʲôãڶ
ȻʱʮӡвμӹѧϣȻҲгʱ
û˻ᱻʱһʱ䣬Ҳͬû˵ҳʱһʱ--ʵ
̫˼ˡÿˣĽڵոձҵĴѧӦȻȻ
涨Ψһûгʱķߣ˲ʮӡ֪--
ûлᷢԡ
  ϰ˵ӣҺձѧڷ˵ЦĽͻȻܽ˵
:ϽǵĻպ֤ҵ¥ȥҪ̸ˣͻ
ȻǴˣλڲμӹüƵĻ飬û
Ҫգ˴æ֮ҾǴˡ
  Ǳһӣڴһ߿ĵĵ
һ̡߳վ֣һŨصľ֤𣿡
ʡձѧݹգҰΨһ֤--ѧ֤ݹȥ
һƤп˵ᾯϸز鿴֤һ̱ؾϱ
ƳϾ쿪ʼô³ձŮѧʻ:Ǽ㵽壿
ʡҼǲˡЩ㵽Ƴʣ
Ǽ㣿û˴ʼʾ֪漴Ƴ¶
һ쳤˸첲ǰǱ߾񡣡ϰ˵㡱
˵涨˵ǾסĵȥڵĶʮСʱ
ӦǼǡΪʲôûеǼǣûҪǵǼǣеŵ
ǱģҪôǾôǲ֪ӦõǼǣ
쵽ʱֻ˵ȥϢˣΪĹԱһ
ˡ
  ʱƤп˵ˣĲɣָǡΥ
л񹲺͹ķɣǲϷģء͵͵Ƴ
һۣƽշѱѩס
  ĪصġƤп˼ؿΥл
͹ɵڡйб֤Ĺ涨ܵƲ
̶Գı顰ӦöĪˣҶ
֪ǷƹңԲԣڴǵķɡҵȿʼ
֪ͼûôģֻǲϵСظǸԲҶˣҴ

  ߺߡƳͷһŨ̵ƾɵĺ̺ϡû
˵нձ˾ʧضŵŷƵĵĶе
̣ұܵĸоǡþʱˡ
  ձÿ˷ǧԪɣصģǾӦ
ǧҡ(Ǿѵûй̶ı׼)ң
ܴùݣ뵽ֹҹҵѪһˡԭƻ
˻𳵻رʵڶԱģӺе幫ֲȤǼ
㿴ҿ㲻--һڿЦԶ׼ȫ
ɵģ⼸μѧ飬ڷʱ
ץһֱҪǵĻ¸ʱĽڴȥ
ȵ§סԷļظԸеⳡһѸٵץ
ֽʿʼд飬һĵǸƺԸ취ܿ
ҷ۵ĽתƵ˱֤ǲϣҲ˵
ﵽǵҪ󣬵дһһλǲϸ񡭡
  Сʱǵ֤оŶƵĿȥ
йжһһߣ˿ЦõǼᵽԶ
ĿˣǵȻĵػӭǵĹǱǵİȫ(Ϊʲ
ôǵĳַʹǸеȫأ)ձŮѧ
ڻ뾯⽻ɺͼ鱣֤硣
  ǡɽˮǱĥĽƣҪͶʱһ
ճʻԺӣһְλȽϸߵġͷ̽:
֣ϿؾȥղŻֺľè
ǲŷ֣ɧǵľΪԻ߲֯
֪ͨǽҪϯ飬ȴǲμӴٰ(ƽС
¸)ǸеԼȨӶŭˣǵɫ
˶ʮСʱŵùǡһ߳ĵ־磬
ܾĥݵĶֻǱûеõΪõġô

  һʼڶ߻조ӦǷƹ𣿡з
ԵǣЩΪȴǡǡ˵йһιң˸
йľӵ̫Ȩ--ǿɵĹ涨Ŀ
ľǣûǵ֤ڹ컯֮¾в
ǿڼҹκõֲ⽻粨
顣ǶԼͬжôϿᣡȻľҲǾƾ
ģͷ˹Ϊ֪ľŹ¼һ˵ְ
ʱܳԽɵĿƣ·ѡҪСö࣬һ
£ᾯ´βҪٷǡ鲻õĻᰴ
ķȡ̶ķ
  ɳȱζйȨھУҲĳЩ
ַ˵ܶճķ(ˮܵװ绰
)ֻ漰򵥵ĺͬԹ淶ԵĽֻҪ㸶˿˾ͻᰴͰṩ
ͬķ񡣶йǣ¸ϵţ
˳ԾĪйҽֻյ֮ŻĶԴˡ
ȻҲ̰ۣĹԱְ֮ȡòƸĻ
Ĳ֮ͬ춶Էɵγ̶ȣͶ·ʱܴӷ
ͥõһƽĲþйķ˵û˰ѷ;
¶ȨƵ˿޸ģͷɣһϰռʹܾ
ԩҲ뵽÷ɱԼй﷨ֻпõİ
衣ľǣ¸ҪȵȡƽʡЧĶ࣬ԣ
ܻߣ̰۸ܵȵȳй˼ȳɵʽ
  ̰۲춹ԱʹʽЭҲҪ漰ʶĶй
˵ϰΪĻ¸μӹѧйѧԺϽеһ
顣ѧҵҵʹϵɷһЩ(
Ϊļ)ɷĹܼͨ򵥡ֻҪͬ⣬Լʱ
ʱɷþͿˡзҪ鷳Ķ࣬ڲɷʱҪͣ
ʹԤ⿪֧ѧߺܲˡ˿ֻѾ
¸йȴΪӦõƽ档
  ҷҺѶ˵ĻĲͬǶôձ顣һ
ձȱʶй˾ķй˺
ҵԼ춡Ӧһ˫ܽܵĺԼ
ǵ˽˹ϵòã˫ӦԼйǡǵ˽
ˣôԼҲûˡ
  й㲥̨н½Ŀй˶Դ̬ȵһܺõӡ
Ŀʽӣ̨ľ:ڴ绰شһϵе
⣬ԵһԻشڶԴơĿԽ࣬𣬽ƷҲԽ
ࡣش߲ܻشʱҪٸһλҪ
Ƚϼ򵥵ĿͨΪ޴ĺġˣ˺
йĿڵʱǻ˵:ޣ̫ˣܸܲҼһ
ģܸһʾ𣿡ٲһ¡ǰߵ׶
˳ǵڶλᡣ鷢ڻ
ƽ޴ǹ򣡡ܾĻͦ˼
  ½ŵĽͨһ˵ԡΪĺйԡ
ˡΪĵ:ͨԽԽΪһص⡣
ÿʮ·ڣŵ棬г⳵һ
ĵתͬķİ취ǽһܵĽָͨϵͳͨ
ҵйİ취ȴྶͥҵһοݸٹ
·ʩֳʱҰ:ºˣǿ϶ὨһܵĽָͨ
ϵͳתҾͲðԴתˡ
깤ʱҾķǲû滮Ҳûת
ŵƣͨŽͨҵİ취ֻǼӿ·棡תʱԾظ
ǰ--׼ᣬŤѣԥĲ֮䣬ż
ķǰ--˸ġսǾܵİ֮
Ħ͵(СĳҲתĺ̵)й취ȴΪ˼ʵ
ء
  ϣһ׽֮ͨķζƽȡҲ˵
ĿӴĳʮ·ڣʹ˭òҼֲ
ԣȻ˳ת䣬ÿ˶£ǵͻ򵥵Ķ
Ľͨһžļ赸йĽͨһҺȭ

  ؽͨһȻҵйѾ
賿ڿտ˵ʮ·ͣĵصȴ̵Ƹе--ûбĳ
Ϊʲôֱӿȥأô˶ôʵǴЦȷʵ˾
ĺ棬ʱ˵޷족һʵֶʵ
ˡǴСͲϽܱطӦĽĽ
  ԭйǳЦˡɵ塣йͨ
ϹҪ˵ռλˡӵ̳Ĳּۻ
(ǱʶƺΪƷ۸עģ˿ͺۻԱּۻǲò
ΪΪǮ̫ߵĻԵȥ)еļּۻ۵ľ
йҾòԸΪˣҾܣй˽
ճһ֡
  Ŷӣؽͨȵȶ˵ѾΪʶϰߣǺٶ
˲ۡһΣڵӡذǴѧ˹оСһλйѧΪ
ѳͣ˽ֹͣ˷Ҹô죿ʡȥ
˵ûбİ취ȥͨ칫˵˵ܾܲˣ
㲻еЦ㲻ٷйϻ涨
涨ǾһԣԸ˰칫ҿ
ûע⵽Ƕֹͣܲȡ鱻һһ:ǰ
ûŷҪ󣬡˵治֪ô졣˵Ҳ
ţĽȻûиκη֪ķΨһ
⡣
  ĻĲʵ㷺ĸֲĸ档ֵ
עǣֲͬҲӳϡйѧд
ǷƵģйƵġ(й﷨ۡӡݣ1947
P197)˵ԽԵʱ̬Լ淶﷨˼
Ըļϻͬ⾳˲ŲԴǺ⣬
ȴϣԴǺĻᡣ
  Щζţ˺й˽нʱ(óףȨһ
Щճ)ǳʹ:Ժԡй춾
춳򡣿˵Ļѽϳ̣ϵ»ɻ
ңһԷȱζȻ˵е򵥻벻
ôʶĻ죬춶Яִһͬʱɡ͡ˡͳ
εδ洦ġ