Ĺ᣺

ӷɵһɢɳ


ɽ˹Ħ ںƳ


  ŷͶŷһŰ˾ĺƽԡеġһ
ǵʱڻʹõһίԱᡢ˶񼯻ᡢ
ȨֲԼȫˡ죬ֻᣬ
춡ᡱѾڽͷˡƺֻصԭ
ĵطص֪ʶӶṲת͵
˥ĲѰһʵֵо
  СŷʹõĹǿ׷ͣˡǵ
ɭǵ˹ܡڸпά˼еԴ
ûʲôϵһ˵ᣬǱʾվĶ档һ
վڵֵĶ档ǡǡǡǡվڡ
Ķ档Ǵʷ˵ġ
Сŷǳģ֡ǡ͡ǡͻʽӰ
Ⱥ϶˼Ľ׼޷ƥеġ
  Ȼ--壬ķԼ
Ĵ˲ʾӰ죬ʮͰʮ󲿷ʱĲͬɾ
壬֪ʶǶµӵġڽһʱ
ͳġռƵս֮Էθᳫ
֡ǡ͡ǡȫͬʽ
ȡһֲͬʽȥδ
  ݿ˹工˵˹򡤹άˡǵԼ
ŵʲ˹(ټλ)йعԼ
֯սԣǴӷʿԹȥƷĸСŷʵ
塱⵽ʧܵķ˼вġ
  һһĲ֮(ǰװѶǺ
ƽ߶ǾиĸͷԵľӢµĸ)һ
ϣǿӸһĹƶȿƷɷǱ
ı䡣ûг̹֡˴ݻϣʮ
ά۹κֱսעʧܡ
  һйͨĸʵɻĶŬЩŬ
ָսԵĲͬΪַ롣һţΪεһԵ
͹һĸĸǹؼһ뷨ΪǰᡣΪʵ£ž
úᡣһ꿪ʼĸĸΪһսԵĵ͡
  ʮռƵǡõһսԡһս԰ѽ㼯еã
Ϊϣ㡣Ϊøĸƺθĸвԣ
ԱǱȽּ֧ӲˮƽĸĸһЩΪг
塱ϣøĸｫΪΪα򿪴š
  սԣʮĻʱϵһǿͬľϽ
ͶŷķչӰ졣Źóף
ϰ͹ĸмۣǾܱ˵ȥ
һնЭ涨Ȩϣѹжʹǵľɻ

  սеĹңرǲε
ΧչܵƺͲȵģɹǲȹ̵ġһԽݿ
˹工ˡ˵׵塱װ˶ŷĸߵϣ
ȻһͬȥĽչһΪһ֪ʶӿƵĵ
սƽ˵·һսҳ֮Ϊһšʮ
ץסΪǹƶȵı(˵)һַε
ţǳ˵ǵµԡ

һ

  һƻһЩϵͳڿü仰Ը
ĵһҪٺ͹άΪʵ֮Сһ
ĵָͬʱҲǷ񶨹ٷǿӸʵ֮ϷԵһַڶ
ҪǶ֯ءڵΧγϲչŽжΪؽ
ϵһֹסҪǡطɡֲͬŵʲ
˹дֱ׳ʹȨҪԡࡰ񹲺͹ܷͷ
նĹʷһ˶ߡ
  ʲô壬ԵȳСҲãĻ򡰶ᡱҲã
ĸÿһŷŷں̶ܴϱڶ֪ʶӵСȦ
Сֻһ⣬ǵȻǲѧڽͽũ
ڶίԱᣬǹٰġдѧԼΪǰŽṤ׷
ŽṤһŰ˹촬вġһս
ԵؽǼᶨƽСʵ
ȫȨĵشƷʵȨܿգӢŮ
λͳΡ
  һ춽ļƻܿΪʵָһֶ
˵Щ򽫱ǲԽ壬ҳԽʽʱ
δǰСŷֵĹ᲻Ƕԡʵ塱Σ
ӦҲǶĻӦһսԼ䷴εԤʾ
һԹģĸı䡣
  ŽṤһδ춡ι͹ļϸ˵Ƶǰ
˵ι͹ζŹӹҵѵнųһ
ϵԴһпԴ˼춹Ĺ۵㣬Ҳ
˶Թǿ޵ĴͳһʷͳεĹңǿ
ġ
  ĹͬȨ˼·ϵַʽ
жеϣԼȽ˹ߡܼȨж
󲿷רҵάѧѧߺۼʮĩ֮ˡ
һЩطȨһðգ˿ɶԹʵзǿѧ
۵ġսʿʮͰʮһЩо͹ҵר
ΪЩҵĲͬǴҪġЩѧ߲Ը̸
Ȩ壬̸˵ִ֯ϻƶ϶Ԫ͵
ƶȡ
  ͬʱ˵Ҳ֣ȨڹԼĶʿ˼п
ʼռơʮݿ˹工˺
˹ͳµʱѾͬˡĳϣֲͬԼ
󲿷άѧѧǶԡʵڵ塱Ƿʵ
µļȨСŷʿռӳǵ컯
ͱԵƶȿԴڲиĸʧȥġ
  ʮͰʮԵزͬʮʮ壬ʱ
ϵĸ顣òôȨˣǸʱڽ
ƶģʽˡ仰˵Ϊǧ˶ļȨ
ƶȴֵҰźɻʯƺ͸ʴҡ
ԼõȵĵƥҰޣ
  ǣڹҵĬĬµԼڣȴ
ʿΪȨ塣̣ȻΪһԭҪѹ
ϺնЭصҪ
  ܼȨ˼·ԶԶ˵ϷӳʵʣڶԱ϶
ʿҪáʵαԷָԸǿԼȫ
ԳơᡱķɵͬĹٷֿˡ
  ʮͰʮĽʾǹؼԵģʹ
ιõռƳִĺϷԡڼСŷңŹҶ
šۺƶδƻ¢ϵλ֮ʿпܶԿһ
ռҪס
  ЩŬСŷɴһԱ֮ΪСĹᡱȫս
Եһ֣СһǺʵģΪŽṤʢʱڣ
ŵĹγڴͳĹҲԶͬص
͡µġЩҲʾվڹҵĶ档ǣһ
빲ҼҶĹᣬǸʧ޷
ġսʤʱٵʱЩȴûбԡ

һŰ˾

  ҵʧ㷺ΪŹʤһҸв
ˡڲһŰ˾ѡУᴺȫسĹίԱ
ʤĳֲ߲ͬ˹򡤸һŰ˾
˵:ǲҪ¶壬ǿоȨ
ǰ޸аѡ̳Ϊ̸жʱδĽݿ˹工
رˡȨĹᡱ
  ǣһŰ˾Ƶǽһ߰˾ռʿ׼ͬ
áһգ۹򣬡ĹᡱˡȻʤͽȴ
ûгȥһԿĹĴ춵жԵġЭϣĹ
ҵĴڡһʧˣĹҲͷֱˡĹ
ᰴ䶨һ󣬾һ񻰺ڲμ
ͷС
  ȨĹᡱĻԼʿķιĳҪġȻ
ܿʧֲͬһŰ˾ѸȨǱֹ
Щ޶͵ĵ֯һԵŬûгɹǵŬܵԵɵ
˺ֶԵɵԴǶԴͳηҰļɡ๫
ĻԾӸеҵһֳ¾ɵϰߣԴӹѳ
ѡûйϵͬʱ˽⵽ǹҵοռ
ΪȨӪӪվסˡ쵼˵ķ͸¶
һСŷҵµ֯ʽأʽ
ȱݺʧ
  ΪͳһġεĲԼĸ֧õ񻰳Ṳ
ʱڵһƷֱʾԸͷȨ(ȫȨ)ּ
۵ʱٶȿ϶ԼĴڣǰĵ¹μš
ǷɣžͳλĽȨǷ֣ԭ
һʷװҪʱȥᣬôͲˡǰص֯
ξʱ׷߽ˣ൳ƶʼγɡ¹
쵼ڽоѡ͵ʱ˼ˡǷʱ
ʽרƺ֮пǡ·Ļ롣Ǿģ(
гͷ)ΪЩĴصŷޡ򡰽ᡱ
˴쵼˵Ŀںš
  ¹ܵĴĻԾһӿҵ¹
ЭᡢȨС顢ĳ湫˾ͷĽءû㹻Աʹ
תһرǡƽСԾӴļ
ܾڵĲ񲿹ȥˡ    
  ΣԹԾ˵Ƿʵ
һŰ˾һϵС֮Է춹رǿ󣬶
Ƿ򹫿ĸ߸СŷǹȨ̵ĹΣ
Ǻܿ˽⵽ǰķʿֻܵõ޵֧֣ڶԾ
ʮֲмҲˡһȱ춾ƶȵЧӦ
ڵ̨ᣬ˱ˣǰǣƩ˵
Ϊ岢ʽĹǷأ

  һŰ˾ᣬάĹ˼ҶԼ
ǸͿϺڰ棺ݡˡ
ȡѧƷ׷׿̻˾ƶĸֻǰ
Щд׷顢ͳֵ
ı֡ϲṲκ;øĸΣ
һ߽¶ЩϹֵƶȺͻ롣
ī͵ά--ʵһֵַģ¼
ص˵͡һλĹ۲ԴһָģΪʲôһ
ȫݵᾹȻʹڳΣաΪԼ绤ֻ
ܵѹһ㡣

ԹҼ

  ڰʮʱСŷʵ廹ûмѵ󡣷ʿ
һסļ˷֮ģе㻬Ц⣺
֪ܴǣܴ𣿡仰
˵ڼʮͳŪľЩ½
ͷг𣿽죬ǿԴ󵨵ظԿ϶Ļش
ʹڹֲ߷壬סҲûȫɡͬʱ
ľʾƵļƶȺͻЩҴ
ЩԴ춾Զʷ͸춱仯Ĵͳǵע⣬ѡľ
ӰҲʮԵġˣСŷ(ݿ˹͹˹
ǡ˹工ˣҲп޵)Լ޵ĺ(άǡɳ
)ĿǰδǰЩǰά͹Ͷɹ(ǡ
ǡǡάԼ޵Ǻ˹ǰ˹
͹)кܴͬ
  ŲҪҪжһǾá
ĳ׷ֿһƹáڹ棬Ϊͺ
ʽ£ûʲôᡢãҲûϸϵĹҡЩ
ͳ͵һһȨȫģ桱
桱Ҳҵ˵ýɫ⣬ҲҪᡢĻ
ְܡһ嵹̨ǾбҪԼȨĻͬһƬд
ӹҷȥڹڲʵзȨκ˴˷ָ

  ڲͬṲңȨܵƵĳ̶ȸͬڸط
Ǳ򻯺ͷָġռ䡱ͨϳƶȣ׽ӽڴý
Ĺ涨ȶ¿šξĻܵơɵܷĻܴ޸
ʼչ׼ξΪճ棬ӯԺͷ
֯ΪйعЭᡢ֯ķɸıĽʼ

  ˡڰ˹ڵṲң˽˲ռܲ
һһϡó׺Ͷʵϰģ˽л˽л
ˡʵҵʱгڴ󲿷ֵˡ
  һŰ˾ᣬչĹ,˼(
ϵĻ)ռˡݿ˹͹˹򡤿˹ľ쵼λ
߼˵ΪȡˣȨһݻ˻Ϸ
ҲƶˣгͻȻȻظˡڿ˹ɹ쵼ת
УǿʵС(ʶơɻԼӰԶĽⶳ
)˹Щһɲ䣬˵ʵзֹ˽лʱͲȡΪ
İ취ʵиԱҵҵƲƳЧ
˹ܽʱ˵ڹȥڼ䣬˶Ԫƶ
ĽԱϻĹȨʹÿ˶Щл桭г
ѾֻСġСáΡú͹
ÿ˶ʵռɵɸ˲ȡ
   ʾӦֹ徫񡣸ıǴ淢ģ
ɹ춷ȫĴгȴӷǿ̼(Ʋ
вʧҵƷͨ½)ҲԼ--СȨջ
ֹɵİ취ʹǱڵ˽лɱˡȫõ
λƵļ塣ƽȵĹλ¸
Ĺ巢չλҸ
  ½ԷĹ۵Ƿεġúתɼ
ģгͿ뾡ƽӺãʹ޷ܾĸ
ЩἯŲЩûʱᵽм
СŷһźٻΪʵ塣
  ļƻõ㷺֧֣Ҫ˾ƶȵȫȻ
Ȼ֧һÿʵһ(Ȼڽݿ˹
ܵ߶֧)ʵϣúĻشȦ(رִ
ż)µҵ׼Լ֪ʶӵСС
  СŷĸǶԹĸɡ˹ֱʵ̸
ĳ뷨Ե漰ءжû
ᣬֻи˺ǵļͥƺѹῴڱμ塢¹
ԼƼڭʽѰ󡰵·Ļذָάͳ˹
Щּۻв춡ɹ񡱶Ҫù񡱵ߣ˵
»ľӢǺߵҰĽһʽġ硱
ĸĸƺرӶ񾭼Ĺ
вгΪĸĸǱ
 
Ṳʧ

  ¹Ǽϣ֯Ұ͹Щϣ
뷨Ȩ塱Ұѿжǿסˡ
ȻھԼĳ̶ֳڵط(رڲ)λ
ˮƽʧġ
  ڲԭУҪ(ԭ)Ǿʮ
ؾ˥䡣Ϊʧҵ뽵뵽ǾøնԸͶ
ᡢĻѧκʹƻҲΣ½һСҪ֧
Щԭֵܻ֧Ķ֮Ļֽѹ£ʱ
ԽԭһЩͼҽơѧḣ
󲿷תƸᡣ
  ӹת˽򣬿ԱΪǶǿǲͶԱЩ
ȻճΪ˶棬κζ
ļжϵԶԶδܴ˷̰ġ
ˡʵһб˵ЩĻ֯ȴ
Чܵҵйģģǵµģˡڵ
֯Ķҡ״̬ɼ֮Ƿȱ
  ڹᡢͳ¹淶ԼԸ֯ݻٻ
Щ߽ġһȨ㼫Ȩ̨
ϷԡڰͶɺǰಿݣдͳҳ
ʽͳΡЩطٷƻĿ̨һλ
˵ģڹȥǺǻܻϷͬʱҲп־塣û
˹򣬺õĻĶûУͬʱҲп־塣
  Сŷңͨ춹ṦܵĹӪʽ
ˡĽ׶Σḣз
ҵרҵĹ˽˻С죬úҪҵЩ
ܣסְݼ٣˶ֲͶͯյȵ
ȶʧˡ
  빲ϵ֯Ŀ̨춼Ը˵Щ
ʵذȨпƺѵ̣ҲΪô
Ļ˶ֲġڻӪС顢Ͻȡ߾
ȵĳЩգܹƶȱڽֹЩ֯Ҳ
һЩƻĹԤ㣬ԹȥȨϵĻԼ
徭Ӫʶ--һЭͬһµذЩˡ
  ΪὨµƶҪʱ䡢ԸܺͿͬʱһ
Խ͵ӡ󣺽ڹһɢɳ(ʵҲ
)ƺеṲµʵʧ䡱ˡ׶
ʿ˵ģ
  ڣǧʧȥߺ»ʧȥǴͳĽɫе
λ춻ҵתе͹ҵϵԹ·Ǻ֪
߸֪ʲôµϷǵȨʲôǱ
ʲô븶ʲô۲õʲôûȨЩҲûпԲ
յļֵ
  е빲ϵ֯һŰ˾ᶼСŷʧˡһ
Щ֯ҵϻڣڹ˻ͥм
شǿӰ졣µ£ȷЩ֯Ųͬļƻ
µƺ쵼ˣʱʶ̬ϲȡһҷǵĹ
ʱڵǰ޳ɵ·ߣ̳֯
  Щӵҵķǹ廯˰δ򳹵׷ּҵԭ֮ǰ
ƶȻԭмɲ跨ǵȨɲʱ
ֶԺܴһݹڴ ýͷ֯ĿƣΧ֯ļ̳˳
ذǰε൱һʲ
  ò˵ЩǰȽ֮ǵĶ(³
)֯ռơǹ߹ǲġǰ
ӦΪڹ棬ǵ֯Ҳ˫ؽɫ
֡Ҳ󡣽죬ԭܹ
Щ֯ȽСǰŲʱϼ
ǵ֯ѳǧṲʧȥ(߻ûҵ)
Žһˡ
  
µ幫

  ʵ壬ȻΪƶԼڽС̶Ϊ֯һʽ
ʧԻͷԼƶСڶʵѧ
ºΪʽŲзо֮ǰָŲµ
ֱЧãһǾ˼;õṹ壻һ
ͬ־õķʽϵ(Ӱ)߶Ϊ˱ԼӦ
ʵҪġ
  һŰ˾ǶԶԼصŷޡкܴϣ
ʱڡһʹô۽ϸߵĸĸʵеĿܡĸ￪ʼ
ʧʱ򣬡ֵΡܿλϵΡԡõ
δЧҼˣǰĿ꼯еԼھƶɵ
ṲΪսУԾΪָһгģ
λƶս
  幫ĹģǶԲƶȵĽǼļ
ʶľ(Ҫлɴڴý빤)¶Ըĸ￹
Ա뻯˵ĹȥĻ
  Щ壬繲ĸӹũ񵳣ʵ屣ˡһŰ
ũ񵳳Ϊġǰģڹ
汣ֳĬ첨ũ񵳼ᶨرũ档һķ֮һ˿ڴ
Сģũҵũҵδ廯ĹңһҪɫ
   ʷ￪һЦʵʧȥΡú;ϵȨ
ᣬȴȥһֱͼֹ--ҵ˱ʵ
ȫȨʱӰᡱǹٷڲìܡȱЧʡµ
ЩĲ󵨴ҵĸԿأԱȡðȫλ
ЩߡȷͬƶսҲ֮ͼȡ
Щ桱ȴˡԭ˹屾
Ӧʹ֮һ¡õǡԵȾá
õСһ㣬ֻͶʱԭʵ϶
ǷǷģѾ˽лԵʡ
  ʮѹһЩСŷ͵ʱ򣬷ʽӼͥ
ϵѺ׽ȦγˡЩϲṩʵ棬
ԲƲĿƺֳΣһΪٷ
ܹһԷϵ硣ЩϵΪ˶Թٷ
Ӧԡ໥ӦԵͷ໥ϲĽ
ʽƻ˹ٷԣٷʹʽϵë
Ϊˡ˽𽥽Ӱ죺˽лˣ˽廯ˡ
  ʵĹٷ߽ˡĶż--ӰԲͬʽˡ
죬оʾݺ׽(ԱĹԱ)Ȧӵķ
ʽϽ֮εƶȡϷ淶ԼӻܵǵΡ
ԸӰᶨԵʱȷʵѾγһ
ġһӰ쵽ı仯䱾ʡ

ٶȺϷ

  Сŷ巴ȡɣΪƻ
ȴʧˡ¹ᣬΪһεģʱĺͷĹ
ΪһлڣֱʵѡҪΪֹ
Ṳ幫Ӿƶȵķвݵһƶ
ݵɸΥȥŲɡھ˥ˡǶԹʧ
ȥȤ˸塢ȱšȱϰߵĲвġ
ε˵𣬶ͬȫ෴ҲԶ
ҲǶƽȹһսƽȹ۲ģֲ
вͶŷ˵ͷеġ
  СŷܹЭᣬͶƱѡְȵȡȻ
͡ᡱȨ͡áȨԣǲͬġΪɻ
˽лϷԵظıϵ͹ȨĹɣṲٵ
ʹһзвȷԵ˽вƲͿٶȺϷ˽вƲ
ĵ»رȨ߶ȼʱԶСģҪڽ̡ͳ
ϵļֵ֧֡ǲȷ֪֧ܷʹ
µ˽вƲгúϷ
  Ρ;øĸζ͸ֵ֮ٷ䡣Сϲ
׼ϵĺµģпܴ͹Ȩл档ǵʷȡò
ֶߣȡúϷûôġͬʱЩλ΢
˶ԹĲ벻ܲܵƣٴӹȨĻָȡú
еĴ󲿷Ϊµľ࣬ǲܴ˽лл档
Ŀǰʧҵˮƽ½Ѿ˴ۣȻӳԶ˵ҲܴӲ
ӵִл档
  ԭ򲻽һƽԭҲΪڲ
ȵͳϴĻķչļǿԼһصĽ
һͬ--һҪֹľ޴仯һɢɳ򣬾
Щ޴仯Ȼģġ(ԭժJournal of Democracyһž
һºšΪ˹ᷲϯͷѧо
Ա)