ԾȨ

й˷ٿ


ʤ


  ԽԽй˷ӣسȨԾ̨Ȩ
̨ιһϲȻ˷ӰԾ
ȨҪ󣬲һȺҪ󣬶ͼйı
ʹйʧɫ١ˣҪﾴ˷ӣǷ
Ȩһ⣬Ͽؿǣ

ԾȨԴ

  ڷ⽨ǰҵȨ춵Լķ⽨ͬǡʱ
񣬾ͺϺһֻصĸƷһ춸áۡ
ַ⣬һ⽨תֵһ⽨ʱϺ
صĸƷȻҲתƹȥǸԸֵ
Ǯʥǵ⽨ǲκֶĽ
  ͹һһӿ֣ԽԽЩ棬ز춵
⽨һʵʹصĸƷΪص
ˡӴˣʥĲǵ⽨Ľ򣬶ԸȻ
ѾΪصˣôһصĹʻִ𰸾Ҫ
֮˵ԸǴʷϵķ⽨ȥҽˡһ
ԼͳİѹȣȨҪԼǸҷȥ
Լҡ
  ѧһȺĵôǾӦȨ
δԼˮȨѡԼ쵼ˡͬأ
ǵģǾӦҲȨԼǷĳһ棬
һң
  ӹʺƽĹ۵ֻвԾķʽǲſõؽʷ
ĸָףҲƽϢѹյĿܡ
  ѷͳڵһսᣬġʮĵ㡷(1914)
Ծ׵ԭԭ˰̨塢
ڶֳĻ졣
  ȻѷԶǳԾȨĵһˡ
  Զһ꣬߰ͿѹԾȨһ˾
ع幤˺͹顰һȫԾȨ
  
ԾȨڶ/

  ŷ޸Ҫɳͳ¸ͬ
иʱԾȨţʵϵ塣ɳʵ
沢ͼĸѹ壬ڸûȨӶȥ
Լңǻڶ˹쵼֮£ô
ĸΪʲôҪͶ˹ĸָأ˹
߱ؽЩѾᵽ̱ϵ⡣
  д˹ɳĶ˹Ϊɳͳµ
ڸȻȻ춶˹ȻΥʱѾǵ
еԭˣǾһЩųԾȨ˵ֻֻ
ӦϵĹʹ˶ЩԳ޳ԾȨǰԾ޶λ
ĻΡ
  Ϊ˷еţкŵһָ(ָ
ˡ)(ָԾȨ)ˣ߲ҰΨִ
˹ͬƫôǿġȫ޲ߣ
ͻΪһɳܵĻԡ
  ʱҲŷ޵ԾȨǰٰؼԼ֡άһ
ĶڶδУ쵼Ļ
ܷĹ͹ҪܷӦ֤ϹڸԾȨ
õĿ϶
  ԾȨۼʵṩ˲ۡҸݷ
ÿѡһ򹩴Ҳο
  
1913һ嶼ԾȨ
1914˽׼ǷκȨģ˹˽׼ԾȨ
1915ΪȨ(ָԾȨ)ΪȨѹ
ӦҪѹзɣ򣬳ƽȺ͹˵Ĺ
ᣬʵϾֻһջֻһαơ
1916ҪǾܾƶʵԾǾǱ塣
1917ϣ޲׼Ӧʵеģһɳ
ƶѹȡǿȺϲͼ壬沢壬ͬ
ȫɡ
  ʮ굱жԾȨļϵġˣ쵼£һ
ʼͰԾȨܷʹǰϦܷ׵ع
ţά干͹ͳһĶ˹ң
ԭɸʵԾƽȵĸά干͹ʵԸ
ɡ(ʮ)ÿһ˹͹˳Ȩ(
ʮ)
  ΪܷôģһĽ塣޵ĺ
СҪȥĹؼʱ̣ԵĲԼǷȨ
Ϊ˳ȨܷıϵġĿ
ҵͶô㣿
  ᣬЩԭȵļ˹͹ûмɶ˹쵼ĶЭ
мѿʼЭӴѰ˵Ŀԡֻ춸Ҫġ
ԸĽϣбǿƵϣһϲ󡣶֮ԳΪܣ
ԭ֮һЩҵġ˳Ȩؼء

ԾȨʿ϶

  Ծԭ򲻵ֳӵ춹ʺƽһ
ٵصõʵȷ£Ҵġʷ(һŰһ)ת
Ҫľ顣
  һʮ¶ʮЧġϹ¡涨չʼ
ƽȨԾԭΪ֮Ѻùϵȡʵ취ǿձƽ

  һ߽ϹͨԾȨľ飬ȷָ
ӦԾȨȻܱ֤һлȨ
  һ꣬ʮϹֳͨعҺԡ
šеԾȨȨɵؾǵελ
ɵطչǵľáĻ
  һ꣬Ϲͨʷԭԡ涨һɾ
Ĺңĳһɽϻϲȡκελÿһ
ԱѹȡԾɼȨκǿж
ЩڲȡжԲֿǿжʹԾȨʱȨּ
ԭ󲢽Ԯ

ԾȨʵ

  ԾȨԾȨԭѹ塢棬ˡ
ȫص˶һһŲĶ
ԾȨܵأʹ÷нŲΪĺھӡڶ
սᣬʮϵĹҳɹذѱֳĵλԼĶ
͹
  ǰǸոտʡʿΪô˵ڶιͶƱ
Ŭ춼ôضԴһԾ˶ͶƱʧܵĶ˶ߣҲ
̹ȻؽԾĽ
  ҲضԴĹͶƱȥѡ(һ)
()Ϊƽȵһݡ()ά״ͶƱյ
нС˫ϲԾȨԸѡ񣬹ͶƱ
ûĵʵϰ
  ԾȨ֮Էȫ磬ΪϺ弰ԭ򣬲Ϊ
ʺƽΪ춵Ľһչѱһ
գˡһķΪйͬĻͳͬһ
Ե(ָһ塢ͬ塯˹ͬ塯)Ϊ
ʱҪȻҪԼסĵùҵķʽͳһ
ˣִʱЩҪңһ˶Ĺͬ
()
  
йԾȨ

  ͳιйй񵳺й߲
ԾȨҲӦ춵ʱձͳεֳ
ص񡪡弰̨壬Ӷһ൱ʱڣĴ֧Ԯ̨
˶
  лڡйҲ̨֧(籨һž
ʮ)ṩϣ񵳵ڡձ۹ɥӡ(󹫱
һ¶ʮ)Ҫ󣬡սʤᣬл֮
ȱָʧأ̨֮Ծ֮ԭ
ڡʮǵķ꡷(ձһһһһ
)ָȥһУʡ̨ŵĹнҪ
ǿչеϵæȡǵĶ˶
  Ϊй񵳳ôһţٷյۡȡ̨־
ʿǰййգƶ̨˶ò͹񵳻
Я֧Ԯ˾ڡ̨й֧֣ӢѰ̨
˶һˡ(ձܿһžһ¶ʮ)ṩ
ϣѰǻҾУڽʯѧһŶ̨֯(
Ϊ̨)ڡ̨ȷ桷(ţһʮ)
̨μӿս༴̨Ķ˶
  ġڳ̨ʷʵ(̨һŰ˶һ
)Լлõġй̨˶(̨幫۱һž
ʮ)̨⣬ٻе¼ĴԾ̨
춿ǰй(һ)̨Ծ˶(̻磬һŶ)()Ϻ
̨(һŶ)()̨Э(һŶ)()̨ͬ־(һŶ
)()̨(һŶ)()̨־(һŶ)()̨ѧ
ϻ(һŶ)()̨ͬ־(һŶ)()㶫̨(
ڣһŶ)(ʮ)̨ͬ(лϹ)(ʮһ)̨(´
)(ʮ)̨()Լ(ʮ)̨(Ű)ȵȡ

  лòָһϺ(һŶʮ)ָ
δϵȻԹѪͳϵй֮
ʡɣʵ᳹˶ͬʱ̨ͬ˶

  һֱԡ(һ)ǰᣬ񵳲ŸĿ̨й
ʥɷָ
  Ȥǣӡȵʱ򣬽ʯȻر𷢱ʾг
һշԾȨΪʯһľٶȲʡ

йԾȨ

  йҲǳعĴԾȨܵ쵼֧
Ծԭ֮⣬йڵʱǸ壬Ȼܵ
ʱߡԾȨ춵ʰձͳµĳ
̨嶨λΪдԾıѹ壬йһأй൱
һʷʱڣҲһֱ̨
  ͨ˹ŵġǡ(Red Star Over China)ȫ
ë󶫵ĵһ̸йոȫʧأ˵
ʡǱոġǲйǰֳسʰڡʹ
Ҫ()۹ļǶǵĶȻҵԮ
̨Ҳˡ
  лڡй̨(籨һž
)ṩϣͺڡлս졷(һ
һ¶ʮ)šձ۹һе(ձͶڡ
ˡ̨˵ȵ)Ѿһйġһԡĳµᷨ
һзԵ۹(ձͶڣ̨)Ѿ
ܶڡϡ(»ձһһʮռ
ʮ)Уһ˸жĳΪǷԱԣ
ǱͬҵĶ˶ⲻʡ̨ķ˶Ͷ
ɡҵķ¡ԣӦӡȡȵص
˶ҲӦͬ顣йĻرҲڡһߡ̨ն
(ձһһʮգǿ)ָʮѪĽѵ
ָ̨ŵΰ񣬱뽨㷺巴ͳһսߡ
ȫ޲׼ѹ(йĿձ
)̨˶Ŀɿͬߺͻİߡ̨
Ƕѹ巴˶еһ֧飬̨˶ġ
ʤǰ;ġ
  ˾ָģѰһ̨˶ߵ춹֮
̨ˣһλδ̨һܵĿꡣʹ
űһսָܶʾ(ʷϡһ
Űһڰ)ᣬڴŵġ̨ȷ桷̨ۡ
  ҲᵽŹ̨˶壬Ϻƽ
磬Լ̨ѧϻᡣ
  йڸڼȷʵһ˿Ϸڵؼ
˼룬ĴԾȨ֧Ԯ̨˶һֱȨᣬŸ
ȡɳĵţһסĵطһ˵йʥɷָ
ͬʱҲ̨֧Ծ˶෴أ̨ĳͷ
˵ǺΪ˵棬ʹԼʧԶΪɳ
ߡ

йԾȨ

  Ļع˺ͷ֪ԾȨԾȨһȺ߲
εȨҲھ֮ι֮Ȩκһ
ϵԷκ塢ĴһȨǵЩ
Ǳͳλѹȵ塣񵳺йȽ״̬ʱ޲
֧֡ĴԾȨϧȨᶼ˽ڡ
  ййϣΪҪй˷Ӧ
֪ͺ干һʮ壬ûʲôɷ
ԺΪĹ治ɡסģ
ٷ֮ٵȨԼԼι˷Ҫο
֮ڣȱȷر̬ҪǵԾȨȻƴ
ʹǼʹٰһͶƱҲ߸˵ѡй֮ڡ
йпܳΪһġҸĹȡ
  ֺͺһܵأԼúãǾ
ɵҪ롣ɹŵɹΪͺһܵأ
ɹŹ͹ҸҪǼɹŹ͹Ƕᶯġܡͬ
ɼйʮ塣
  ϧǣ˷ȻйļȨͳΣųƳҪ׷
ǣʿйɳġֻͳһ
ֻΪϲϲһס
طȻйʥɷָҪǡѹ
ǡҪǾҪڡ£ǿЩ
ӵõµĽۣѵطĸַ
(ʮһͣͳһѵľ񡷣֮һž
º)

й벻Ըϲ̨

  ̨ͬźͳεйʮ塣л
͹һľ꽨ûһӵй̨塣̨лһ
ľһֱЧͳ̨졢̨й֮䱾Ͳ
ԾĿ⡣
  ̨йս˫֮һĽȨء˲ǻԺһ
̨µĽۣҹȨһȨ̨˶
ҪսȨͳε¶ҺãȨ
һ̨Ĺٸ֮ʧΡڽ¶ʮգ̨Ѿ
һİһεȫֱѡͳʢаʽսᡣӴˣл
̨ȫԼĹҡ̨ʽȫ棺̨һ
ȨĹңڽл
  Ѿ˵أ̨һľһֱл񹲺͹һݣ
ҲûĹϽ֮¡̨йǷģ˲л
͹˵ʲǫ̂塣йġͳһҪ̨
£Խϲ塱йһٲϷ̨в
ġͳһҪͳΪٰġ沢塱
  ѾҪ̨ǫ̈̄񣬵Ȼ֪ԾľҪ
ҪйϲȨŵġ̨йΡáἰ
Ļľ޴죬κһ̨˶ܶԺϲһ¼Կ
Ѳη̨˭ܰκʮͽ̵йȨͳ
Ѿʾжܵѹ̨˭ԸΪ찲ʾܵ
̹ˡǹڵϴѾƽһǧԪ̨˭Ը
ǵˮ׼ԪĵطȥѾڿ졢ȡĺĻ
̨˭ԸɭԵĴ½ĻҰͳΣ
  ˷ܵѡԼͳʱйĹŸǶйκ˿
ϣ(еĻ)ɢ
  ؼʱ̣һ˷ӵۣ˿йĻ𻨡Ʃ˵
йۻ顷(֮һžº)Ҫ
ʵǵس̨лҲһжȨĹҡһ˵
ͳһߵļֵʥġͳһԭ֮ϣŸʥ
ɺ͸˵Ǹһеġ
  㶫ĵĿڡ̨⣺ʵ˼(֮һžº)һ
ΪйΪһƳȨȨֻǡܼ
ΧͨȨƽȫ̳Ȩаļ̳Ȩ
ȵȡΪ̨򱧲ƽʣعͷ̨⣬ʮķ
ʷҪҪ֣ǷҲѵԸڵõ㹻صλϣ
  ȻǿۣԾȨҪҪйı
̨ضɶԼһΪΪ֮˽
ǲǷǷġһ͵ӡ

С

  ԾȨ춹롣һһҪ룬һ
߾ͱ֧ǵԾȨǴǷԾȨһ㣬
ǿԼһǲ˷ӡ
  йһ˷ӣҪΪߣǾҪͨ
ڿǵһ⡪ԾȨ
  (һž¶ʮ)