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  ˶ûĿ꣬Զδֻ޵ĿΪж㡣

  йʼһҪɣΪʺĿǰйĹ
ʵ͡˿ڶȣձʵֱѡٵ족(Сƽ
)һʵϽУǸ(Сƽ)´
ˣйĴʵСƺȫѡϽ(ȻȨѡ
Ȩ񲻿öɵĻȨ)һһλֽ׶Ρȫ
ơһϵⲻ֪һ̣ԶûһƵʽ
ֻǲϵߵĿ꿿£ûһռĿֻ꣬ࡰϺá
һƶȣǡáƶȣΪֹûҵһ
ƶȣȻơ(˻ļP259)񼪶Ҳ˵û
ƶȣҲˡ
  Ϊϵһңһһġ¡˵Ӣ
ĿʼȻ¡һݳף涨˶Ȩ
ƣǹҳڶĽ
  һľһ϶ͷ̨Ӣʷϳ˶ݵĹʱ(һ
ꡪһ)
  һ˰ꡰٸᣬһ˾ʮҪġȨ(ǰһ
ˡȨԸһ߾ˡ״ᣬһ
С귨һС𷨰һһСλ̳з
һСְ)ӢΪң
ȡʤΪӢʹȨ
  ѡʵֻҪʮĶֱһһӢʮϸ
ŮѡȨͱѡȨһŶ꣬ŮԹͬȵѡ
Ȩ
  ¡Ȩ꣬Ȩʵѡ˶
ꡣ˵Ӣ̱൱ȶԡ
ƽĹؼ춵طεĻӢڵεĴͳ
  ٷʷǿؿȫ幫ȡѡȨͬһ
Ḷ́һʼʹﵽһһƱȫѡĳ̶ȡ
  һܷ߰䲼ʱͶƱȨѡȷƵģŮ޲
ˡȨӵһƲ˰İӲѡȨ

  ʮͳ󲿷ȡԲƲΪѡʸȾһһ
˳ӻȡѡȨʱ롶ԡʮһ꣡
ܷ䲼ʮ꣡
  ˸ŮȡѡȨҪһͣһһͨʮ
ܷ涨ŮкԹһѡȨ
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ѡȨ
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ѡܷĶʮʮйȨģʮ
һΪȡеĽ͵Ķʷ
Ӣһ̴Ǻƽȶ(мһһꡪһ
귢һϱս)Ȼھδͳĵطλ֮
ϡ
  ෴ûδͳΪķƵȷ˼Ϊ
Ĺ̡
  һ߰˾귨ɡƽȡģ
Ȩԡ˵ʮ岿ܷ
ᣬʮҲ岿ܷʮܷͼ
ʮܷƽʮһܷܷΣƵıǲϵս
͸(һʷһʷʮ͵Ĵʮͷ
һһһ¸һİ¸һһ
蹫硭)һ߰˾ʼһշսὨ
͹ǰʮ꣬˴Ѫɱɺӵˮ(޹ֿΪ
ڼʱѪȡпŻ)ʮУƱã
ͣƺ͹ͽ˷ĽƲȷ
  ɽȻŷ޵ȽĻ֮ͣڴ
֮ǰй˶ϴȴɸһԾﹲ
֮ΣΪʲôأָ
  1Ǿƣ뼯Ȩ
  2ûΪ֮()
  3û(Ӣ)(ɽȫP208)
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ȶȴҪʮȷƶȣʵѡ(һ
ʱ״ι涨Ůʮ꿪ʼѡȨ)
  ȽӢһܷ߰һٶ겻ҡӢ
ٸһܷٶƵȶԡҪ
ơ͡ʮܷйΪơ
  ǿ˶ÿһĿ궼ж㣬յ㣬޷˵
ǿԵȴģֻһȡĹ̡(Ӣ)
ҲǣƶȵĽǷֽ׶ε(Ҫ춨طεĻ
)Ҫڵ(ʱ൱ʹ)ܶ(編
۹)
  ζȫѡڹĴκβֽ׶Σԡһ
Ȩ񡱵Ľ׶ԡԡԣֻΪר
ṩ˽ڡ



  йʵ̿ʼһǰԡ顱͹Ϊȵ
йһֱŲв㣵(ǰźƽ϶µĸܣ
¶ϵñƷרƣ)Ϊʮ;ʮά˶
ʵϡйĳԡ(´й³´
лP318)ɽһ˾֯лʱˡĿ
ţǶֲͬģʽ׷
  ڶʮ֮ǰΪĸռʷλġһ˾Űڹ
֧£Ϊֱ䷨ʷ䷨(ά)ʮһա
ʮһհհڣ۷ʮͣ漰൱㷺(
ɡũҵҵҵ½졢ȵ)Ϊ˿ᡢ
ܷȸһҪ󡣵ЩĸʩȨײʱΪ
ͳμű㡰ܵ˿Ϊв()ά
ֻԹ۱Ľձ̷ͬȡӡѪпڶ
Ļ
  ䷨һе͢һһνһġ
Ԥܡرһһ˸߹һ˵˶
һһһ¡¡ʮ̾еٿԸ˶鼰ʮ
ʡǣʮˣǲǩߣʹʮˡʾӵܵ
˶άµļͷչ(ͬP288)ʱѾʱ
ģʱΪĿ꣬൱
ƣɳΪʱŵ
  ֱһһһ¶ϵԱ˵ƣǰ̨
ܵŰɫ(ԬƵ۵ǼƵģѫʱ
ΪҲǾܣǿ֮ĩ)Ȼɺ͸ɻϻ
˲ŵξ棬ǲٽΪĿꡣ
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ĽΪܵĳṩ˻ᣬȻһһ굽һŶ꣬ǿ
ֻ̨ưݵһĻĻ磬ԬϳƵۡѫֻС
СĲθսսϡʱѪ
ԪѫͨʲôԺ֮ʲôѡͳ˹
ĳŪ(ʮܷ䲼ڸʮߴ)νʵ
ϲǾζѣ
  ˵ѡܾģʽת䵽ܹģʽ
һҪıͰйνṹӵʱʵֵĿת˸Դﵽ
Ŀꡣǣȷʵûбѡ(йִ[]P34
9)
  ľ棬ΰɽ˴ĵŬ֮ᣬת
ѧϰѰһרģʽ(֪Ƿ뵽)

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ʷϵһһרģʽԡѵΪרԭеʽ
ȡˣĿԵøңԶģܲп(
͵絳൳ߵȵ΢)񵳵һר
ڴ½һֱһľꡣ
  ձֵĿǰѴʱŽᣬҲ˻ᷢչ׳
ձͶ߾١ɡһרġĴ죬
ɡ޵ʿɷ񵳵Ĺ㷺ˣھϻ˹񵳡
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һרģʽ(ҽһȫܻ޻)й쵼
ȨľУмʶ̬Ųͬʽļ
ûѡ൳λˮƽʵֹ(ͬP35
0)ййʮļȨĻȻϵطźһ
ꡰٻšһꡰ塱˶һ߰ꡪһ߾
ǽ˶˾ˡ
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һжϾǰʮˣ
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ܷݰ)Ҳľ˵ľƺ⣬λ
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涨Ժơ˾ʡѡʡʡܵȡЩĸʵ
ʩйʷͽ׸дˣһйνǹӶ
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ɢɳɢ)йǻǰҹֵóԾ
ϣɽġʱڡۣʱڵѵʱڣѵ
Ҫѵε̨ʵҲ֤һ㡣
  


  ۴ʵʳǴӶֽ׶νС
ɽǰġʱڡ(Լܷ֮)һ
ֶ١Խ֮ΪڣһԻʱڣԻѵʱ
ڣԻʱ(ɽȫھžP127)ǹᴩɽһ˼롣
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֮
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Լ涨ʹѵȨطΡѵ꣬Ѵȫε
ѡһ֯ᣬƶȨܷܷƶͳԱѡᣬ
ѡͳѵڽ(꣬ѵ깲)ɽ
мй֪ʶ顢ԴһʱΪȡһ
ʱʵѵѵǵͬ˻ʱھ˻ɡ
ʼõδ̫áɽ˵Ǵȫ֮
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ͬȨ춹ʹ
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޷ɽġʱڡȻ̵ʷԭ(ݡձ
ȵ)ûнеطĻѡ٣ûʵѵǲ
ʵ
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ʾ̨Ϊձֳصİ˳
ʼѡ١񵳱ܹµŵ˶Ĳϸǣֽ
Ρ˻ѡ٣ͻ(һž)δŵ̨
г̨ʡְʵѡ(Ұ̨)ӭһ
ͳֱѡ
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̨൳ơɡѡٵȵȹȻ侭õġĻġʵı
(ϣ̨ӪڹҵֵܲбʮĩĲٷ֮ʮ
һŰİٷ֮ʮ壬ʲܶռ̨ķ֮γɾռ
ĸ֣Ļϣִļֵȡȫռڽ̶ձ鲻
ͣȽҵľóĻȽʮɡƵ)ɽѧ˵Ϊ
տűʵͽ⡢ṩҪݡɽ
ʱڡѧ˵ģеֵʧѵ
йʵʳġǷ֮ʮķ
µӡѵؿйΪƵһЩ(ĵġ㡱P
2)οй֪ʶԶ϶йɸ
һԾ빲ܹңм뾭һɽ׶(ѵʱ)һȷ
֪Ƽǳܵʹ쿴Բʧοֵ
  ̨սġѵʱڡɽġʱ
ڡ̨ĳɹֱֲ½



  ۲й½ʵ״ǽᷢɽġʱڡϺ
ĿǰĹ顣ָйֻζΡ(Ӣ
)ƶȶǽδͳĻ֮ϵġйĳдδʵй
ѡȨ춡Ρ򲻹ǡ߻ʵԶճ
ϢҺաһɢɳѣεʵݣ
ǧδı䡣
  ˣҪĻϣȴؼǲʵġ
  طεĻѾǹʶɽձΪط
ξӦؼʼ(١ڰˡʮȷؼεĳ
ԭ)һʮͨġ˸족Ҳȷʹֱѡ
йͬؼʵֱѡ٣СƽһŰȫǧ
صһξ˲ѡ١˴ѡٷֻؼ(ؼ)˴
ѡֱѡٲʿйĿгҲؼ
ؼԱƽѡٲ(й֮141P42
ȡйȨ塷)
  йʵʣǷؼԷɢũΪ壬ڽͨͨѶ
ýȷᡣ[]ƶһ

  (һ)ĵȻҪΪڵձ̫ϰһ
뷢չԿƵĵ(ϵͳͨȵ)춲μ(P108)

  ()ʩ(ָʩƱ䡢Ĺ񡢻᳡칫ҵ)й
ĴڹũЩʩҪ޶ѿ֧ģûЩ
ʩ޷ЧĲ롣һṩЩʩҪά
ҪãԱ뱣ּ¼Ҫ֯Сѡ١(P
109)ȵȡ
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ҲָάΡ(P110)йũжǧ߰˿ûн
±⣬ǧʱпܶ(ƽ)ݹٷ
֣ҹаǧһڵƶ˿ڣ־ǺѲġ
  ˵̶ܽ(йнäо󲿷Ǽũ)
ý顢ͨѶʩȵȣҪؼʵΣѡϺ
йʵʣΪһרȫṩ˺ϷĻӡ



  Ϊˣгѡοʼҵһʷ
(Իͻƿ)ǽؼεĹȦʼתҲԶ޷
й̡
  ᡪϣŵ䣬ǳǰεĴʡ
ʽRepulicʽPoliticsȻ̥춳ǰ񣬾ͺʾеطϵ
ͳͳԼԪȨƺĹȻطϵɴͳ
ĹйǲڵġйĳдҲɵĳУһ
뼯ȨһԪȨµĹפءʵϣгĴ󴮵
(糤˰졢硢ƽ
ƽƽ)оͿԿйصĳֻһһͳ۹ϸ
ελ(йĻġṹ¡P408)Ӣġ
һԭǡ(Citizen)ĳ淴ӳ˳Ϊ㣬
ԴʷϿ(ҵǰ)ǰ⽨Ȩļ
¼˵ִƶɹŴĳηչġ
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ġʮὨ˳ģаʮ꼫Ϊ
ʷΪҪӢɣӢðվ
ἴ壬սǰʮѸΪطѼΪ
֮ᣬϣ֮ȫѵط֮Ҳ
(ɽȫP208)ӢҲδͳűƵ
ȶ
  йδйεĴͳҪʶѵ
ǧ֮Уʼ£ĽйĳҲ˺ܴ
仯ӸйʵΡȾгѡѾ߱

  һʮľøĸͶ⿪ţеữ̶ȴˣǶ
геý𽥳ɳ̨ӡܷý(
̨)ߵ绰ڲ֮Ŀữһո
ΧڣһۣʵгΣʽתɹ
̳ġ
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͸ȵֻרΡýṩɡ
ѡĺѡ˾ڵӡ̨ýԼʩ죬ش
ѡĸ⣬ѡԺѡ˵ķɣԼѡ
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˭Ҳ֪Щѡ١ġ
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ʻһѡһпչѡ(Ѳݽ)Ϊĵ
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ݡ
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˴еоۺȻṫһƻ涨һЩ
ȽУڶ()ȫСеȳоУȫ
еȳʵгѡ
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ʵֱѡ٣Ŀǰ״£ֻΪ߾ܾκʵθĸṩ
һĽڡ
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ͬȨȵһصĽͨͨѶռýȷչһ̶ʱ
ɾѡʵؼΡ



  ҵֿ춨һĹĻ
  ȨҪȨ֮һýܸѷĻ˵ÿһ˺
ɵÿһ壬ȨȻȨȨƾ
ǵ־ʹƾǶ˵־ʹΪ˵ķÿ
һȻ(1790.7.5ٷļ)ʵʹ飬
гѡοʼóʹǲתõȨΪ
йĵһֻнҵκͽĻϲǼ
ʵɿ(йءҵΡҽڡ۵طΡһϸ)
  ΪʵֳΣҪ޸˴ѡٷֹϽһֱѡٵ
ģΪ˴ֱѡѡٲֱѡ˴Զֱѡ
ʵʩļලƺ(йسлѡٵĴѡٻѡ֡
ѡ˵ѡٳҲڡ۵طΡ)
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ʹͬȨίϽ(ؼ)()˴ͨᣬɸ(
)˴ʹͬȨ
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涨ֱѡ٣ǲŰеȨȡɱֲ)
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ĳ̶ֳǵǻۡǵܷһⷽ
ѧУ(Ǳʼǡ)
  ܸѷǿ˽Ҫԡͨʹ˶ΪԼ
жϣ϶ʲôᱣ֤ԼɣʲôΣԼɡ(1810.
5.26Լ̩ݳ)ǵȫУ֪ʶռķ
Ҫķ⣬Ǿ벻άɺҸĿɿ
װᳫһɨ˶ƶ͸Ľͨķ
ɡ(1786.8.14Ρκ˼)
  дҲ֪⻹ʲôĸȨ
ı⣻ΪϲʹǵĹȨ䲹Ȱ
ǰȨͨǵı(1820.9.26)
˹ά˹)
  ֮Բ䷳س½ܸѷЩ޷˵̶Ȳ
ĸȨıеūġĽ
޸Ľ̿飬СѧʼʹԼȨǴС
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һ涨Ļѧ֮ѣ벻Ԥܶİٷ֮ʮ
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ǣò˶ãĻʽõȵߣʱҪ˵
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6ܷ£Ӧֵ֧طЭ챨
Եķ롢ߡʩмල飬Ļ

  9ΪøײһΧڱԵĲͬͺֻ
Ҫ֯ܵзĲ߻ʹģҪ
ֵźġ(ԡ1995.6)
  ͸һ΢⣬ûϵĿ()һжΪ̸
ǰǰᣡ
  ⣬ĻԪгҲṲͬһԪᣬ׽һͳ
ļȨרᣬӶһԪȨܵȨԼ(˾
طζƺ)ܵԪԼȨ
СһȨ񡱲ŻΪʵ



  Ϊй̽Ϊĸ׶Σ
  1гѡ(˴ֱѡ)ʼȫге
ѡ٣
  2Ƚϳ(ؼС)()
ѡȫؼλȫΣ
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չΪȫѡԪס
  Ȼĸ׶βǱȻĸ߼Ϊʵĸԣ
κҪĵйȻκμҶҪԵʵ
ܻرܣĸǺϺйġ
  һЩͬУ޸ܷ˴ѡٷ֯ƶ
ලų淨編ܷԺЭ(
ʹͬ⡢ලȨְ)ʵ־ӹһȵȡ




  ܷٶȶйһľ񲻵ͣѾ
йĲܷ(ʱܷõġͬ족)춶ܷ
ΡܷĳϦģмԺͲȶԣҲӳй֡
ƶȵĲȶ
  ܷһŰ˶䲼ģᾭ(һŰ˰ꡢһž)
ܷ֮ܶشȱݣҲܷձԭ򣬰
ϹȨݡοֽ̨׶޸ܷ(ȡܣ
ʱشϸ޷ɹʶ뽩֣Ӷ̨
൱ȶԡ)ҲⲿܷΪʵԵ޸ģ
ҪԴĸУ
  (һ)ܷԡй춡ԭ򡱵Ĺ涨(й쵼£
˼塢ë˼ָ£ר·)
ϳǺܷĵڶ(Ȩ)ʮ(ۡᡢ
)ʮ()ִġܷԡ޷Ч
йԡԵ֮ϵģйԡԭ
Ϊͽ
  ǹ춡רܷһдйǡרҡ
ԡֹ涨רʵϼ޲׼ר˵
ʲôר(޲׼רר)רʵһµģר
ǲκƵģԲκηɻ¾ֱƾ豩Ȩ(
ȫ31P318)͹ˣйԭ򽨵ȨҲǰ
ģʽɵģרµĶ˵ν
רҲá޲׼רҲã޵һרѡ
  һ߰Эܷʱ˵רͲܷܷ
ܷϣĪΥܣԷΪΣνΡר෴Ҫ
ںͳȫ֮ˣ༴νΡ(ȫ߾P458)Ȼκι
ҵҪƲУרǵȨһеģνƲִ
еĹߣǿʱȡõġǽѧԺ
һ÷һʣȴߵ˵ζŷƶӦ˳á(ͬ
P459)
  ʱҪϳκרȷл񹲺͹Ȩ
κרʽĹҡ
  Сԡй춡׼һΧڴڡ˵Ӧȡ
  ()һЩҪĻȨдܷ
  ȨܷڣȨɣɲȨҾûܷ
˼дݻȨȨҼΪڡǹң
Ǳ尲ȫΡκʽȲܱ
İȫػȨʵɥʧͳá
(йͬʷסP319)
  ܷȻѾдһЩйȨģ൱Ҫ
Ȩûдȥܷдܷûˡ磺
  1˼ɣһľġͬ족й˼ɵĹ涨һ
ܷĲܷжʧˡһܷʼܷһ
塢ë˼д˽ȥǿƹ涨ĳʶ̬Υ˼
ɵԭһϣƽȷ֪ʮǰ˵Ҳ
ڹͳ£ܻ˼뼰۵ȵȻɣʵ
һͳƣһµͳ£ǲɣ֮
Ҳġ˼⣬ʵΪһȻԣκʹ
ͳµ˼ϱͬһֵͣʵΥԶΪ֮¡
֮˼֮ɣΪһһһ֮ޡǰᡣ
Ϊһû˼ɡɣɱʾ
ɱһᣬֺʵ(йִ˼ʷ
ϼࡷP25)
  ܷڷϳԭ򡱵ͬʱӦдϡ˼ɡġ
  2չɣһһܷ߰йһ涨һŰ˶
ܷȡˡӦеĲԶĻȨܷӦȷдϡ
  3סǨ()һģ
ܷоȡܷҪһȨ
  4֪ȨܷȨҲ֪ԼӦһȨ
ԭΪ֪ʶӢ(knowledge is power)Ϊ֪
(顷1995.6)
  ӡعһҰȫйǿܡȫΪ
֪Ȩ෴йܵйܷȹ涨һ
Ȩ񡱣Ӧӵв۲۵֪ȨܷӦд
  ()ЩȨȻдܷȱ֮׵ıϹȨ
ܷܷԷɺҪɣȻֻдֽϡ磺
  1ۡɣĲܷ涨ۡɣȱȷ綨
ܷʮһ涨(ʹɺȨʱ򣬲𺦹ҵġġ
ĺϷɺȨ)̷͡һɿ
Խܷ蹫йءֱȾе类
Сƽϳˡ
  йһ빫׵ġų淨ԱϹ
۳ɣġ顷һ⡣
  2ɣĲܷ涨˹һȨûС編(
)ֻһԺġǼǹΪ
ڣˣйҲκηԶǼ
йֻйٷġٷ(繤ᡢšѧЭ
)ϷμЭİ˸֮Ϸڣ
ĵȷдϡڹ쵼¡˸ִ֮ųΪܣһ
ִʲô
  Ӧƶ䷢編ԱϹĽɲйֵķǷ
ûж൳ƣûƶȣ൳ƿ˵ĺġ¶һʹ˼
ʹڡҵĸ˵رҪǷԵɵɡûз
Եκζƭ˵Ŀջ
  3ᡢСʾɣĲܷ涨һɣʵһ
δõϡһŰ˾ʮʮһͨʾᣬƶ
һϵйϸ򣬶ʹһȨ˹̵ƣʹ
ʵ޷ʵ֣Щϸܷ֮ϵġԷ

  ()ܷļලûרŵĻȱϳʹκΥΪ
ң⡣  
  ܷ涨ȫ˴䳣ίḺලܷһзɡǷϷ
˴Ϊּмල鷨(Լͨ)Ĺܣһƶ
ȻơΪˡġ顷ƶܷԺרŵ
˾ܷ֮Ժܷʵʩͷɳƣ
϶ΥΪþĿ͹۹
  ϼ춹Ȩ͹ҹϵģǽ۹һ
İȨƺⷽ(ܷ󲿷ֹ)



  ȻܶܣҪƣи죬ȫƣ
¯ܷԹһİŻϷΪ˴()Ժ(ִ)߷
Ժ(˾)飬ȨӰӣжʵȱ(ģְȨ
ȷƵ)ȻΪƶṩһܡ
  Ȩ񡱵ֻڴвʵ֣ͨǶѡٵĴ
ǹͬ񣬶ֱӲ͹(Ȼ񡰿ʱ
Щʽϻְϸı֯(ܸѷһ߾꡶
춶ԷԼ)ֱʹĹϣǰ(й)Ҳô
(ӢȨִۡԴоʵ)οڹ
вͨ
  ˴ΪȨأƿãֻӦش

  1޸еѡٷ֯¹ƶ˴ල
  2˴ЭԺơ
  е˴ѡٷֻؼ˴ֱѡؼʵеǼ
ѡ١(Сƽ)й˶شΪܾɣʵ˿ڶ࣬
ҲֱͶƱҪϰѡٹ涨ȫ˴ǧڣ
й൱˿йӡȽϣСӡÿ
˿ڷֱǣʮߵʮһ򡣴ֿй
˴ӡһֱɸʡֱѡٲǲܵġ
  ӡ˿֮(ķ֮)йȫ˴ӦΪһǧʮ
֮(ٷ֮ʮߵ)йȫ˴ӦΪľˡ
ԡйĸƤ顷Ϊȫ˴ӦΪһǧңÿ˿Ϊһ
һ(һžĴ˿ղ˿Ϊʮһ)൱һ
ص˿ڣʡƽѡʮȫ˴ѡٷȫ˴
ҪμѡٲѴ⡣
  ǧ˵ȫ˴̫Ҳϼ˵ӵǧȫ
˴ʵԺƣ˰ٷ֮ʮĴвЧرǵ־
(ת֮1995.7 P41)Ƥ顱Ҳǧ˴ÿ˷
ӣȫСʱÿ췢԰Сʱһʮһ죬
ԣֱԼѡνб
  ˴ѡٷ޸ҪǵЩأȻкѡѡٳѡ
֡طȵһЩҪ⣬ȻǷҪѧܡ
  ʵ״Ҳȫ˴ֱѡ˴ֱ
ѡʼС˴ֱѡᣬʡ˴ȫ˴ֱѡѡٷ
˳Ҳš涨
  ѡٷ޸ĵĻϣеĵط˴֯Ƚش޸
µ֯ӦԱʽѡٳֱȵĹ涨
޶ȸԱҪɲѡٲ塢ѡ
ѡˡѡ˱ѡ棬йѡ
  ˴ûһල˼ʹܷ˴ලȨȴ޴ʵ

  (1)ѡٲ
  (2)Ա
  (3)о顢ⶨйطɣ
  (4)ķǷ
  (5)֯ضĵίԱ᣻
  (6)ѯȡ
  ˴ලӦǵѯʡѯΡ⼰
֯רŵĵίԱȶҪо塢ȷơӢӡĶԡһ
ΪκƺȷеԼػʱÿ
ԱΪ֮ͽһΪΪı˽Ŀ
Ǳָʹ빫̰
Ұĺܴ󡣡(ѡP27)ֻпǵȻԵȱ㣬ӵ͵
һܵȨԼƣľεһҪ
ںƺ⣬ֻͨȨķָƺ⣬пȶƹԱĸ
ܣȻҪ(˾۵)Լֻ֮ܶκ
ƣܰϣκηʽϡһž˴
ڼ䣬ڹ㶫ŵһϯ˵÷ǳпϣҪලҪһĶ
ҪнǡһԲֻļලû壬Ϊ
һõ˹ϵѡ
  ˴ѡѡٲȫѡԱɴ(ѡ)ѡٲ
Ḻලලᣬ˿ɿ
֤
  ȫ˴Ӧѡֱѡٲں̶ܴϴ⣬ͨҪ
ͨһ£ȻǺϺҪġһԺһЩ
Կ˷ı׶ˣڴҶʵԺơ
  ԺֱԲͬķʽ֯໥ǣơ໥áԺ
(Ժ)ֱѡٲԺܲı׶˲һ
ʽ(Ƶѡ)ԺձһµʱԺþӢ
ֱԼǻۡѧʶκʧȥϯλ
  Ӣ˼ҹҮһܷΪʹܷƵЧ
תҮһϵлţҪĻž˴˷
ĴɲͬĳԱɣͨͬĳѡٲӵ
ͬȨ(ѧӢP180P181)
  йеЭ̻ǷȨͳһս߲䵱
൱˴ĽɫΪλƿЭ³
(й˸)塢޵ʿȣһ
жймֵͳս(ǰ塢Թ)Ը죬ʹ
ЭίԱıáѡٷʽδʼܳΪ
еĴ
  Э԰³̰ж󣺸ɡ塢缰޵ʿ
Ԫ׿޵һЩ(ںѡ˵䡢ѧסܻ
ȷ)Ŀɸɡ塢ѡٲ(
ѡٷй涨)Эϴ羫ӢȿԸ
ṩѯҲΪ˴ṩмֵĽ飬ȿ˴ύ鰸Ҳ
ԶʹͬȨලȨȨȣش¿Ժϯ(
ܡѡٹԪסȫ񹫾ȵ)
  ЭӦСֻȫЭ(ʡСصЭȡ)Ч
˴ͬලΡ
  ˾ǲԭйҲ˾Ķ(ҽڡ˾
Ȩһв)
  һشԭ⣬ܷȻڵھʮʮ涨л
񹲺͹ίԱ쵼ȫװίϯȫ˴
ίḺ(ڶʮҲСл񹲺͹װ񡱵)
ʱġܷ޸Ĳݰı桱о׵صЩ
ܡڹҵίᣬйԾӵ쵼
䡣ԡȷ϶˵ڹе쵼ãȻҲԾӵ쵼
(л񹲺͹ܷP7879))Щ׼ȷָ
1Ǿһָǹ䣻2ܷġԡ֮
ġѲܵܣйȨȫĸ
Ǿӡ˳˷ϳԡйءй쵼¡֮⣬
ȷ涨ʵоӹл֯ȫӣȥίԱƶȣ
˲òְԱΣȵȡЩǾӹһıҪ
Ҳֻоһʵܷھʮʮ

ʮ

  ΪʲôйĽҪֳĸ׶ΣһֱΧ
ڽǽһʵʷ˵йطƶȣʼ
һͳ뼯Ȩ춳죬򻮷
γ롪ʡص֡йʡ˿ڶ࣬й
ʡ֮䳤ˡһ(Ϊʡɳ)ء
УʮʼظСйأطʵйأѾ
γԳΪĵ״֣ʹΡáĻ
ϽءӰˡ״¼ũѡ죬
²ֱѡ˴سкܴѣųΡг
ѡΪ̵ĵһ׶Ρ׶ʼôʮڿԷ
ȫеϳе(һڶ꣬ڶ
)
  ȻйأԳΪģгѡؽƶ
ѡг˴ᣬʵسίƣڸؽвġ
Ļ(ռý顢ͨѶͨ)ô
(ؼС)ʼ()ѡȫص
ѡڶ׶Ρ
  춶֮䣬Ϸ뱱֮(ũ)ڸ淢չƽ⣬һ
εҪʱ䡣ǰһ׶(ʮ)Ļϣʮ굽ʮ
ɡ
  ڴ(ӦΪ֮)ʵسѡʡݼֱѡʡʡ
ȫ˴ȫ˴ѡʡѡҲòʮʱ䣬
׶Ρ
  öμҺѧ߶ΪʡӦΪελνһһ
ġݹ֮СʡΪ壬оȨָ
ʡƣ֮꣬ѳΪһ֮ġָʱʡӦʵѡ(
ʼP489)ڡطֻ֮Уһ廮
طȨޣطֳɹκֱ࣬гĿ(ͬP470
473)ʮ˵ʱ֮Ҫٵ
ʡ춹ܰ䲼ᣬӦټʡܻ飬ƶʡܣݲִܵӦ
׹涨ʡسѡ(ʷסP66)
  һЭͨġܷݰڡطƶȡ
д
  (һ)ȷʡΪط֮ߵλ
  ()ʡȨ֮վȨ涨
  ()ʡѡ
  ()ʡƶʡܣִܵ
  (Э̻ϡĴP284)
  ȻɽһʡѡʡΪελġ١
ʮ涨ʡɹѡ٣ʮʡ֮Ȩ޲ȡȨƶȡ
ʮȷΪ֮λʡ֮䣬֮Ч(ɽ
ȫھžP128)ִɽĹϾʮھͬʡ
ѡʡε(һžʮ)̨춵һξʡ
ֱѡ١
  ع˶ʮϷʡʡΡƶʡΪԼĸϺ
£Ҳõܶѧߵ֧()ëҲ
Ϲ͹ĵԵʱʡܡγ(ǳΪʲô
ؼΪģνġΡעǾ
)
  βǷѵͬʣ˽һֵ˼ĻʵеطΣ
йͲвԣ㲻ָʮһѡ١
ΪһʡΪελǺϺʵģͬʱΪ˱ȫϵͳһ
ڵ׶ֱѡȫ˴ѡȫ˴Ϊ
أĵ׶(ʡѡʡ˴ȫ˴ֱ
ѡͬ)
  ĸ׶Σֱѡٲٹһµȫ˴֮ᣬȫ˴(
˴Эϯ)ѡٲԪ(Ԫ׿Ժѡ
Ժϯͨ)ȫ˴󡢸ʡ(ֱϽС)˴ѡٹԪ
һ൱ʱڣԪײֱѡ٣ѡٷʽ

  춸ʡСؾǸ߶εģ˵طεļʵξ
ֱϣȲطչáĻȫʣ
ȽϳʱȻȫֱѡٲԪף̽
Ƚ
  Сƽν½¸ͣʵѡ(Сƽͬ־
뷨ơP80ɳ1990)˵йڶҼʵȫ
ѡֱգйҲϿʼκʵԵҲ֪ν
ᡱѡôΪܵģѵĴֳɵڱʱ
䵽˾ͻһϵ𣿶ҵֽ׶ν
ʵʮھȫʵѡˡ
  ѧ谲(Andren Nathan)˵úã죬йĻҪѺҲ
Ƚ֪ʶӺȺ֮䣬Ҫи
¸쵼֮䡱(תԡд141P43)ĳЩ
߿ԴģȻǿԼܶȡģȡ
ʷҲҪѪĴۣͳߴԶ˳ʷ̨û
йʡڵǿѹûйڼͲεŬ
Զή٣Ϊ˰йһʵҪǵķףҪ
ǵ