йĻͳй˼





  Ǻҫ飬ԭʡί鳤Ϊҫ򱧲
ƽܶȺڶţǰѧίǡҪ
ʿǾݵĳߺͷ֮һμ˴Ľš
Żں֯˵Ԯȹʱ
ѺɻѺܼܵءӦѺΰ
˼ʶ¡


  ЩѧΪ˶ϷйĻͳŵ
˼й½УΪй˼ȫ
Ļͳ
  ΪĻ˶˶ֵͬ˶
˼й½УǷйĻͳ׷ѧ
Ļ˶ĽǷʱǿͱ
˶һ˷չĽйей˼壬
ûȫйĻͳһ˼ú͸йĻ
ͳһйĻͳú͸˼壬ú͸ĽǱ״
òʧĻͳɥʧˣԵĻͳͷض
ԷչëԳ˼ʼʡһ仰й
˼˼ͬʼʵĴһͳġξĻһԪġ߶
뼯ȨľרϵĲ


ľ

  Ļ˶ȡɺ͸ԽΪĶ׷ѧ˼
ĻǼ˶䷨йЧ׷
˶ɲݣƶȸ˼ĻĺϺ߼
ķչ˶ȴͬάҵĶȨΪĿģ
ǿϷйͱΪθ
  ǰ˶չľǰǿѧǡ
Ȩڳǰȡ˵ɺͽţȹҺ
ΣǰѧϰʱǷʱǿй
ߡй˼߲ڿѧɺ͸Խŵź
̨ģڷʱ۹塢Σź
̨ģй˼ͬ˶ĴйϵεĶĻģ
ʵĶʷģë󶫵й쵼Ȼ߾ĵģ˶ļ
ԾӣǣǲǿѧľǿֻǷۡ
⽨ľΪ˶Աۡ⽨ͶȡȨȻҲҪһ
ʱںͷΧᳫʵǣë˵ᳫ
ֶζĿģǹָµԸ˵Ķ
Ϊ͡Ȩ񡱵


й˼ú͸йĻͳ

  йĻͳһͬ˼ͨġй˼ԭ
ú͸һĻͳ
 
һɷ⽨ĹƺͼҹһȺ嵽Ĺƺͼ

  йûΪˣֻ춼ͥ塢лᡢ塢ҵȺ
Ϊ˸ӣΪ˷ޣΪʦͽΪūˡɫйҲ
ûձģĸ˽ơֻмҳơ峤ƺԵ˽Ϊ
Ĺơǡǡ涨ĸڣ಻˽ơ
۹šԸũļͥǼҳӵлƲȨΪ
ޡ檣ΪӡŮΪ˶ϱӣΪ˹ĸߣûжĲƲͶ
˸ֻܱżҳһ㲻Ϸġ˽ǮЩӵء
̵ꡢȨļҳڡ֮ĪľƵĿ£
һһȦءšׯ˶Ϳ
ûĲƲ˵СеǸ߳
ǻ⻹ĸ֮ᣬȡø˸Ķɡ
  йִͳԹΪĹƣѷ⽨Ⱥ
Ϊļ塣ǣֹƺͼͬ˼ġ
˵塱롰ÿ˵ɷչһ˵ɷչļ壬
Ƿţ༰ġûСˡС˵塱ûСÿ˵
ɷչСһ˵ɷչĹƺͼ壬ֻд춼
ϵܹܣֻһݵʱԽ׼ĸ
Ϊڡ˼в׷ԣʱ
ǲܳڴڲʾԽԵġ
  йΪȺڣҲйʷԨԴйΪա
йνȺڣͬйİջһѸ˷ˣȺ
ˣˡڻСļȺУֻиߡǿߡȨ
ǻĳԱĹˡũ֪ʶ¹ԱܿƵ
˰ڲĳԱ˼˵ġٵļ塱ڹҵУ֧
Ȩй쵼µĸܲȨй
ίɶְѡ١ලľͳȫͱҵְ
ȱСΡʵڵȨȻҲ̵θкͻԡ
Ʊɾ任˵ĵơ

ũֹҵߵƽ塢л塢嵽˼Ľ׼
ѧ˵ƽƸƶ

  йȻõũҵᡣ춷⽨ѹȵĲпᣬỷķգ
ģСˮƽĻˮƽᣬũҵСֹҵ߾Ũƽ塢
ԩԩ౨ĸ崫ͳйʷϵũ嶼ƶ
򸻼ƶȹƶ͡ѩɽɱƽ̫ƽ
Ҫ
  йʵе˼йڸս϶˼󲹳䣬ǡ
ũݵءũΧСҪʵսԣͲܲӦũ
Ҫʹͳԣ˼йһ˼ũ񻯡й
ú͸йũĻͳũеƽ塢塢壬
ᵽ׼ظƽƶĳ̶ȣӮռй˿ڴũ
ӵǣйʵаũĹҵũҵ廯ᣬũʹӵ
ˡ

ɴһͳĸ߶뼯Ȩķ⽨ר嵽һͳĸ߶뼯Ȩר


  й⽨ʱĹѧ˵巨áҵĹѧ˵ǡܡҵĹ
ѧ˵ǡءּصʷǵһͳһйĳ
ǵڶͳһйĳܺͳһģʽҪ춣֮ͬ
ͳһĽṹʽ֮ͬܵǡ챣񡱣̡֡
¡Ҳʼʵ֮ǵ̷ҲǰԵ
ĹҽṹǣΪֺսĴȨ(
)ӵȨȫйʵʽķȨͳһʼʵĹҽṹ
Ϸ⽨ÿأһ룬볯͢Ȩ޵Ļʵۣʵ
߶ȵ뼯Ȩ͸˶áΪ˱֣ǰʽͳһΪͳһ
ʼʽͳһΪһͳ֮棬巨ã
֮֮(ѯ)ҵġΪڹҽ
棬ʱڣں۾ӵֱأϮس뼯Ȩʵ۶
ƶȣ۾ӵͳȴȽɢ磺ֱб
ݣа˾Щݡ˾
ӵи߶ȵȨֻҪʳƳɹˡ˵ǡơ
ǧضơǣ⣬һȨͲбĳ̶ȶ
ʼʣԽǲʼʼȨͲбĻʳʱԽ½Щ
ͨ¡Ϸ硢ӾʼǧһۡʵǧһۡӦ
ָ书ͶӦָ
  йǰʽ޲׼רͬʼʽĴһͳһԪļ뼯Ȩ
;רƽ춵춹ҡҸԭһ
еһвšһеλ˵šΰ
޿ײ롢ԶͲϼͳ磬ʹйר
ﵽǰδеˮƽȨ̶ȡˡ뵳
ۡĳƺšƺ֮춽ʯë󶫡Сƽǡġ

ġɷ⽨ѧһԪ˼ͳε˼塢ë˼һԪ˼ͳ


  ںۡټҡᣬѧΪ壬˵ҡҡ
ҡݺҸѧ˵ķ⽨ѧ(ԭѧ)ΪʵնĹͳ˼
롣ַ⽨ѧһԪ˼ͳΣͬһͳĸ߶뼯ȨרƵͳ
ศɡйú͸ͳҲѧϰ񵳽ʯʵһ
һһƻоռ¢ϵλһԪ˼롢Ρ
ͳΡ
  ΪάǿִһͳһԪ˼롢ΡͳΣй
˳ȨʥĴͳ͵һСһС
쵼һСͳһС磺Ĵش絳Ķ󣬵ײë
ϯס±ũԴıĸ졷һγ˳쳪
ͨ쳹Щߵ˹ͺ˵Ĺϵϡ
ûʲô˼۵㣬ҲϡΪ֮Ϊᡱ
֮ȴдɱд¡Ϸ硢ʫ裬й½Ϊ


  
ййĻͳеɷݸ˼

һ÷⽨ڷȼȡƽȵ˼

  ˼ڵһ˼ǵĺ׷ƽȺ͹ƽй
ȴȻǰй⽨ĻеļҳơȼơȨơٱλơ
Ϯơȹĳɷݣͨͳؼ̳һȷʵСйɫ

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켫ġڵ⣬ԶԹ֪ѧ顢ƿڴ
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ǰսսСϱСƽڶϱ֮ᣬúҫ
СϱйǷ⽨ҳëǿһ
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ϽǸλļҳ
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ȱȨ̨߱˽Ժõĸɲá춵Сƽǲ
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Ȩ̨쵼ɲһ˾Ӷߡְơ磺Сƽͳƣ
һߡ߻ߣй߾ߡǴλ쵼ɲ
Ů֮Ϊ̫ӵ
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ֱڲͣʵһߺͶƶᣬԱָѸй
ڵĹ١֮Ϊ1600һžﵽ134ʮ߱йʷ
ǰδеģϿҲǶһ޶ġ
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ѷɫ

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˵Ľźɷչ˼

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˵ĽɷչģĽ׼޲׼רѧ˵ͬȨ
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˽ָ壻ޡָʲ׼ι۵㡢˼롢ʽѧ
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ԡ޲׼ҪҪ󣬾һзӵ͵֯
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ȫܻڵ޲׼һĿ֮С
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Ȩīҵľͳıิͷչ淴ԵҪЧʵ
Ǹ䣬Ե־壬Լĸԡ
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˴ŵ桢ľļɵı˺СŵȨ
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ڱͬë̸ᣬ˵ë󶫵ĸʮͿŵ
ǣë󶫺͵СƽĶͳ£桢ܶͺҫ
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ĩ˼һڡԭһ˵ģʹ֮˲˽
֮˽Ϊ֮󹫡ڡĻѧ˵ģ
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Сʱ壬ʲôɸĵģονʲ׼
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)Ҳһɡƽȡ
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̵ġڡжټǧǰܹԸ
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йʽξۺ˼۸˼ľþ

  ˼ʷΨǾþۡ˼ΪʽԼ
;Ĺ̡ԭκ;Ķ
ãͬ˼Ľ׼ѧ˵ìܣҲϵͳ۵ľëǿ
˵ܶԣǿһУǵһġǶԵġǣ
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ˡˣһ˸ԣˡСƽ伫׷Ϊƾ辭õĿ
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ƻṹȶй½ĸĸԾΪȵȷģй
ʵҪǣʮľóǰѾһϵе⡣

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ҵ͹ʱѹ徭úʹҵҵҵѹ˹
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£ʧҵࣻҵʧѧӣΰʮֻ
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žõĿźͷչȻȻصõ


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˼ϣһйĻͳϣȷ˼壬ַй
ͳʵϣ˼йĻͳǼԵġ˵ġ
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ƺͼ塣ййĻͳļ̳УҪʱеĴһͳ
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