߶Զ


ᡤ


ںƳ 


߰ᡤ(Giovanni Sartori)ǵۼҡд
ۡһڹ뱾ǰдһƪġ
Զؽķо
  ϴĲ漰йһϵش⡣ǰ
  һ״ƶǷ춷ңνģ
ʽУЩؾձԣЩֻԣ
  Ϊһ壬ЩɣУʲôظΪ˵
Ⱦʲô
  ȱɴͳĵطҲϲ𣿻仰ɵʵʲô
ƾʲô϶ΪطĴϲ
  ġȫͶƱȨǲⶨǷ֡ȫָʾ
  塢֮ĹϵΪΣ뾭Ϊһ̸
Щ⡣
  תʱӦעЩ⣿αΪء
ɵ
  ѿԵйҵνϢϢءʵϣڴ
֮ǰйѧߺʿѾйܶоЩ
ҪԣԸһ飬ϣΧЩչһۡ

  ʵֲʷĻˣ
Ļʱ硰۹Ļ
ĵģʽһЩ˵ΪһЩ˼벻ӦԴԺδ⵽ܳ⡣
ķһ㲢ʹһΪһֻķֻĲ
йΪģⲢûиκĸᡣҳ
ΣĴʹ⡱һܷ
κεطˡҲǲ˽ڹҵڶܷ
ӦزȽ()ģʽӦȰ
ΪҪ(涨Ե)żȻ(ɱ)أ
  ֲܷκָͨӡȺձΪĴ𰸣
ҿ϶춷ĻΪֲɹŷʵ
֤Ȼʹȫ⣬Ʃ˵أһоᷢӡ
ȺձȷʵʽЩڡһ
̽ĿԣΣҪᵽĵڶⲢ
ע⵽ЩĶء
  һʼᵽұǿֻһ򵥵ģ
ĸΪһͬɵģ֮һʹ
()֮ʹȨ()Ҳ˵
һָܱѹȣȨָǽ
ͳΡʷ۵˵ĳĳɾ(˵˵
Ҫ߰˹̹)һͨΪ
塣ɵ񣬲Ҳ𽥽Ȩõ񣬿϶Ȩ
Ҫ󡱲ȡáǱϵ
  ˵һҪĺǸҪһ뻻
ϲҪһô⽫һд⡣ǲȡһ
ͨõµĴ𰸣ȨȻɸҪȨȱ
Ҫؽ֮ظȡȻǴġ
ԼĸظҪĸ˸Σһʲô
Ⱦ⡣ӳ˵(ʿ˵ϰ)ͱ
()ıҪˣ
ǲȱٵģԵءңһҪָȫ
ģձԵģһκεطֲκء
Ҫ֯ͷֶƺͿȨʹйأרϺ;Ȩ
йأ԰һʽ(һʽ)κĻ
棬ᾭýṹΣȨصβͬΪ
ǽһʽݵķΧһֵ
ģȨ롰ʲôйϵԣڡ
־ΧڣżȻԺĻʱܴ仯
  Ϊܷʽձԡ(Ӷ)һı
׼ٶ(涨ͱϵ)ͬҪĺ
ļֵʵҲˡˣڱϣΪÿ
ÿطɸءƩ磬ǿȨκ͡˳ӵġĻоû
ɵء֧һ۵˻˵һΪʵǸ
һּ¼ģǱɵĸֵȾɡȻ֧
һ۵ľ֤ûЧģɼϸҲǺ
ġ
  ȷǷ񡰻ɡ״̬ʵΪطĴϲ
أĴǣʲôˣʱϲ
ٿһһƥǰĻشûġѯǸϲʲô
ṩȽϵһǺġڶǲ˵
ǱһϲһΪǴûһǼ
ڲװ()ĻС
  ˣʮԣ򲻷͵ҵûĻũѯǷ
ɡǷϲɼֵǻЦġֵ
ɵĹ̫ˣЩϵĴ˵ȫ
ġ
  ȻⲢ˵붪²ܣɵձȲɾ
֤ʵҲ֤α붪µǹЩ(ȷ
ʵĵ)ʡǲ̸ʲô̸ֵۡΣΪ
Ӷһ۸ĶΣԭСһ۵ͱκ˶ϲ
ѺĥɱÿЩΣʱӱܵΣ
ԭݵĳĿ춱֤κ˶ܵΥ
ɳƻǿߵΣ
  ˣΪܷʽ京ԡձԺͿԾͽڡӱΣ
ķϣңһʹùΪ塱˵ʹ
ЧἯ廷ĸͼӱ˺(ԼΪк)
Ϊɢĸй֮޲һĳԱڽڻ򱻵
ɱ֮ǰٷ֮ٵؽͼߣΪ˽ĸȫһ
ġɴ˿ɼΪЩϵͳвء˵ǶԻɲ
Ȥ˵ûмֵġ
  Ȼǽ롰ȨԽ֣Ϊ
ʵȫֿһģԵرͶƱѡһ𡣼ʹ
ˣͶƱҪбȱʷ۹ǿšѳΪ
ںšȫֻʵȫ(СŮ)ͶƱʵ֡һţ
˵ǣҲ˵ΪӦǵ()ɺСĹģѡչ
ҳάֵġͶƱȷʵκεıҪĳһƶ
ͶƱķΧ͹㷺ԲЩŵоԡܸŮڿ飬
ȻΪʿѡƣһȫҡұ
ѡһһȫͶƱ޷αϣһͶƱﲻȫ̶ȴз
ϣҽɵѡߣΪ֮ǰ߸õˣͶƱ
ָʾǡزⶨǷȫ֡ҽЩ
ͶƱĹäĿǿͶƱһ

ǰ

  ΪʲôҪ漰ԶĹȥأΪ޺طԭʼ
ԵͬġȻһһֲһ
ЩطãطںܶʱھͻСͬԭϣģֶδ
һǱȽװ쵽ģȻʱʷʱ֮Ĳ࣬ģ
һģʽǻʱͬһʱ̣ǽǽڵ
ʷʱ˵ЩҲһǧˡʷ۵㿴ڰ
Լɢδȫ(Ҳ˵δ)طׯ
ŷ޻йźڰʱڡˣһ²ƽֵף
ƻġʱһȽͻȻǿӵһỷе
ʱͻ鷳ʹϽĻʢڿͬһ죬ǰ
ֲ߽ȴһ޴ķԾ
  ǰһ档ǰָͨõģҽܿ
һ㣬ָʷǰᡣʷǰһǽڽ
ķ룻һҳ֮ΪΡѱڽ̵ķ뿪ʼ춸ϵ۹ܵĹ
ۣÿܵĹ鿭ڽֿβڽ̶
ǿڽ̵()ڽʽ׺ݶˡг
ѱνѱҵ˼ָβɱˣǺս
ɱԣúƽȷΪεĳ졣
  ǲѿһʷ֮ϵΪȨջؾ
ѡ٣ҪǣȨɺһȨ
ΣǵͲƲȻǽԸȨˣαѱ
ǰҲûлֱǰμ˵Ȩ̨һ
עδµ̫ˡ
  һžһһžŶѡʱЩǰȻڣ
ţֹͣڶѡٲȡѡٽһشĴ󡣶Ĵ
Ƿѡһʩ˹ԭּ˳Ĺ
ͶƱԡ֤ǵĽ飬̫ˡһڽ
δ룬ɱϵʧ߽⵽ɱ¾Ļκ
ܵġ
  ˣЩϳٵĹҺܿǼճԭͶʧ
ЩٵߴԹ춼ٲӭͷ(ʷʱľ)춡
ء춹Σ븺һɵĲʰľأⷽ棬
סһҪģһǰֻһʽҲû
ҲδṩáɹṩԼ֮ĺöһ
ʲôʲôǰԼά춾ó
뷱٣ˣҪһɹṩ񱣻вƸ
Ϊһʽһ֡ƶͬǿ
ĺͿܵġ
  ҵķչʹﵽĸˮƽȨˡ
ڷ⣬ڡ˭õʲô
õ١һתǲɱģΣһ㱻ɥ˼
ġΨ塱ԼӢʽʵеǿҹЩ
شǿˡȷЩȷʵǵֲĻʱ⿹ܵĻء
ΪֹʵȻΪһȨƶȻ
˽뾭ܾһˣǷҲ㾭óɳҪ
ڽ죬⼸ձڵľ⡣

ɵ

  ôתһ⣺Ӿ˵ɵ˻ֱ׳
شش˵һݡѧҡ˵֤ݱں缸ʮҺ
ʷϼԶƶȸΪЧغòشٽõķչ
ϣһ㣬Ȼһȫûᵽ÷չ뼼һ
ģ Ĳǹϣ߼Եĳֲ
ֲʹѧˣױȵļ޴
չйȷʵ׿ԽɳһܳʱڼϳԽ
Ȼʹ硰ִĿѧͼûĻ(ûйû
һҪӡ)ɴ˿ɼν븻ԣ֮
˴֮˵Ǵġ
  ˱˴֮˵ھϵԽԡһأݡѧ
ҡ˵Ϊʲôٽ÷չҪԭ֮һṩΪʱ巢չ
ҪĲƲȨİȫάʽƻԵ߽⣬Ҳ
ȫ˽⡰ֱŵüѥӸɵøá˶Ҳóչг
زƲȨǱΪĽۡ
  ȫ۲죬Ҽȿʹ÷չҲʹ˲Ҽȿ
뾭ƲҲоóɾһ̨塢¼¡ϳ
ԼȨල´ˡ漣У
Ӣͳµֳأޣ³ľ
߽ˣȨͳµõ˻ָ(³СĪͳΪ
漣ȴֹܷдһܷΪ)һȫ
ģǾ¶úͬչƶ¼ǰͶŷ
ھøĸǰ沢ʹ߸ѡһ棬Сƽͳµйȡ
ķ룺רƵ¾ɻ϶Уɹ˾ηġ

  ˣһԽƶ(ҵȻͬһ)ǡϵ
ʤߡһ۵⵽۵ͬг£Щ⵽
͹ѹ֮Щܵ͹ŵڴٽ
ɳõλӸУؽΪϲһҪ
һĽǣǡǡǷչʹΪҪ˷չ
ɵøòһȻɣ뱻ƶΪɵøõƶ(ͨ
ԼƣԸ)ұǿʽһ
ĿǰرҪ޲Ʋνֵһ
ʵΣգܷṹûװȥԸһΣա
  һΰᵽʷΧűʱ
䱳ҪƶǡûдȨͲ˰(ղķʿ˹һ
һֱʵġûдȨ˰ǱˣΪ
̨ʱšǮȨҲǳѽǮȨ
()ᷢǮǮȨ޵ķĿһ
ֱ(ʮͶ)Ϊ˰(ҲǡǮˡǡûǮˡ)
£ʵϳΪ֧ЧߣȻһͣ
ΪƶΪ֮ľʧȥˡȫͶƱԼ֮
Ĵӷɺתչĸҵȫת(硰Сϣֱ
)Ϊĵ̰ӣʹԤ㱣ƽȻֱ̰ʮ
ҶΪԤ䶨ƽ⣬Ͷ֧ƽһǳһ
սɾ޴һʵĽͱע⵽ˡ
Ԥ㱻μͨᣬʱ䱻ˣ⻨ѽǮӴ˳Ϊֿ
סջҵṹеҲһϵˣ
⻨ǮμҿáѡǡͶʡȥծĻôǽӡ
ˢ೮ƱͿˣһ뻵ľûһ𶼳Ϊʵ
ˣ½ǮĿǹϵشģĿǰⷽеû
ԼƽĹҡ
  ҲۿܵĲֻ֮ǿα(ھ÷)
ǮǾԵĹؼǴʽ(ṹ)ת
()ʱĿǰս
  ԭȨ嵥ЩʽȨһ˵ǲֵǮЩȨ䵽Ӧ
ᣬǱñȽֵǮˡ춲ȡֶ
˵Ӧսĸ֧һǳ֧Ǳ壬ԴĿǰ
þҽϸԤճ˵ծ
֮УĻİżǲܵģѾ̶ֳȣȫ
òɱذѴǰܱĲƷ(ǲܰѲ񸺵ŵ)Ͷ
緶Χľάֲסˡˣδǽڼ
ڽ֮ȥά־óɳȻȴ븺
Сÿ˶ϷУĳ̶ȡΪο壬ҵ뷨
Ƿǳ֮õġܵȻʲôûҪõöࡣ

һ

  һǣ޺ͷǷҪԼģʽ
ֶαͿ()Ȩʹϣǰû
ģʽҲŪΪʲôҪһͨ顢õ ơ
ǻعͷƩ˵ƶԼϹ̣Ϊ
׼ѵĶ൳ڵͽһͬһ˼ģ
һеġֹ൳Ϊ취
ʵнһ˵ģһͳεʱˡ
  һ棬ǽ־һʱǺƹ
ġɷǳͬǹɵģЩ춷ǳͬĻ
ۺͼֵϵͳҲ˵Ȼ֮СûбҪѡ
ΪΪ񲢷ԶȷģбȨ
ͬӦɱ˵ӦȨ
ԼһԼһϵ⻽಻ͬĻشЩش
Ӱʵν߶ء͸ǸʱӢ
ǫıˡǷ񽫱ǫĿͽøأЩ⣬Ϊ
ÿĹȥش
  (Ǳ׼ģƾ)ӳȽˮƽ
һ۲ڽеµ(ѧѵĴѧԴ
)ʱĻǱΪȻǱȫӡΪԿʼ
˵һĿˡʷ˵潲ģ
չأһǱ()һȨ
(άԼȨ)ġʽܷ
ɺͳȡõģȨξġݡĽҵĿ
ǰһıҪһȻ
  ˵Եóһʽ()ǿԵձ
أ(һԸҪ)żȻģĻϴ)ڶѱ
ġͰúƽͶƱѡȾʹͶƱѡٱ
ܵزְλֻ춾صģ
СƶȨҪرƸ;óɳ
еģȫΪһ̸ɽĲΣһ
﷢رǵġ