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  ˼Уӱϰնûġ˼
ľѧѧκ۶ѧΨʷ֮б
ΪֵŵĿܣΪֵŵġ˼塱
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ļѧйĽͣͼ֤չйʷ
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ܽ˼屾еҰ֮⣬˼ʵҲ
Ӧܿѧʷļ顣йҪйޣӦӸ
Ϸйͳ˼̳˵λȥ϶ֵλй
ӦΪΡ޵йһ㣬ƶתм
˼ĵйͿڵʳȥ衣


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ֱϡǲʱ硰а̡˼֮
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˼еģȴʵټҲΪ˼
Ӧ֮ޡϵҲǶ˼Ĳмһ˵ıԼ
ϵģйҪϳе
Ǹʮšʮʹӡǵ˼壬ǲܵģǴ
ϣΪˮֱ֣𷢱ڡ֮һžһ
ϵġҵ˼ۡ롰˼㡱(·ֱơġ֣
ġ)ֵһ֮ƪ۳ԡ¡ڸ֮
ֳб༭УҲȿƵϾζй˽춽ϵͳ
ءе˼һ֣صճ(ӦἰǣҲĶ
ƽġ󱯾硱(ءй˷˼)ܶġʷ
ɡ(ء֮һžº)Ҳⷽĳ)
  Ȼϸ˵֣ĵл㲢һ£һϽ
൱໥粵ġˮҲ֣Ϊ֮̾νġ
۲ס֮һˣİģظеڴӱϰ
жϣǾ̶ȲͬشĳЩͬƫӶҲʹ
еɴ˸ʹ뵽ʵҹ˽ĲѶ˼ɡ
񶨣൱̶ʵչйġ˼塱Ϊġ
֮Ϊǰġм춴һĴԣ׼ȷذ
ʷʵҲԿѧе̬˼壬ʹҸебҪʹ̹
̸̸Լļ⣬Ծͽ춶λĴǡ
  
һӦ׼ȷնΪǰ

  ֪ѧеǰǣжжȷ֮ǰ
ش䱾ϰն󣬷򣬱޵ķʸ֮ӣܡͬһɡΪ
ʽ߼ĵһΪ֪ʵս֪ؽ
֮һԣҲⲻ˱߼롰͵̶
  棬жȡ

(һ)ӡ˵ıϵܺ͡޷۳˵Ȼԡ

  ֣˼塰ܲ˵ȻԡΪأ
˼춷Ѷ͹١еһλ
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ĳʵϣһϵܺ͡Ѷ͹Ƕʵ
ʽУò
  1ƲʷḶ̌ع۲ڽ̸飬ٶһֳġġ
壻
  2ԣֻܰΪ࡯Ϊһڵġġ
˴ȻϵĹͬԡ
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ϵ˵ıʡһѶ͹۵㣬Ҫ˵ȻԱ
  ǵģ˼ʷΨۣǡǡǴзѶ͹ķʷΨۿʼ
ġ˼ҲһλѶ͹ߣͷѶ͹˵Ĵ᳹
ʷǣ˼㿪ʼ˽Ѷ͹ǴȻϵĳ
ˣԭΪһϵ֮˵̡Ѷ͹Լ
ΨйֱԲʰףҵѧ˵͹۵ĸ
Ȼˡ(Ѷ͹ѧѡϾp75)Դˣ˼еѶ͹
ץסȻˡʽʵģΪ㣻
еȴûнʷ˵һ˸е
Ŀ򣬡ԡ˵Ѷ͹ΨʱʷҰ֮
ȥ̽ʷʱһΨߡ(˹Ѷ͹¹
ŵѧսᡱѡһ߶桪°汾ע
ڶp236232233)
  ʵϣ۹˼ԷѶ͹ѧУ˵Ѷ͹ڽ
ıʹΪ˵ıʣ֮Щ˵ıʹΪıʵͷ㵹Ψ
۶ԣǺܴĽȻ˵ıʣʵڽ֮
Ϊ˵ĸݣȻǱץе˵Ȼԣ಻Ǵ
ȻݻĲֻ֤ʵȻϵȻ֮ԣ
Ȼ޴ӽʾȻĲ޴ӽ붯ҲͲܵ
֮Ϊ˵ĸˡУȻֻĸԣܾ˵ĳ
֮ΪĳܹһڸݣȻֻ˵ԣ
ɽͬЩȻݻڵĶôҲ
ֻ˵ԣ֮Ϊ˵ıʣǲԶˡ
  ֣˼Ļдι˵ıʵľ
˵ʷı˵Ȼĳʡ˼Ϊʲôܲ˵
ȻأʵʹӴ߼ϣȻ˵ıʣҲ
춡ܲ˵ȻԡΪ춷Ǳʶԣ޷ǱҲ
νʣ֮Ȼɼ˵ȻУΪ˵ı
ԣӦ֮ⲻȻΪ˵ķǱԶѣɴ˾
߼صóһ˵ȻԡȻǾԲͬ˼
Ĺ˵ıһϵܺһ۶ϣԶ֮Уʵ
˼һֱơȴԽ˼
˵Ȼԡ۵֮ȻٽΪ˼塱С

  ֮ҿ֣Ϊ˼塰ܲ˵ȻԡӦ
⡣뿴֤
  һν˵;ϵҲ͵˵Ȼͬϵ
ΪȻһݡ(˼˹ȫ42p95)
  ʵ˺Ȼ֮ʱ任һѾ
һʽʹ涨ĵȻϣΪת
ƣһ֮ϣΪıֺ֤ʵǻûữ˺
ĳ涨ͬеġ(˼˹ȫ25²ᣬp921)

  ηֱ˼ġһİ꾭ѧѧָ塷ġʱ
Ļʾ˼ذѷѶ͹Ȼ˸Լ
˸Уཫ˵ȻΪ˵ķǱԵĹ۵һԹ֮ġȻ֣
ĵһݡ˵ıʡȫоԡ˼˵Ȼԡ
ΪۻģôǴεУΣ֪ˡ

()ѧеġˡʷѧеġˡ

  ֣Уںü߷Ȼ˼˵ıʡԡ͵ϵ
˽Ƶۡر͸ѧ˵֤˼塣֣
֤ݸѧ˵ȫΪǸ
֮µľо޴ķԸࡣһۣ
ΪԵìܣ뱾ҵìܡڸѧ˵ʢ֮ǰ
Եĳͻͨ»رΪìܡһǿҵ
и׷㣬ĵһܡ˴ԼĶ
ԭʼжʷˡгһգԭķ
׸ı䡯ˡ˽Ĺ£ʵ־
Ҳĩա
  ۹ȫĵһݣǽԣ뱾ңΪ
ͬļԸеģͬʱֽзԡҡЩΪԭ
ˡơȻԡҲ⼸ԸĲǷ
ΪʵǼԵġ񡱣ܵġơֻǿ
һ㣬Ȼ˼ʷѧδ˵Ȼԣô֣ΪȻ
оٵķԣң֮࣬Ҳ߼ز˼ķ֮С
ǽΪ˵ķǱԣߣ䱻ȻԵĽ
Ϊѡһ
  øѧеġˡȥ˼ʷѧġˡ
⡣ΪѧСˡĸʷѧСˡĸȫȣ
ܶ൱ص档֪Ψһгʶ
ܵĶ˵˼άٴԱҲȻ羭ݻĲ
ҲΨһȾʶ־ʶԵĶΪ壬
һп͹۴ڵһǶԵۺϡΪˣ
ѧġĶԣҲġ׼ġʷĶԡ
ָĹ涨Ծ˵һ˼άȴԶűĿ죬ڲ
ͬķΧԳۺϡͬһˣѧУһ
ܽڻѧУһлһѧҿ
һ³´лһѧҿһĽ壻
ΪѧҽǴԲӽȥĻƵģ
ʾҲо˵ʶҲо˵ΪѧΪĶԾ
ͳͳΪʶ֮ԲźŴ̼м춴ˣ
ѧҽѧΪ飬ҾΪȻѧҲȻˣѧ
ȵһͬǴȻѧѧֽıԵʵϣ˼˵
ʶǵĴڣǵھǵʶ(˼ξ
ѧԡȫ13p8)ʱѵͼʶȻ緢չ
ʡԡ𣿿ɼѧǶɸѡҪ
źŲԽɵĻ˵˼ʷѧǶ
ֳͬľҪӦʶ˵˫ȫ
ڲͬĲβͬ˼ʶԵоͲ͡ѧƵ
ϵһѧʷѧоɹǻģȴ໥档˹˵
һһʵʵķ˼άΪеķӵĺͻѧ
˶ѵͰ˼άıʰ𣿡(Ȼ֤)ˣ
㲻ѧһȻѧ߳񿨶նȻ
ʷſѧѧеġˡȥѧеġˡһ
ѧеġˡȥʷѧеġˡҲǲġ
  ֣ļдǧʷᷢ˼ı仯Եı仯
Ǽ΢Сġ(˼ѡ񡢼ƻ߼)Ļģʽû
зı仯ķ(Сܡ־ֱ)û
б仯˼˵žýṹı仯ǵʶҲҪ֮
еġ־仯ָеЩģʽôҲ֣ͬĵ
СʵϣĲ˼˵ġͬ˵
йûйͬԡʱȴáô˫𣿡ವ
һΪ˵ݣڲʽ߽ĸԣȴԣǷ
ţ༰Ψʷ˵ΪǻĲͬʶ죬Ϊ
ı仯ʶҲӦȵȣƪ˴չ˵ˣֻϣ֣
˼һǰʵΪʲôͬа֮ģСƽԵӷİ붡
ԽİֳںĲͬĳͻΪʲôͬ
ġ֮Ѫ̫ӵ˵һֳƿν֮ɱ
ڵϰߣŭգѵǽԡ뱾ҡ
Ϳȫ͵

()ԡʸı仯

  ֣ᣬдϣ֮ì֮Ǻ
˼ġ˼֤Ϊ﷢չ仯ĸԭڲì˶
ôԵı仯ڲì˶(뱾ҡԡ
Ϊ)Ϊ仯ôԵı仯أʵ˵Ǳ仯
ݣ˿Ҳζ˵򲻲ı仯֣
֤ۣΪǱ仯ݣǱ仯ͨá
춴ˣʹ֣仯߼Ҳֻǡ
Ա仯˵仯Ա仯ϲž
Եı仯仯Եı仯Ҫͨڲì˶ŵʵ
֡˵ȵȡɴ˿ɼ֣νġ֮ì֮ܡУҲѳ


()áͶ޷Ͷ

  ڶݡ塪ѧǿ롱Ϊ˼Ĺ
ǿ룬ԴƷֵ⡣д˼
(ָһ׶εİͷ䡪ע)ļֵ۵Ļϣ
ۣͶΪġӦõͶϣûʲô⣻
ӦõͶϣЩѣӦõͶϣرǴԵ
Ͷϣȫˡ³ѸдQøٱǲ಻٣
ģҲдˡQһģһǾͺð죬Q
Ƕһ޶ģдôûʲôƽͶʱ䡣
  ߼ԣ⣺
  һʾƷļֵҪͶ˼ġǵ
ǵ˹(ϸ˵Ǵڣ˹ܣͼ)Ĺ͡ԣĶ
Ͳ˼Ӧ˹ܡ˹ǻͶֵۣͨгл
óġ֡ĸġڽȥиպ
϶⡰ۣ֡ˣ߼ìɣҪ϶
֡ô͵ͬʱ϶Ϊ֡Ƴǰ
ἴƷͶֵۣҪƷͶֵô͵ͬʱɴ˶
۳ġ֡߱ؾһ
  ڶͶֵУƷеıҪͶǴǧľͶ
гһͶֳƳͶгеɫɫƷܹ֮
ȽϣܹǾֳͶٳ³ѸдQ
ֻǾٳһ־ͶǾٳһϾ嵽پ
ΨһͶѡͶֵ۵УǡǡǴκξͶǾ嵽
ΨһгһͶˣͨĳһͶ(Ʃ³Ѹд
Q)ĲظģƷͶֵۣ֮þ
ĲɱͶĿɱԣ˵еĲ⡣Դԣ
ֵۣ³ѸQõгȥʱ޷ǻ
춻춻Ʒļֵ䴦춡춡ʱһƷ
ֵöΪǰģ֮춡춡״̬ʱζ
ǲݼֵλöȥˡǣǶ
֣Ʒļֵ۸õֵƷļ۸ȶ빩Ӧɷȵ
Ҳ
  ļддһСʱܱһСʱͶӵö࣬ôô
㸴Ͷİ취ҲУΪţУǸܼ
ġһƷĴʱֵǿЦġУ
ϢʱϢĲƸμϢļֵͶʱҲǲеġ

  ʵ춡šС㽫֮߸󡢻ɽ֮Ϊ
޼⣬һҪõгȥҪʹ֮Ϊм͵
ѰԼǰ㣬ΪмȽϵĳͶνϢ
ļֵȱŪףָʲôϢΪκϢмֵ
ǳɽӺ㡭ʱ޿̲ڷɢŶ಻ʤϢ
ЩϢ˵Ͷ̸Ͻֵ֮κ
ϢҪΪƷζѺͶ˵һƷĴʱ
ֵǿЦġʵ˻ƺˣƷļֵǰ
ͶʱġᣬһҪʡĳƷļֵ㣬
ͶֵۡĻشԼֻǣֵг۸֮ߵƽֵ
С
  ɴ˿ɼĶ˼춰ͷУǲġ
ΪһˮĲķƺӦǡ뿪
гûƷͶ֮ͶǿΪȡ
ݵͶ⡮ͶָҪͶǾֻð
ˣôһ˼ġͶȡƷеν
ֺԼ㣿߼ϿǣָҲǶģ
ֻȡƷġͷ䡱ԡ䡱
ʣ࣬Ϊ䡱Ӧ֮㺬и
ҪͶ
  
()ǹӶͶߵȫ

  µڶдִ£ֵǲеģ
ҪѧҡʦԱҪӪߺ͹ߣִײ㡣
ѧҲӪҲƸ
ϴġͱģˡ
  ʵϣķǰǰᣬ˼ţ(1)ִƸ
Ĵ쵥ˣ(2)ִײʱҡ֪˼˵ġ
ͶӶͶȸȻԹִ󹤳ĹΪģ
ȴδ춴ˣֻ֤һ˼춴Եġԡ
еͿ˵ˣʲ׼Ĩȥһ˾ηְҵ
⣬ҽʦʿʫ˺ѧ߱Ǯй͵ĹӶͶߡ
ʵϣְҵټϿѧҡʦԱִײ
ҲδػʵϸıӶͶߡĺ塣ԼʹڵʱҲû
˶˼飬ʶ˹һ˰˰꣬༴
ԼʮᣬרΪһ¼һעʲ׼ָռϲ
ʹùӶͶִʱҽ׼޲׼ָûԼϣò
ͶάִӶ˽׼ɼʹһǰ˼
춡ӶͶߡ͡ӶͶĸִʱ
Ĺнײ㼰䴴ԵͶɴ˿Ĵ˶߼ǰ
ʵڡ
  ˮۣʹϼǰһƪе
˼ʣֵѧ˵ƵСƪΪ˼ʶУ˵
:κƶǲܸͶ̵ȫֵʵϣһ
󲻽ԴͶԴĸ:һʱľۼȷͶʾ
ߣЧľӪġƼɹӦáɴó:˼ʣ
ֵѧ˵ɳ̲ϣʣֵѧ˵Ĵ춱ˡ(ءǰڡһ
žڶڣ¼ơġ)ʵе߼һޣ
Ԥһʵϲڵġ˼塱˴:һͶ
ȫֵڶĸдԴȪõġءȫ
Ȼ֪ȻټԲ⡣
  춵һ㣬ֻһ˼ڡСж춡۲
ͶǶо㹻ˡ֮ڴ˼
岢ì:Ĳ˼춵ڶ㣬ֻҪͲ
֣һʱľۼָͶ֮ﻯ̬ͨ
ָͶ־̬гͶ֮־̬ķʽͶ
(Ƹ)ΨһԴȪáֻܿ졢ȡơ̡
ܿɫһ㣬˸ее㡰ζο
ʵڷ˹ܶ˼
  ڴ˳ἰģ޷˵:˼е߼ȷʵ
ձԡ

()ʶĵڶ׶ȥʶĵһ׶

  ڴˣҲܲһĶΨ;塷С
Ϊȣ˼ǶβƷ֮ǰ͡ѾԼͷаˡ
ѾͶߵıдţѾشšġΪ
⡱ġʶʵķӳʶĶ󣬼ĴڣǶ֮
⡱۵㣬ĲġΪĻָνʵʶӴ
ڵ˼άʵʶ֮ʶĵһ׶Σ˼Ļָν
ʶʣ˼άڣʶʵ֮ʶĵڶ׶ΡȻȫ
Բֹͬʶ֮һڶ׶εĻ֣ȴΥͬһɡ
ʽԼķΣáڲ֮Ķ񶨡
ʶӳڡҲܳΪΪڣˡʶĿ壻
Ϊʶˡʶ壬Ψһһж
ɵĽɫݡʶ̬Ѿʶ۵ķƲһ
˼붼ʶĽۡΪʵκ˼붼ʶ۵ĸԴ
˵˼벻ʶ⣬˵ӰдΪӳ
ͬã˵ΪһıõġʹǡͬʡҲֻ
ȡĳһ㡣ˣ춡ͬʡп֮ܲ(罫
ӳ֮Ϊ«ĸд)Ǿ۵ˡʵ
ġΨд춡ʮ¸ǰԼʮڼ䣬ڵһ
Ӧ˼ġרΪǡо
ĸľдģ۵ǴӱԴǿʵĵһԺʶ
ڶԡԴˣΪ޿ɺǵġѧĴǿӳ
ǡˡܶԡͼøȥԽȥʡԡʱ
ʷ׶Σġᾭ̬չ
Ȼʷ̡(ʲôǡ֮ѡԼιߡ)һ
˼ʷۡ
  ðƲ⣬ĶԡΨġӡ󣬴ԼԴˮ
ǳ˼άͬһԡսⳡйй
ѧս֮һıУ񶨡˼άͬһԡһҪ÷
ӳۡáΨȥˮѧŵġ˼άھͬһԡġ
ɡĻ۵:˼άڵĹϵϣΨǴӷӳۣΨ
Ǵͬһȥġ϶ɡĻ۵ǡ˼άڲ
߱ìܵͬһԣǾ޴ӽ˫໥תⳡ۵ʱȻֻ
νĿڽСܡ϶ɡ˴¼ȴ
һֱرܶԷ֤(֤ͬһԵĵڶ壬ì˫໥ת
һ弴ì˫ԶԷΪԼڵǰΪģʣ
˵͹˼άΪڵǰ𣿡)ľ
ʵ֪ˮǹ֤:磬Ϊ˼άĶʱȻ
˼άΪǡʶ塯֮ڵǰġʶڵ
磬߱ʶ塯塣ǰȻ磬һֱ
ţȴǡ塯ΪûС壬͡壿˼ά
ͬһԵĻʵ֮Ϊɡġֱޡǲ
ģΨδӦܹ

ֵŻġ˼塱뱾ϵ˼

  й˶һʮֵ󣬼ʿڰй֤ȷ
ʵڼ塢˼塣ЩǣйΪ
˼УййɣΪ˼
ЩΪײйۻ˼塱
ԴӸǣйȺйз˼֤
ǵ˼崿ԡ
  ǡһڵġ֮еȺһ顣о
:µйʲ׼ѾһڵĽ׼ǡѾ
Ҫ󣬡һЩΪʱҪ̫ʱ
䡣һоɼʲ׼ڽ׼Ϊ׼ת䡣
ǡ˼塱ģ֤Ҳе㡰˼塱ζȴ
صй½ǰʱʱɽ׶һʷʵ
Ϊ˼峣ʶ˶֪()Ϊġʱǡǡֻ
ܲ춷⽨רĩڣ֮ڵġ׼תȽ
ƶսʤûķ⽨רƶȵһʷȤζ:Ⱥ
ǡǡʷΪ˵:ʷϣŷʲ׼ݡ޴
˰ԭ⽨ͳùȨڣʲ׼ҲҪ
ͨ˰г޷ṩġƷ編ơ򡢹
ֻϧĵּҪй˳ӦһʷƣҪƴ
ʷȴķ⽨רƶȣĽ۾͵Ȼ˼壬
ǲ۲۵ķ˼ˡ
  ˵й˼壬ŪϷʵ֪
˼еζ:Ѿ˼ˣǲǴչ
йĽ̿ȥ˼壻ǲĸ¼˽˼
ǲѵóġ

(һ)˼徭ѧѧԽѧ

  ʾ˼дŶԱūۡѹȡ
̤ߵͬ飬ԼΪһеƶȵǻߺޣϿû
Ϊ˼Щͬͷߺ޶ġ˼ȫѧ˵Ļ
㣬Ǳ֮ΪΨʷ۵ʷѧǽڸı֤ͷѶ͹Ψ
ʷѧʷռһϯѧλĿѧɹ˼
ΨʷΪ:ᣬҲͬȻһһɵͼ߼չ
Ȼʷ̡Ȼ羭ݻһ׶εĲ༴
ʷķˣǴೢһߵͶʼġ
ܲ˴˷һϵϵĹǳʼȻ
ĹǳʽӦı任ʽ䷽ʽ֮
ռԭڲϵì˶һǨ
αǨʶǨռԭӦʽıȥѰҡ
ȻǳϻۺͲϷչģзչһĽ׶ΣҪ
ͬԭӦһֱٽչǵ໥ϵìܡͻӶ
ʹֹϵԼӦᾭýṹӦϲ㽨Ӧʶ̬
Ӧĵֵضʷ׶֮ͨΪ׼ض
漯żìܡͻʵֵġݻɸʽضʵĹ涨
ֳضĽ׶ִʱ᳤ڷչݻĽ
ʱϵì˶ȻҪΪһض
׶δ⽨һϵͼʷ׶һҲͬһì˶𽥱
ĸʷ׶ȡκƶȣݻеһ
ʱ׶Ρ֣Ĵ˼ָҵһЩнԵĺڸ--ϱ
Ϊ˼ʷչиյ㣻ҲΪ˼
ѧдԵع˼δͼ˼һ
ȱ硣ʵһֻľɭֵ⡣
  ˼ľѧѧʷѧΪʯģΨʷΪ
ġǿԲͬ˼˼壬ȴԸ
ʷѧľѧѧϵָΪˡչΪ
ˡС ΪһǴΨʷ۵Ļȥ˼ľѧ˵
ѧ˵ôľѧѧбΪֵŵĿܡô
һЩ԰ԱδƲ⣬ͳ
ͳбˡЩʱΪΪƻģɿ
ġΪϾ˼һʹĿѧ
Ȼǿ϶ǷЩ˵ļֵţҲۺ߻
ߴʲôϵ飬ǱֵŻ˵ġ˼塱ȴ
뱾ϵ˼޹ϵġ
  Ʃ˵й˽磬Ǽ˼롰̡ϵǴ
˼ݻйͳµķ߿޶żͬ
ìܵйǱҲˣֻǸպ÷˸һٰʮ:
Ǵ𣬶ĸе׷ǰķ⣬˵
˼塱Ľ̵
  棬ǽῴ˵ֲǴʷչ߼Ǵഴ
ʷչƣνơ񡱡áļֵ
ȥ˼ľѧѧеԯ޵ؽ󵼵й
ǰʱ̬Ϊʱ̬ԽȥĻôֶ
йǱĬͷе˼άģʽʹ޷
˼κһ򵥵ĸ

()춡޲׼ר
  
  Ʃ˵˼ȫУûбѧǡ޲׼ۣ
ܵߵߵˡ֪չй
ָĲҾ徵ıУ޲Ǽ١޲׼רڹ컯ֱ֮
׳ģʵʩġ塢ʮ˹ֲֿͳĻع⣬
һ޸ȣԼĵн޲׼ר׷׸
Ϊ޲׼ִʾչ־𾪵Ĳбޡ
  ֪һǷΪ޲׼רΪ
˼Խʯġʮ¸ȫ˼ǴΧһ
һ궬Եڶʸᵳ׷׶ʱܲĶ
ǿɣۣΪʲάñԽʱʷ׶
о˼塱ı绤һһʮ£ġԽʯר
дһ֣ԡһ˼ᷨ춡ʮ¸
ǰϦġУΪˣרų˵ڶ档һͷ
֤˼һκţԼΪе
ĳЩʹϵ⽫֮Ϊһξʵ
˼λġ춽ңǷִн׼ڻ
׼ĶҵĹ͡ǰܾãʲ׼ʷѧҾ
׼ʷչʲ׼ľѧҲԸ׼ϵķ
¹׾֤м:(1)׼Ĵڽͬչһʷ׶
ϵ(2)׼ȻҪ޲׼ר(3)רǴﵽһн׼
ͽ޽׼Ĺɡ(תԡ)ᣬ:
˼ѧ˵еҪ֮ǽ׼ʱ˵дǲȷġ
ȷĿ˼л˼
Ϊʲ׼ԽܵĶֻгϽ׼ͬʱҲ޲׼ר
ˣ˼ߡԹȥ˼߿ĻΪҪִ
壬ȫ˼ʲ׼(һ
 P31Ϊԭ)
  κһλƫĶߣ˼ʷѧĻ˼
ܿ˼оٵеһͬ:ʷһ̣
ǴˣҲԶˣ׼ڣ׼޲׼רȵȣ
ضչԼضʷչ׶ΣԼЩʷ׶ɵͼ
ĸѡȴؽ޲׼ר˼
ǿʷ׶йȫƲ˼Ψʷۣ
˼˴⡰ֵš֣ΪɷΪʲ׼
֣漴㽫һ˼ΨʷΪԶδﵽ
޲׼רʷˮƽ͵Ϊһط˼ġ޲׼ר
(˵ǡǡΪʲ׼ܵĲ)͡ء
ڵʱĶǷʱɵȫѷӴĵ
ǷѵӦ޲׼רճ̵ġչһ
ʷ׶Ρ֮ε⣬ҿɽһ˼
˼֮߳ΪִߡˡעжԵʱڶ
ʵ俼ĻĳƺԹȥ˼߿ĻΪִߡ
еġִ֣ʵϣԱʱ˵һؽ˼
޲׼רۣ˵ؽԼġʮ¸ΪԽʯ
ȥһУöһеġйչйĹʹʷӰ죬
ж֪Ǳй֮Ϊʲ׼ġᵳʵǵ
˼˹벢쵼Ĺ˽׼̳ŲС
õᵳʣҲǵһʺ͵ڶʵļأһһʮһ
ֱһŶѾΪġʮ¸绤ȻЩ
绤УһҲûʹùڸֳϵս
˼ʷΨ۵Ļ۾ݡЩΪǱԾġĿġһ
ΪָϣŰȻʷлֳ
(ôһһԼ)ע⡱:ȫⲻ
ᾭ̬չȻʷ̡(ʲôǡ֮ѡ
ιߡѡһһ߶档P.32-33)
˵ʲôԱʱķչ·
ʱ塣˼ǼᶨƵų̸߽֮ġʹ
ǰչ⣬κ湤˽׼Ѱҳ·Ƿġ
˵ǿʱ壬˵ǿʱ巢չĲ
ˡһзʱ㷺ءɵغѸٵطչľƶȵĲ࣬
Թ˽׼ǾԵġ(ڸеֲԡѡһ
 P.54.Ϊԭ)෴أȴ˼Щһ
Ϊ⽨רߡܡĶʱ˽ơʲ׼ƶ
кͶʲ׼ʵרڡһλ(пĻ
)չνȺڡ׼䡱ѧ˵ӶԡΪ
һ塢һһִרƼȨƶȵ춨ۻʵ

  ŷйˣ֪ǰʱ徭û(뿴
Ⱥ顱еͳ:ʮǰڣҹֻע˽Ӫҵʮ
⻹ǰʽǧԪҵ͹ˣҵ͹ϵı׼
˽Ӫҵġ)ϵν޲׼רôˡʵϣֲǽ
ʱƶϵġ޲׼ר
ƱҪֱʽĻȨרڲʲάͼƾұ
Խʱʷ׶εһ˲˵ġ
  ˼Ψʷۣδ޲׼רĹƶȣǴϵ
ģϵһĻìʱзչı
ȻʱƶѾ޷һȴʹѸͷչ
Ϊǰġ֮ĽԳַչʱΪġ
  Ʃ磬˼Ϊ¶޲׼רεİ蹫羭У˼ָ
Ȩʽص:ѡƺͨ˹ơѿҪ
:Ȩǰ߷Ȩ߷ȨȨǡǡʱ
һص㡣ɼ˼ǿܾ:ʵ
˽׼ʱǽ޲׼רʽֻܽʱĻ
һΪԶʷǰֿ϶ġ뿴˼İ:
ʵʲ׼Ŀںšõȼְƶȥ
ѡƶǸΥ羫ġԴˣ˹ڰ蹫ʮһ˾һ
һָ:͹޲׼רʽ(ظ
ݰС)ɴ˿ɼڶйʱԶδĹ
Ҫν޲׼רȻûʲôʱԵԽ
ôʣµľֻȥ̳⽨רƵĻȨˡ⽨רȨ
ɡơԪʱɹΪˮޣΪ治Ϊ
Ӧ֮塣
  ǵģ˼ʱΪΣйҲڲʱ壬
էһйڸ߾١˼塱ͬȻй
㣬ٵ˼ĲҲСʵϸһ
ˣʱ壬ǰվδǶȵУǻ춹ȥǶȵ
УǰߵкжжߵΨ
־壻ǰߵкжʱ㽣ߵ򲻹Ǿʱ
ˡ˼˹Цŷ޵ķ⽨塰޲׼ʳ
衱(ԡ)û뵽ᣬʷ
չĲƽԾȻʹķ⽨ֶ桰˼塱
졣
  ʵûбչйȨΪ˼޲׼ר۵֤ʵ
֤ټ򵥲ˡΪӸϷ߼Ͽ˼еġʲ׼
ר޲׼רһΪͬȵָνġ׼
רһϵͳеģͬһƽеλָСū׼ר
⽨׼רȵȡʣ˼ԹȨĽ׼ʵĻ֣
ʷϸ̬ĻͬġȫּصʷΪ
ʷ֮һµġǵȻȫȨͬ˼ַ࣬
˼ΨʷۣǣȴȨѱ˼ĶǿȻ
ٽΪ˼Ϊⲻ˼Ʒ
񡣲Զ˼ࡰ׼רĸһ
ѧĳɫɫĸȨʽġǳй֤
˼Ļ˵ʲ׼Ҳȡ̬ʾһʲ׼ר
ʱƣǾʲ׼еһɱִ̨ѡ
Ҳ̸˼Щڵʱʱƶ൱ƽ׶ʱЩʱ
ԣйݵЩ֮Ϊ۵ǰᣬôҪ
ʣȻһʲ׼רĸУ԰ֹʽȻʲ
׼ĹʣΪһֵһоı䣬ô
ʲô߼ݿ֤ڡ޲׼רһУֻܾһ
ִһģʽóʲôݣ֤˼˵ġ޲׼ר
ǹר(ǰٷ֮ٵ˼嵳)ʲôݿ֤ʵ
һʲ׼жȥ׼棬޲׼ȴֻһ
棬κһĳֶֻܴĵжԽ׼棿ֺ
ۣʱңӵĹһζžִ׼Ŀƣ
ν塱ңӵĹһȴζžִ׼Ŀ
أһ˵ǡʲ׼ж޲׼ȴֻһ
ôΪβʲ׼һκϷؾ
ĸɱִȳڲɱĺϷԣͨϷ
أǶ춱˼޲׼רİ蹫Ҫ
˼ɱһʷʵ֪أǸ֪ԪΪ
һһԪļãʲô߼óʲ׼
ϵڵϵн׼أʵϣ
ʸȥ̸蹫磬̸޲׼רһһְλѡѡ
Σҹ涨ѡ߿ʱѡߡ(˹սԡ)
Ǵǵ֧飬ӹϯ糤峤ô󺰾ʵ
ŷǡ֮Īǵ֮Īǵǵʶ̬ʲô
˼塱˼Ѳмһ˵ġʷˮƽκ
(˼ڸѧСԡ)רƼȨ塣
  ʵй©ٳԲ˵Ļ߼Ψеó½۲
߼йǵеЩӡ˼塱ĸ硰׼
׼޲׼רȵȣȵȣֻ˼
ֻܽ䵱˼ĸеĸԭ춣
йǽ˼ᵽйʱ˼Բ
ȴ޷Ҳᵽйһϸڡʱʷǰ׶ճ
Ŀеġ׼͡޲׼רġˣʷ
ʹǵǶԡʲ׼Ľ׼Ϊйʲ׼
ġ׼ʲ׼ȫרͱΪʲ
Ĺȫרˡ˼ŴĹฯ
⽨Ȩ׼ʷλܿϧǶҪôǶҪôǵ
ʲ׼ɻ˼ַġɴ˿ɼйȻһС˼
塱Լһڡ˼塱µʵֻ˼
ŷ߼ôйе˼УҲȻ
Եò߼ˡ

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  ׼ҲһйġҲʹһ
Ҳ̸øķȨ˼ʵÿ
ǣ˼춽׼ۣǱйΪ켺(
ڲ켺)ġйġ˼塱ǵʲ׼޲
׼ضʷĿѧ岻ˣʣµȴֻǡʲ׼ǡ񡱡
޲׼ǡơһļֵšˣ˭ֻҪΥڵ
ȨɡȨ̺һģͳιȨнȨͼ˭
ͻᱻΪʲ׼ʲ׼вĻ֪ʶ
ӣյѵҲйǡԪ˧ϯӰ
ȵȡȤǣйЩġʲ׼һֻ̨ͬһ
׼Ľġ޲׼˾ĳԱͳͳɡʲ׼
ڵʷ¡ΰ޲׼ Ȼڰʲ׼
ӡǧЦϡ֮й£˭ֻҪ顰ʲ
䶷㶼ơԽԽ޲׼
йѲȥ֡׼һץ顱(ӦΪһͬѹȥ
ߵΪΪ)ˣһأҲá׼ʣǻ˸
ԵжĶҩڽκ켺
Ϊ׼ˡжϣСƽʱëʱ˵һ
ġ
  ǵģĵͬ조׼˭˲أȻ˼
Ľ׼ʲôأ˼Ľ׼ѧ˵˵
κضеضȺά򣬶ͬȺ
ìܡͻԿġֻһʽ֮ͬԵ
(ע⣺ԵɡڽԵɣȵ)ĦײЭȵ
׼
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ֹͣйũйԼиҵײǳʮĵ
ֺ統ũūһġ硱߽⣬ĸĸţΪ
ʲôӪá(͵ùҶΪ)ΪʲôƱձ顰ӡ
ЩԼʮӿʵǹϰԷ
һƺǡ񡱵(ϷġҲΥͳµ)ʽƲ䲻
һССٷ䳢ԶѡȻйĹϰʱҲѹ
ûʶڸɡ׼(Ϊйеġ׼ȫһ
£ָءҡ)ǽǱܵά
ѣܵǱʵظֺܵ΢һЩ(ڴ˳һ
£֣νġһǿҵұ֮ձԢ
еضʱµ)ʱ໥伸ûʲô(
Щ˿»һ㡰񡱸)𽥵أ򱱡Ӷȫ
ĬĬءǽšĬĬء뵳
ˡǣͶϲȥˣ½ˣԴıȣԭϺıȴڽʸߡ
ǴЩƼ򵥿ĺָУطӳй׹
ͷ⽨רƼȨϵ谭ķչ
Σв£йŲòߣй½㿪ʼ˱
ĸ￪šķ⽨רƼȨϵλʱϵ̡
ʵйϰղδʶճϸСΪΰʷ
˼Ĺ۵ԹģѵһйԷ
й⽨רȨ׼֮׼ͼʮĺ缯Ż
ʮɣʮһܻǽҲǰʮԡ컯
ۡΪ־ɻ˶ǰ˾ŵѧ˶ܵǷʶ
ʵϣЩйѧ֪ʶΡ˼һһ
Ķй㷺ķ⽨Ȩ֮Է׼ĻֱӻӣԾ
ԾĺӦѡ֮ͳͳй½Ϲܷ⽨רȨ
׼ѹȡϰйרȨ׼˼Ľ׼
ѣܲòϣֱ˾ˣЩ󶼻Զδ䡰Է
йʱϵֽ׼УһһѵΪ
ĵͷչŵ·
  ʱ硣ǰã˾˳һµĴչ
ǰ궬۹̩չ˾ĹҲչܣȥ꣬İչе¹
˾¹󹤵ȵȡִҵң򳤻̵İչ˵˾ռ
ְչܼʼ죬һǿɿ϶ģʳͻĽ
Ͷļ۸һᣬʹƷɱټΪѡƱ
òֺڶĹнײ㣬ԼֳؿӶȵأ
Ϊڼҵսв±ֻ̭ڿ˼Ѱ󽵵ͳ
İ취͸һش̼ϢѰЧʡѰ
ľ޴ʷͻǰ
չӶٽŹҵṤҵݽȻչֻǻ춾ĳ
ͻƼ׼һʽʵԻ̸СЭֺγǽ׼
ʽǰą̩̃չ˾ԱҪнϰʾԿ飬
̨ϱϵ˫ǩЭԼ丣̨ͻΪ
̸˵Ͳǽ׼()ҪΪ׼ֻδʾ
ݡսȨչйҵĹ˶Ϊ
塱ҲΪʱҺѿЩ׳ۡ
棬˼Ľ׼ֻۡҪѧеֲ
۵ĻԾͿ֪йضԽ׼ͽ׼ʵ״оԳعɽ
˼һŻ⡣

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  硰Ҳ˵˼бֵŻŪ
һչйƺֻҪϡ֣
ȻȻػɢʥġơϢһЩ෴ֻҪ
һմϡѪȣǾ䡰񡱵˫Ȼ
ʷ̶Ϊֵзһϣ
϶ 񶨵ͨġ˼ġ
ʷΨ۴ϵһ⣬һ뿪лϵĴԭ
ҲͲˡչйǵȻǾԵġơ
Ψš˼塱ǣǻǡʷ
Եǣߺƽ·һɱ˼̡(ǽ˼
ֵŻıȻ)Ľšʵ˼Ψʷۣ˼
Ľ׼ѧ˵˼޲׼ʲ׼Ľ׼Լ
ʽ޲׼ִƹȨѧ˵У߼ءһصó
ΨһĶʽĽģ˼Ǹʱ˼
ǽΪҪĶʽճϵġ
  Ϊ˼ŵ޲׼ȡȨΨһʽ
ȻҪ˵Ľۣһؽκߺƽ·Ĺ
˽׼Ϊ˼嵳Ϊͽ塱ݵ
ƶбĿԽԽСʵһط˼塣
  ʵǶ˽һЩ˼˹ڵʷ
統ʱ˵Ͷʱ䲻ǰСʱҲʮСʱʮСʱ(
ʱ̫Զοһ¡й֮һžһºء
ĻһģʱԭʼʱĲпɴ˿ɼһ)統ʱĹ
ΪȡЩͶĺƽ⵽пѹʱĹ
⵽Ⱥȷ˼ˣע磬
ŷ޴½ĸȥһİάҲɵĴɱһһ
İɱݡսڵʱŷ޴½ɼҳ㷹ȵȣ
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֪й˽ʵҲŹ춡ƽ·롰⡣
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ڲҲһЩʧȥɡ䡱ʹϧƺû
˭ڹ̸ۡй˽һкϷռ֮רĳ
йܾκƸĸšųⱩ
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ΪеȨЩµߣΪǵġʱ
֤ܲȴǡǡδùκһ˼ĻȫԲ
ݵΪЩšϷɡеĲˣڷ
˼ϣǲġеֵĵǣЩ
˼ġ۵Уδ˭վ˶
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սȵȡɴ˿ɼЩѶԱʵѡԵ(ǷԾ
ʶ)سж϶ȫжϡȻˣǴһ塢
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κοõĺϷᡣйڲĲУƺһֽ
뻺ǷϷƽֶνȻѿʵҿ
κһֲֶԳġԵġơ򡰶񡱵˼άʽ¶
Ըй˶ڽʷ׶ΣȻļֵȡ
֯еġȨɡơԪȵЩĿ꣬
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ƶеḣ˵ЩҵĹᵳǿ޹ء
ǳָ˼ġʱʵʣȴ
˼칤˽׼̨ϺϷͼʷ
ģͬǰĵ·װѡ·
ʽԲͬĵһ⣬ܲἰǣ߻һ
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