أʵ

߲ȶ





ʵ

  Դоһֱʿָ֮º
ϴ߲ʵĴĿ(¼ƴ)ҷǳˡͼ
֣Ҳǿϲ򡣿ϧĵɿȾٸС
˵(ָ)Աȱı룬һ뼴ݼٰ
(˸ɲÿһ)Сγڡšʱ⻰ȫʵ
ʱֻںصͬѧ߰ٷ֮ʮһŰְ꣬
ȱͬͬδﵽ˵屶˵Сγ
ظ췽ҹ̷ĶʱĴ˶Դ
дûгֶʡ
  ѧA.Tom GrunfeldڵThe Making of Modern Tibet(M.E.Sharp
e,1987,80 Bvsiness Park Dr.,Armonk,New York 10504øʱGru
nfeld)һͬӢŮɷ˴ĸ룺Ҫʶ
ĿеġʵΪȷ֤ǲͬġʶΣ
յġ˴ϰ춰Ѵ˵񻰵ʵܡGrunfeld 
˴ʷʵ֤Ĵǡ˵񻰡Ȼй
֣߲һ˵йҥΪ˹͹ۣ
Ľѧҵڷʵ񻰡

ʵʺڣ

  һҪ⣺ʲôʵʣĴҪ
ɡȨ˵ȨҪԾɼȨ
иµĸ߹һžŶʮ춻ʢٿĺعϵۻ˵
˲ֻۣ֪ɣҪйͳΡ
ʱ֣˺⣬ҲһܽܡеԱҲ֪
ʲô˼ֻͬô(Īˣ
ʹעһžŶʮһº)ɼֻƣʵǶ
(ϵɰȶ㷺)
  ѲضͬȨڹʷվסŵġ˹ǵĵά
ҲȨΪҪΪǿ׼Ƕϧ
ը뵼ֹѵǿȨϹ
Ҷضκ޷ϵķʵ
  شδйͶƱ֤Ҫһر
GrunfeldĻ˵ũūңЩҾũū񷢶Ⱥ
壬ɲͷ˺͸е쵼ġЩûа
ԮҲһõǵĹĶ
  ʾһŰ˾꣬μ߼Թ߾ڳο͹Ʋ
һ򣬶жٶˣҲʮˣֻмǧʾ
֤ٶ˶Ҫһ򲽽ʹ˾йͶƱһҪ
ضҲϷ˹ǵξйͶƱһҪϹ
ǿȴԡȨҲݷѡΪɼԾܾõ֤
  ҿʵԴΪ׵ĲԭΪϲʿͼ
ʧȥȨȨGrunfeldһӡѧһ߰ӡȱ
쵼µĵ鱨棺ٷ֮ʮŵΪԼ
ȥǳУٷ֮ʮΪԼȥ㸻Уٷ֮ʮеȼͥ
ٷ֮ʮĵһµȼͥûΪǹȥƶġְҵ
ٷ֮ʮĵһ˹ȥԱٷ֮ŵһְԱٷ
֮Ǿ٣ٷ֮ʮıְҵ(ˡԭעʵ
ũū)Щڿͳμšϲ׼ͻμصֿ˶
ռеıطǳ󡱡һͳֱκ⽻˵⡣
  ˵ʵǺĻڽ̵ìܸǲֵһж
ڲĻڽìܣҲ⣬Ҫ


ĸﱩ

  оĸʱ˷йɱ춲ĸʷȷ
ܴȻʷ˼򵥡֪ĸȫص췴ɶֳ
ɻɣΪȨ䶷Ϣפ֧һɣһɡΪ
ɣ֤֧һɴһפָС
ݡΤ˵Ķ̨塰ȹݡ
  췴Ҳɣܡ롰ָɳԱǲ壬
ίԱίȵؾǴָͷͷؾһִָ֧
Ϊ˴ܣָΪѹŲݵķ֯Գơ
ëϯ·ߡָ֧ϱຣĴϡ
ͬС졣
  һʷͲѿνйĸɱʵǲغ
֮ԶԼҲ˵Ժ幥йν
ʱҪԼĹңҪڽ̡ƣ֧һɴһɵľ
ʱĶݴʣʵϡԺڹضɼ̨פʱ
ߺǡѪëϯĸ·ߡ
  ȥʱ׼ѧԺĲʮǿ
ǲëϯȻɱءľɡ
ȺɮᡣظصĲȺ֮˴󲿷Ȼ
Ҫëͷϡ

йӶ

  ˵йӶСȡ(ûճ乫)ȼ۽(ͳͳ)
롰ȻԴ޳Ӷ(νء)о֡
м٣ʮָӡ˵ӲҪѿɭֵΡͷϡ
ʡ˭֪ţΪȼϵģͷǳ֪ţ
ʵ(ʹлʲܻع²ݳɳ˻ָΪйƻ
̬)ũȴû㹻ţաũʱ׼ũ
ҼҶľͷũľ(йຣľ
ú޳ٷ֮ʮľչװú)һŰ
ũũ˰˰ҵ˰ҲɹũƷ
˵ġȼ۽(ͳͳ)Ѿֹʮࡣ
  İйͶʿؽ޳Ӷᡱ˷ѽ⡣մ߼ŷ
̨˵йȥͶʿҲ޳Ӷˣ»б߼
  ʵϣйص࿪ֻͶûʷģ
ġһۺϿ蹤̡йͶʮԪҪ
Ҫũҵ޽ˮеͲɳأʾƹѧȣĿ
صũҵйũ˰ҲɹũƷũҵ
ĺôȫũãйղһǮ档йش
ѧУҽԺղһǮѧѡҽҩѣѧʳ޷ѡס
ԺѣʮⱾ⡣
  ôأǡ޳Ӷᡱɣ簢ءزǺܷ
Ƚ϶Ǹɰ(֮ʮҳ)صɰδ
ͶĿǰҪ޲ɯڲϡ
ũռ˿ڰٷ֮ʮȴ˰õĹҽǮ
ζȻֻпй(˵Ѫ)󲻹Ǳˮн
ĿǰйÿҪزʮԪ(Ͷפ)
ÿٷ֮ʮٶȵȴһǮ˰գֻйԸ
ԩͷ
  ˵ûճ乫Ӧ壬жٲƲɹûճ乫йʱ
ûйҵҵƱ֤ȯרõһ⣬Ҳû
ɻִƱ뷿ݹزƲĴ
  John F.Avedon顶In Exile From the Land of Snow(Michael 
Joseph Ltd1984Britain)һйʱӡ߾
һǧͷÿͷһٶʮƱʮͷ˵ǽӣ
ͷ˵ӣӲҡصƱȴһ
ЩƱӶһУɾʮǧԪ(һ
һ)Ǻ䶯һʱġƱAvedonɴ򣬿ɼ
಻ϴ¡Grundfeld˵ֶּƴƱֵ߰
ԪԱ˵ֵһǧһԪ
  νƱȻȫѪᾧʱƵ(
)˿ھݸԼһ򡣰͹ƣÿͷѹ˾ʮ
˵(ԼһԪ)һľ꽯ʯ̨ʱҲй
ȫңԼԪϴÿйͷϽѹʮֻ֣
ѹεķ֮
  زƱĴͷȱߣͷСĲƸ󲿷Ҳһ
걻ӡȣйûճ乫ֻʣСͷ
  (뷿)󲿷һ걻йָˡũū
ĸȥһŰַָũ˰Ӫ
زƸӶࡣ

й

  һָйءҲ˵ƿԵĻزسͻ
Ķຣġػ˵йĽЦ
һľǰຣǻ£ʡϯǻ䷼롰й
θɣ
  ĿǰְԼ(פ)ռ˿ڰٷ֮
ְԼһˣռְİٷ֮ʮ(ձһž
¶ʮ)˵غ֮
  һ˵йǻԣҿ֤ȷԡԣص
ְÿһɻغ̽һΡɳ˷ɻƱɹٷ
ȫְ()ںѧϰĲѧȥسѧϰԿɹѳ˷ɻ
ֻ뺺֮˿Ϳغ˵
  ݺձһž¶ʮձĿǰÿй񺽽
ص˴Լʮһ溣ο͵ֲм٣ΪĿǰÿ
Һοȥ(ձһž¶ʮ)
Խص񺽰ָơ۳ο͵˴Σټȥ
ְѧȥسѧϰ˴뺺ȥس̽׵˴Σ໹ʣ
˴Σÿأ򣬱йغ
֮һΪݺ˳غ̽ס
  ԭǰȥؾ̡򹤵ĺؼԱһġ
ѻǨأҲضӣһĩأĩ
ôҲôˮһӿйĸ̨ձŷ
Ҳˣ»б߼
  йǽä˿ڡд󲿷Ϊйһž
ͶʮԪ˽ʮ̽صġɣǮ׬ˣ
Զغء̨ձŷӿй˵й÷һ
̷ӿҲ˵ؾ÷١ԴǶԡйء
Ǵ𣬿͹ǶйؾõĿ
  о֣˵˽ǽ廧Ǻ˻ˣ֤
˴ؾ÷вδúôռְİٷ֮ʮ뺺
ȡͬĹкɼȨܵĹҽ빫ѽ
ἶн١ַѧʱȺ(ѧѧʱ
¼ȡֻѧһ)вũý˰ȴܹҽơѽ
ɼ˵õʵݳ˺ˡظ廧кռʵ
ĹٵȴǲռΪռعԱİٷ֮ʮ塣ظ廧ֻ
ռĹԱлߣȡάӪҵִաظ廧׬СǮ
ٵ׬ǮڰԱթظ廧ڰֻ
ظ廧׬ǵǮȴǵĹйĲ(˵
Ѫ)ҲعٰӶйصľ޶عթ
廧Ѻظ廧ΪߡӶߡÿʾҪ
ظ̵꣬ʵǺܲġ

ص

  ˽֪ŷ̺һķ⽨ƶȺڰпᣬȻȴ
ʱ̺һũūƣŵġءһǵӣGrun
feldԸʵ
  Դ˵˶ỵ̂Ű˵ºٷGrunfeldȴָϲ
ʹõһֳͷǿͶֹ֫̽ɱعԱ˰ѷ˱޴
Ҫʱٷߣڱ𴦣ǾͿ˵ǡּ⡯п
ĳͷϷ˵óȵȥǵ۾סĴָ
ʹ²УǷһȻӽһλס
˶ʮӢ˵۾ʹ²е¼ʮһλ
˵ȫɿԶȥֱۻȵˡ֤
һʮһʮյLife־⽻Ŀ
Ƭ
  ָйڰͯϰڽΪһ̸ֱ
ڽǡ̷롱ţ˵ϵ
ԭȻԼصڽ䣬ǡ䣬
ĴضȫλȻԼ̺һʲôʸҪй
ڽֿˣ
  GrunfeldָģﳣǴйѧУúｲ
˸еαΪӡȵĲѧУѧӢϵ
Ҳ뺺һûִƼʻ㣬﷨ṹҲԱִƼ
ȰĻΪβһĿƼʵ䣬һײ̲
һũҽ̲ݲѧӣ
  йɳרҵԱȥؽִʩʹִ
ȴǳΪúûˡйȥ裬
˵йͳµĲˮƽԶԶ춺ˣӡ
  йŻݣʹر˶ȹ񣬱Ȼ𺺸ɵĲ
Թ(ƽ)ǲָ˲زˣֳ塣ռ˱˻
ԣҲֻزеš
  ǿӲֱַ֧֧İ˹˶
֧䡢ˡʵĿ˶֧·˹˶
֧Īߵġ˹ذ͹롰Ӹȹָ֧³ǵ
ϰݶְ֧ݽɸŵͺն֧
ڿĿǶֶ֧ĳը뵼ֹ˹
ά˶ȴ򰵵֧ض֧ضʱ
Ծţֹ˹ǵʱǡȨҲ
ѡţô˵ô
  ֻ֮ܶҪڹйרƻ
˶ǮٺôӡַȨĻ
ǵʵ񻰣˶ΪСƽǮ
ֻǡǮǮ򡱣޴ټ!
  ǵİ취Ī춽ܴķк(פ)ͣһв
쵼йֻصĹ⽻Ȩصʮ
Э顣ǵ³Ѹš켸ǧéݣڴլĽҢ˴ĸʿ
ס棻ģȻӦòʹԩһ죬
νʵֺԹǵĶҲͿ徲ա(ۡѶ
ӦûС)Ȼ˾ݴ˵˻ȰͳµʽȨᣬ
ͲӦԩйúѪṩִһ죬ȫ
ĶҲͿ徲ա