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  Դʮսë˼ͨǹʹ
˶мĴĸ﷢ᣬѧߺͼʿë
󶫵ġ޲׼ר¼Ļġϸۺ
½׼ᷨΪĵ˹ѧ˵ᲢۣΪĻë
ͼֹ˶еɫʡµƶ׷ṫ
ƽȵҪԡȽѧҲ춸߶ë󶫷ĸ
ͼĳɷݣеĴĸԴȨı
Լĸйٵһ˽⡣磬
һžһ³дĸëͼʹơи
ٵļгɷֵһŬ(ע1)ͬйѧоĸ׫д
ʷʱҲȽë󶫷ĸɫʵһ档ѧ
Ҳܴ൱һй֪ʶѧʿë󶫷ĸԭĿ
˵ⳡķߡ쵼ë˵׷
һ棬·Ȩζһ棻ϣ
Żú̿Ϊú̿ơһ棬лɡȨ䡯ˡȨ
һ棻׷顢ܶ񣨼ν޷ޡһ棬
ʦһĵʦһ档СС
ǻһġ(ע2)֮Ԫڡë󶫡ĸ۵ĵʧ롰ִԡ
ؽһ(ע3)ë֮áദͻ˽
壬áİ취塯Ƶһϵìܣ
䡮ʧδܳװδҵͨľ
áκĻϵƶ;ëͳƫ룬˼֮
ʧͱ磬ԽеĳԽס
  Ȼͳ˼Ϊë˼ƺУ
۱Ϊĸָ˼һë˼ʱˡʵϣ
ûһִĹʵĹûͻΥͳ˼
塣ԴʼԽܶ֯һָʹ˶ʵ
ڶȡȨͽҵĹлϲûܵͳ
˼෴ĹҺ͸ѧ˵˹ֵһʵ
Ĳٵë󶫵޲׼ר¼ۣ޲Υͳ
˼һЩԭĽ(ע4)ʿᵽëĸ˼е
弰䴴ԵʱĿеĲʵͳ˼
ǼʮﹲȨĸе˹壬˹
ʵγɵġľرװ춸ֵ
ͥĳԱͷһν׼ġ塱ģ
  ˹Ҫص㣬һ춹ͨӴĹŻľ
ȫϸĿƣʵи߶ȼеĹҼƻãһ춽
׼󻯣ͨӴܾϵͳеӺ͵Ȩ
Ĳͬϵвпϴϵ˹ʽȨ£񲻽û
еõ˼Ĺѧ˵ԤԵĶϵĿȨϵƽ
ȨɥʧִͷоеϺβ
ȨȫܵҵܼӺ֧䡣ĸɲ޹ͨ
ȨָΪˡ⵽šɱֵ͹ҶԹ
ȨƱѧһƶȣparty-state(ע5)
Դʮرڶδս֮ᣬԼڹʹ
˶еλ˹ʽĵһƶе˹ִĸҡ
(ע6)ˣչʮֱ죬йִڽоĸ
ĹУҪͻƵĲ˼壬˹壬
˹ʽƶȣƶȶİͶĿơԣ
۹ִĹз˼αʱ˹屻ΪҪ
Ψһϵë󶫵ĸ˼ʱӦǣë
˼뼰ĸеʵڶ̶ͻ˹ʽĽν
ë󶫵ļ壬ڶ̶Ǵ˹򼤽壭۴
ֽǶ⣭ĸ£
  Schramë˼˹صܽΪ
⼸ԹƶȣԣͨȺڵĹ㷺
ͷչá(ע7)ȷĸνë˼ļ˴
ɼ֪ʶӺйļص㣺1ëˡ
ɡۣԹżŽ˲в򵹹żšȫ
ùŻ2ë󶫺ʵСĶȺԷ
֯ȥΡ˶ɴƶεĸĸ͸3ëᳫ
죬Եȼƶȣƶ¹ʽƽȡͨʵ
֤Ʒ˵֤۵㣺
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ѹ½׼йءɡߡʲ׼ָ
ɻɵĹ쵼ɲԼڶ
ˡ
  ëĸᳫġϼȸѹΪǰġڡ
֮£ȨƵȻ޴档καָΪë󶫺͹
ͳĻƻˣڹڻǵ⣬⵽Ⱥ
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Ȩþ»ֶ֯ᣬȫ춵һʽĹҵȫ֧֮

  ˣҪѧ۵Ҫ춣Ϊë󶫵ĸ˼뾡
żڱϲ˹һַ棬˵
˹ʽΡרΪһֱʽ

һɡ뷴Եڡɻ

  ë󶫹춡ɡʲ׼ڵڡ˵޲׼ר
¼ۺ֮һҲΪӮܹĻ͵˹
Ტ۵ʸ񡣺ʣë󶫶йĸǰʮа
ģʽչһ׹ϵԼŻеĴɲǳĸĿ
ҪƣЩëָΪʲ׼͡ˡĹŴ
Ȩϴȥ־͡ձһµһƪ
ĸҪáָ޲׼ר¸Ҫǻ
޲׼רڲʲ׼ĴǵһСʱ·ĵ
ȨɡһСʱ·Ȩͬũɲ֪ʶ
ìҪìܣԿԵìܡ(ע8)Ȼʲôĸɲǡʱ
·Ȩɡɡ򡰵ʲ׼õʲô
׼ǽë󶫵˵Ļ͵˹Ĺؼ֮Ҳ
ֳë󶫵ĸ˹ֵĴϴ֮乲ͬʵʵĵطġ½׼
ѧ˵У˹ָȨ֮ὨӴĹϵ֧
ϣݱһ֡ҹʱ塱bureaucraticstatecapitalis
mƶȣżݱΪѹ½׼(ע9)桰½׼
ĶĸȫǾ˼ģָϲһ
λʵֶ˵ľðοƵἯš˹־
ȫĹϵԵڸɲȴûж֮顣෴˹
ɲСڼ顱ɡҶֲYezhovshchinaʱ
ɲ֮֡һչʮߴѡٳίԱеһ
ʮ˴ʱķ֮Ӱǽ͸Ӫ˶ͷ̨(ע1
0)Щ˵ָأͨǡ׼켺ӡ¹ݶӡȵ
ëһʦе˹ֶǵ˹ڡ塤һ֪ͨ
һλ͸Ļʲ׼
һӡһʱ죬ǾͻҪȡȨ޲
׼רΪʲ׼ר(ע11)ɼëڷĸʱͬ˹һ
ЩΪǡʲ׼(ע12)һܽĸ
ʷԿë󶫹춡ɡ˵Լĸдɡ
ķʽԵڵġɻκξɻĸɲľ
һǶȿë˹֮ԱΪԡëΪ춡
ʱ·Ȩɡı׼м
  ȣĻݡߵĸɲɡĸ
ȴĿꡣĸǰϦΪ׵ĹŽײͳ£йѧ硢
硢ѧĳ̶ֳϵõһɣǼΪ޵ġѧ
ǺǿԱȽɵдйŴʷ̨Ϻ͵ӰԺҲ
ݳĵϷ͵Ӱ簮ưԽǿԽ
ġĳЩ΢ķʽѧߺҲа취ʵκһЩСС
ŷڽⶳʱڵѧƷҲ൱رйʹ
Ļյõһ̶ȵɶëĻɡǼ
޵ɡʼԹŽײȫϴڡһ֪ͨУ
ױʼһָЩʱ·ĵȨɡĻǶһ
ţȴǵıֽ㲥鼮̿
顢ݡƷӰϷ硢ա֡赸ȵȣӲᳫҪ
޲׼쵼ҲҪ׼(ע13)⼫Ϊ޵ĻɣҲͳ
ĸϴĵһҲΪʲôһ˶Ļ
ԭνë˼ļĸ׷ģǼ˵Ļ
ר塣Ļר£йѧ硢硢ѧ׵壬
ĸƷ
  Σᳫڡ׼ϲȡԱȽϺͻߵĸɲпָܱ
ΪɡΪɡҪ״֮һǹĴν׼
Ϩۡ˼һ㡣չʮϺ³ʼ˷˹
˶֮ᣬ˹ֽ׼󻯼οֲĽѵʹ
˶гԻ͵աչʮ֮ٿй˴ϣ
ййҪìܣȽϵì
ܡë󶫣˹һΪ׼Ӧòϵؼǿ׼
ķΧҲӦòϵ󡣸Ҫǣëͬ˹һԡ׼ˡ
岢Ǹݾ˼壬༴ԾõλΪ׼˼ʶΪ
;˼޵ԡһۣһ
ˡҡ˶ʮ֪ʶӴɡɡҡ
ԾʮйθѹѾﵽ˼Ƿ켫ĵز
ëָΪ׵ĹżڽС׼вȻ
ʱ·ĵȨɡ˱Ѿܳġ׼ˡë
Ľ׼£УرȨ֮һֱĸʱڣ
Ȩġˡϵ󣬴ġ۹塢⽨塢
ɽĸеġءҡͽɡ
׼ѧȨĸдǡɡͨܵп
Ϊ֮Ԫ˵ġëδܳͳеġṹѹ
Ӷݡʲ׼һʵĺ壬˳ֵĿռ
ʹɶĽȫΥĸı⡱ǴӸë
ûиκζ˼ԴڵȨڶʵ
һֱν׼ˡر˼ϵӡ˴Ӳϵ
ȺȺ˹ʽȨµĺϷԣë󶫲Ҫ
ϵĶִˡʲ׼ķ룬ݴǽȺ
ٴΣЩھһ̶ȵгɻڸ
ʵĶǲʵʡ˲ƵľüƻĸɲбָΪɡΣ
һ꣬ëˡԾ˶˹ģʽеһҶᾭ
ĸԤͿƵԸӵĵزǧĿǰ硣
ڴ֮ᣬΪ׵ĹŽײΪȱٱĹ񾭼ãũĳֳ
һг༴ũġһ͡Ĵɡֵע
ǣëȥйеľøĸУЩũ߹˰ʮ
ũĸĺݣйũҵôǰδеķ١ڹҵ
һ̶˾ôֶ̼ΣԴ˵̺ǿ
Ͷë󶫶Դ˴̢Ϊʱ·֤ݡν
ΨۡСʴ̼Ҫڹ񾭼Сι˧
չˣΪȫձ鳰ЦġҪĲݣҪʱ
硱ߡĳ̵ַϿë󶫵Щ˼뵹ȷ
˹ļƻԡָԾʽһֱѡǣ˹ʽļƻԡ
ָԾеĹؼҪأҲǰڸĸҪԸ
⣬ȨԾǿиԤëʽľ£ȫ
ġĸԤûмǿˡĸУë󶫾˼ָ£
뵽طĸȨԾǿԵȴǺ޼ƻĸԤ
ɵйõļƶ
  ˣëסɡϴ˶Уܵ
ЩԱȽº͡ȽϾζĸɲԭĸɲ
ΪĸƷʹȺڽȥЩĸ
ܹûʵʹõģҪë󶫹涨˵״(ע14)
գë󶫵ĸ˹ֵĴϴʽͬڶԹҹϵ
ȴ൱һ֮ڱȽº͵ĸɲϴüһɶ
ĹϵͳΪܾƣ֮йΪȫ


롰Ⱥר

  ʲôǡһʮ£йؿ졷־
һƪΪ޲׼ר޲׼Ļ£λа
ĸСԱĶĸеġ˱Ƚȫĸ
ĻУǵֹ֧ȺڵĴ죬ָ֧Ⱥڹ㷺ô
šֱۡЩʽ͹ҵĸߣһ
ĸڣȺڶȨͽ顣쵼ɲͶ󣬵
λߣʸϣȺڶ쵼ĻȨһɰհ蹫
ԭʵȫѡơȺڶԱѡԱʱѡͳȨȺ
֮䣬ڸȺ֮֯䣬ҲҪʵдôšֱ۵
ͳһʶͳһ˼룬߾˼塢ë˼롣
ȺԼԼ÷
  ĸеġҪۺͽеȨɡ
۷棬СĴ󡱣šֱۣټĸڵġ
ڽ緽棬ииҵɫɫȺ֯ⶼõë󶫱˵
ᳫ֧֡
  ڷ֮ǰӦָǣëʱ
У񡱻ȺڡĶεĶǷɵġ仰˵Ҳ˵
ϱָΪˡˣɥʧˡ񡱵ʸҲ
֮ɥʧСеȨëڡ塤һ֪ͨоʹд
ǶǵĹϵԲʲôƽȵĹϵһ׼ѹһ׼Ĺϵ
޲׼ʲ׼ʵжûרĹϵʲôĹϵ(ע1
5)ˣһ䡰ͷذܴߵһй
Ȩûзݵġ(ע16)ǵĸĴ֮㣬
롰ˡĹ֮࣬νˡ˵ѾǴش
ۿˡë˵һ仰ǣֶζĿġĸйĶ
ͬȷĿġһ棬ҪͨĴͳһʶ
ͳһ˼룬߾˼塢ë˼롱һ棬Ĵ
Ƕԡţ񡱽СС۵λߵĸɲп
⵽Уȴϸë󶫵ʶ̬ˣĸȻ
ֱǵأ˶д˶ʶ̬ȴȹȥʲôʱ
һɡֻҪǶĸʷ΢߱һʶˣὫԸ
ʶ̬רΪǰᲢǿרΪĿĵġִϵ
ɻ
  ĸбȽ˵صǶʱõĿǰɺ
βȨھ˶ĸȺ˶еȷһ
ݡɣһУĽȨҲǸͬ
桢Ҫ塢Ϊжȡ
ĸȨ棬ִƶȵҪ֮һڶսļʮУ
ƶĸ˶繤ᡢŮƽ˵ȣ
ΪҵᷢչҪǾԵ(ע17)Ƚĸ
Ⱥ˶˶ؼ֮֯ʽжԣ
ĸеȺ֯Ƿƶµ˶֯һж
жȨǷܹԼԸȥƶ˶ķչǷ
ǳֶȡȺΪĳֶģͨΪͳ
ʶ̬ݵģĸʷԴ˸˷񶨵Ļش
  ĿĸоȺ֯춺ʶִ̬
ơȺ֯ĳԴ춱ѧ߸ӵܳġ
Լ֯ĿģԼ˵Ϊ˵ɫȨ
ʱĺĴģǱɫȨ롢ëϯ
ǵĿɽȫ岻ݴǵΣë˼һж
ָʾģΪ룬ΪΰëϯǼһ
Ѫ(ע18)׷׳ĸȺܹ֯ĳ̶ֳȻĳʱ
ë󶫡޲׼˾ֵ֧ģ޲ΪͬĿս
ס֮£ĸͼжλԷ
ȡΪҪ֯⵽Ⱥ֯
ĸһĻСֻ׼췴׼ɷ죡(ע19)һ
ԡëϯ롱Ϊε֯бΪɡ򡰷Ŀ
ܣǽϣȡ޵ĺȨ档һﶬ֮ʣһ
ΪȫɫͶ췴š֯Ծڱȫء֯һ
ʵĹ˶֯ڹҵܵӺͲƽȴʱ
ͬȡͬͬ꣬ȡʽƽȵĹʺ͸
Ķһ֯ȥͶ²ţڷȥ
ͼȡ˵֮ᣬͶ˲пѹ(ע20)ĸУ
ȡΪҪĿȺ֯⵽ȡޡʵϣԱָΪ
ˡĸײ㡢ݵĹȺĸȺ֯Ҫ
ݣͬʱҲǰЩ֯һɱ(ע21)
ë޲׼Ļʵ£޲׼
ʲ׼һа׼δй쵼µĹ
Ⱥں͹񵳷ɳڶļ޲׼ʲ׼׼ļ
(ע22)ԣë󶫵ĸʶ̬涨Ⱥ֯Ŀ꣬Ҳ涨
ǵΪʽһУٷʶ̬ĶȺ֯ñ
ֶȥԸɫɫġ׼ˡһһաĻ㱨ۡ
췴꡷˵ģ췴ɣضãͳԷ
£Ǳһ׼Ʒһ׼ıҵжΪ˱ë
ϯĸ·ߣνԽ졯жԽ졯ǸԽ졯
췴ЩԽ졯жǸĴ١ÿһͬ־Ӧû
õúܡӦøϹ˵úܡĹĶ£ĸȺԵ
Ⱥݱ˴ģıж
  ˣĸ롰ศɵǡȺר(ע23)Ⱥ֯Ⱥ
˶ë󶫺͹ĸ쵼(ע24)ΪȺĹߣ˹ʽ
׼ĸġȺרеԸӵĵزʹȺܺ
鼰ÿײ㡢ÿ䡣
  Ҫָǣë󶫳һʱҪĸиԽȨһ
ĿĴﵽᣬһõȨҲջˡһʮ
й˽ʮȫ濪֮ᣬë󶫿ʼֽԾΪ
ĵġһԪ쵼ȫȺ֯ڡϡĿں±ȡĸϷ
Ⱥ֯ʷҲ˾š

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  LucianPyeĸо˵һмصۣعͷ
ĸѧǲòϣǾϣ͹۵ؿʷڼ
ĳ̶ܵйЩ¼Ӱ졣ȥˣҲˡ
(ע25)еڶëĸбֳ˼
ϡ
  еȫȫ涯֮ᣬʮĩʼë
ȫһϵбΪǡߣ֪ʶɽ
߸УũѧѧƸĸȵȡЩĳǶ
ëڷĸʱ˲֮⻹кĿ꣬༴
ȫظйᡣPyeͬһƪָж֤
йЩĿͷѧŲͬй
˵ģֻǸǰƽĹвɱĴۡ
  ë󶫵ᷢչġָʾ
һգëڸֱһ
ͼ
ֻҪûзս£ӦһѧУʹڵ
ս£ܿҲΪһĴѧУ⣬ֹ
ѧУѧΡѧ¡ѧĻܴũҵܰһЩС
ԼҪɲƷҵȼ۽ĲƷܴȺڹμӹ
ũ˶ˣʱȺڹʹԶһƬ
Ҫʱμʲ׼ĻҲԹΪҲ
Ҫѧ¡ΡĻҲҪ壬ҲҪμʲ׼ĵط
ҲҪũҵũΪ֡棩ҲҪѧ
¡ΡĻʱҲҪɼдСҲҪʲ׼ѧ
ҲѧΪѧѧʣҲҪѧѧũѧҲҪ
ʲ׼ѧҪ̣Ҫʲ׼֪ʶͳѧУ
ҲܼȥˡҵҵعԱģҲҪ

  ӱϿָʾľƺ˼Ĺ
ÿ˶ܹУȥ˿ƽɵѡ¶
ְҵ룬ʵ֮ȴǲ֮壬ʧ֮ǧ
  ָʾȷӳһ㣬ëͼв
ѡûбȥ߲ĳЩ顢ȥ£߲
£ĳЩְҵȨǱҪȥһЩڵְҵһɡ
ԼһԸȥ飬ȥһЩǲһϲҲһ
ԸµְҵʵУҪǿȡʮ(ע26)
ǰ;ˡճܵȨڲᾭܵҵ
Ԥйë󶫸鳡ë󶫵
йʹѾĿõʷʵȻ˻
˵ëĸ˼˹֮Ĺ֮ͨѧо˹ͳ
ʱѷ֣ȨҪֶ֮һǾԵؽᱣ
һָ߶ȵȫζԱ׼״̬֮С(ע27)׼״̬
һҶʵȫĿƣʹùܹʱģص
ԴȥʵĳĿꡣйԴʮëȫѧž
ζԱ̶(ע28)ڡָʾֳë󶫵
ƻǴҪйȫ»ũѧ̸иҵͳͳ
»룬ѵӵķʽѵȫ񣬹ᡣë
ȥ֮ǰҲȷġΪڽйһͼ
ȨľйرĿꡣ
  ëһ׽»˹ֵйϣյĵ¹Ҳ
йʷѧBullockڱȽ˹ֺϣʮġ족˶֮
ó˵
  ϣȥ¹սܵκ깲͹Ķнȳ
ʹ¹ʷ»øߵĵλͨڶŷµĵ
־۹;һλ˹Ϊʹ춽͵
״̬һũתΪҵңͬʱϵһҡ
ߵĿ궼ҪͨϵܴﵽȻǸ
ʷ̨ǲЩ۵ġʷΪ˵ԭǣʷѾԭ
¹֮ǰһȻǰǱɹ(ע29)ǻ
˵ë󶫵ƻֶ˹ֺϣ෽ͬ
Ȼʹ͸ϣ֮䲢޶¡йĳ
ͬɻ֪ʶӺ͸ɲԥؽëе
ƶȳ֮Ϊ⽨˹塱Ҳ춴ˡ

ġë󶫵α弰

  ë󶫵ĸ˼α塱ĸ춣ë˼м
˼ͨ߱׷ģκĸʵϣ׷
άͼǿ˹ʽĵһҶΡáĻȫơ
ë󶫿˹ֵΨһ󣬱ǡ׼ץû׼ˡ
ûסˣ˶ǿĸĿǡ޲׼ר
ֹʱ帴١ֹй˹ȥ֮ĵ·ˣĸȡ˷
ģȺ˶ķʽΪҪ׽ġˡɾĸ
ë󶫵˶ĻۻҵĻ磬ʼΧĿꡣ
˵׼Ϊ١پĿš
  ëαʶ̬ص
  ȣĸڴĿϵԺͺʹá׼󻯡
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ͼƵָϡ
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˵Ǻţ䶰ѧƫоʮı仯
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˶ص㣬Щʱ·ĵȨɡձһ
¶ʮա
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һָ붨ĹܡάִȼĹע
ԹҹԱ춸ĿĶеİַ濴ĹŽײκ
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12춱Ŵϵͳ˵ġʲ׼͡ʲ׼Ȩ˵
ʮëĸҪߡһΡʱ𲽳εģ
ʮڷĸʱ˵ޱȻϵ
13ձһʮա
14ĸ¸ҵطԡѪͳۡԼԡá˵Ⱥд˺
ȫġۡ޿ˣзǳ׼ȷĹ۲졣ڲμӱλһ
ɡ֮ᣬռдһλҶţ
ԿͷˣΪһ˽ǺġǣҾͬ
ȺԲԵʣΪʲôɾİΪʲôѧëΪʲô
ӡˢëѡĵӡˢǻƵģƺֻд˲תԡ
Ļе֮˼p.338
15ձһʮա
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ֻ췴췴ǵ췴Ǿѹǵ
߼һתԡĻоϡй
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ϲ㡢ɱԼȨ֮ĻΪԼķʽս
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ҪǡɡɡȺѾˡظ
ҡǩġ׼ˡǣȺ֯ȺѭκΪ߼
һµġȺȺμ׾ġȺȺ˶߼
ѧѧ1996ڣ
22ձžۣʮգܽعﾡ͡
һʡίԱ
23Ļ¼ᵽȺר˵ëһ
ոġë˵ĻҪҪ
֮һȺרֳʷĻ¡ţѧ
ۣ1993pp.90-91ûйԭҲûҵǣ
գлξǴĸĹ춡ù졢ءĽ
ëָʾйء
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۲ȡ˵ʵɽΪĴģȺ˶Ѿ
ˡйŴĸȡˡȫʤӦÿë󶫾
ʽȺ˶ı־ëĸʽʼ֮ǰȥʱΪֹһֱ
Ĵģƻ
27һЩѧ֡Ա״̬ǽ׶ԵĶԵģҲѧ
ΪԱ̶ȽοֶƻĽ춹
ȫ涯ԱmobilizationstageоۣμCocks,Paul."TheRa
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