ȨĻµġĻȡ


ά


  ½кܶ˲ɽ飬˾ҪѧȻ̧
õë󶫡ھǰᣬëǼĻ᲻ʮ
ʱоʵָ¹ΪֻԽ𣬲˵˵
ν֪ʶ;ٲʤ١Э飬
ġչ١ҲȷΪڶģƨĵ˶ѡ
Ϊ˷˰ĻȴӲҪҴ˵ԩ˵
޹ġҲȻš塱  
  عëƺѾʽ΢ȡеѶ
飬飬ֻһλֿȴȻڼ֡ұһλع̽ʱ
Ȼ˵ظĻĻϣĴԼˡ
˶ǵӵѣȻػȥ̸ڵæµȴֻ
ǸеЩϼҴڵˣӢûˣƶˣˣ̬ˣ
̸еġΪǡû˵Ĳ˵Ĺִ뵽
ѧĹɣЩˣõʱҪǴûθ
ôλѵֻ̫̫һ仰͸пǧȻ
һʱѾ꣬Ѿ֮·عڼһ
μӹһΰʫȺ̸ᣬڲͬϼܶ൱ѡ
ѶѾǵ֪࣬ǵëͷСˡЩ緢У
ҳеһû䣬һ޿κΣһֽɲž˵Ѿ
ʮǻǻ׷ǻܱ仯񶨡
ǻܸᡢµ
  ձΪʱյգȻȴӾϣӶ֪ʶ
׷ظеή＾֮һƬ˪һ
󺮷綼ᶶЩѣ͵ֻСţʡ
ĸˣȴûˡ֪ȥӢ̸֡
  عȲûйұҵƣ
ֳΪĻȡȥӢʱ̸ܿ
Ļȡһȳеǣҿոڡ顷
ɡ½ԵĶ̸͸һġ˼˭
ªйˡ⣬ɲע⡣

һɫʰ쵵ġĻȡ

  ȵľ£عĵһܣҺͳСŮʿ̸Ļȵ
͸һƪд£Ļȡ͸ӡƪڡ
־ڶϷᣬ»ժתءѮձĻ
ܿͷԽƪĻȡȶȲ
ȸִС־ǴӸֽǶȲϵ̸⡣˵ҵ
иСıͬӾڽŵһȫطӳ
Ļ˸ĵרƬй졷Ѿɱ̨Ͷģ
ھ
  ˵Ѿ׶ݾйһ̨ۺᣬΪ͹
Ů졷μƽաФۡл԰ʷ¿衢
١׵ȡһˣǷֱ춺֡ɡ
ϡɽȵص֪ʶꡣܶ˴ѧϴѧŮЭ
λ֮һвͶ޹˾ù˾ɶ֮һ˵
һҵѾ족ĻȣȫΪùص

  ¸ʮȻΪصȺγνĻȡһ
ȱȤνĻȣСΪ档
  һ֯Ƕ飬ϵϵľÿϿ
ʮѧУź͵Ϊλھۻᡢ۲ֻ͡
ձ
  ֪ΪһϵеĵӾи硶
¡ҹбѩй֪ಿ䡷֡ծȡ
Ļᡢ
  һ鼮֪¼ǵǳ硶 졷ԭʾ¼
ķ¼˹ǡ족׻
֪ӰӼʵй֪Ρϲ崺Į顷
֪իഺ޻ڡഺ֪൵ഺй
֪ᡷԻ͡һ֪Լͼ顶й֪
֪ȡ
  ֪һͼ飬硶йŮ֪ࡷ׼ǳŮ
ǵоȤ
  ġ֪ͼƬԡ족Ϊļ黭չ
  塢ΪĲҵѸڱУ
ҡءؾƼҡԭƼҡ˼ԺϲȡЩ
ǿҵ֪⣬ܶ໹ڽŴáƬ
  ᡣ
  СΪĻȵԸΪëȵ˺
Ѫϵ⣬ҲԼĸΪһΪ켰ͬ˸黳
塣ȷΪ˵˺ѧǿҵ
ѰѧŨĻػʶĻ˴Ⱥ͵ǰľÿŵ
ȷľɲӾĻɡ򡰿ִ
ĳ

Ļеġ塱
  
  ͼȨͬһˣ꣬ë󶫷Ļ
ʱɹ𵴣ʱʮ꣬Ȼֲһ
ȡһȤʵںҲӳ硶֮
ϾһֱڿǺƽĻ£ֻںѧûв
ȶѡ
  ½˵ģйͬˣڡ䡯͡
˫ĸгɳʮͳɹҪߡ(ձ
Ļܿһž¾գƽĻĻȶȲ)ô
ĻȾζʲô˺ܶۡɡ½ԵĶԻ
һԻ˷ų־۶һ

  ȫһѰ󣬿ֻƬؿ챾
ûпһȵ𣬿϶ôϵЩص
˵ϵЩصӭϲͬҪأʵһ
׽⣬ѪڵһضԶٻ
ȳ塣Ͽ϶ȼչ徫Ҳй׷
ǰŬ춴ǵ˸ڽԱ
ǿءǵȷʲôһ˵ʵ飬һ˵Ľ
(ͬ)
  ʲôأɺͳ½˵ĶԻȺʱ´½
ʵìܣǵĻ˵άڵʵȫ
Ļеνо񡣶Ϊַĸά
ʵǲȡģǺٸһʵֵı绤ʿΪһ
ǲӦȫ񶨵ġ
  塱⵱ȻĻĺģɵ˵Ŀ
Ժ岿ݿ϶һ˵һҪ
  һƺеôܿǰµ
ûнһͬһķ롣Ҳ

  IdealismѧϷΨ壬һ
ѧϷ塣ѧԵʵ(Realism)ֻй
˼ѧԵνΨ塣һ˵
壬˵Ψ塣˼˲ֻ
Ҫֵ˵ߵļֵȻֵȴиָģ
϶иָ壬뿪̸ֵⷺûκġϣ
ɴͽ塢ֲӵ塢˽ɷӵ壬
˼壬Ȩߵ壬øͬ
Ƕ塣һ˵ǵȼ۵ġԣκ뿪ֵ
̸嶼ʹԼ뱳ءȱҪ
ȷġ
  ֮ԷҪΪӼֵϸ
񶨹ΪɷԼǰֻлر̸ֵܼ
塣
  廹ʵ壬塣һԪбȻǶԪ
ڵġ˭ġΪ廹ʵ塢壬
һ̬ȡɸʾġһС˵ңһλʫˣ
ģʵģⲢỷỷʱѹֻ
ĳЩƷʣǲСоѧģпѧʷҰѿѧ
ҷֳĺʵɡеġ˹̹ǲ
ۣԭۺͬʲѧʷΪ
ɸֿѧƵĵ·ͷͬ۽ṹĲͬ
ɴ˸еڵ˼άɵĲͬǼȲȫ˸ͬ
һʵˣҲӦָͼ
  ڶԪеֻǣĳЩʱ߲ӰĳЩʱЩ
ʵߣռϷ硣
  ʵϣá塱ʮʮ͵
׼ȷġﻹи͵ˡʵ˽˹
ϵļȨȫʶ̬ˣʵ
˵ȻһӦʵ⡣Ǹʱڱƺ
˵ġ塱ӰȽϴʱ򣬵ǣʵһһԪ
εĻȫʶ̬ÿѾӹոִʱĲԼ־
ȫɥʧԼ־һָʾΪתơ˸Ķ
ԪѾ˸Եˣá塱ǲȷеġ½
Ļеġܶ岻һֿȵ
ʵ壬ΪάԼ档ȡֻС
  Ǹ˵飬ǷҲǸ˵飬⡣ֻ
ȨҲŻڡһҪҪƳν塱⡣Ϊ
һСšһС֪ʶӲһ
ԹеĹ֪ʶҲѾϰĹһԪ
ᣬȫʶ̬ص㡣ɳ½˵Ҫ
ȻֹͬǣȻȻǸ˵
飬飬ѾԾȥֵı绤ʿ
˻ûκα仯ʵΪ޷ģ
Ǹᣬܷǡ塱Ǹʲô֪ʶ
ӦǣоǸᣬԼĹֹ
ģʵģΪṩһЩ֪ʶϸ룬
УҪȫʵ壬ҪеԸһѵһ
ֺܻ뷨˵ȻҪһУΪάǸĹ
ߣû⡣
  
Ļ

  񶨺壬Ȼ漰ûνĻ⡣ܶ
Ϊָһë󶫹ĸһǱѹ߷ĹȨ
ūĸ(֮ʮºţ䣬δӺ⿴й
)
  ڱʱתƪ֣д£ϸҽ
һγ̸̸ĸᷨʱ˵ͬôᡣմ˵
ôҲ˵սˡҵĿҵȻҲͬĸ
  ֮ΪֻһĸΪĻУһ߳
йĻ淶ĲͬҲҪ˵γһֳ򣬾
ˡܹ۲쵽ʵ춼ûСе췴ɡƽû߳
ܡʹõԡ˼룬׷ĿûгĻķ
롣ë쵼ĻѪںһ
֡޿ˣԼ־ºعˡ޿˺عⲻ
ϵĶѡ־º֡һҲ̸ϡ޿
ҴʱдμۣǰҲһֱΪǸһ
æµ
  ÿһĻڲиֲͬĶ޿˲ҲĻڲһ
ҲԳΪгһֻ֣תһ»Ӧ
ѡȻѾӽᣬȻȴûз񶨺ἰ
ͼ
  ֣ͱߵʱ廪еΪʱ()ȻΪƽ
ӵܣȨԳ۷ǳǶë󶫣ĸԹ
޻ɣΪȨɵĽʱޡʱΪ
ĻȫҪġĻǳֵҲ̬ȣΪ
ĻѾԽҪٵ⡣Ⱥʱ֣
ĵذë󶫼±ǰϡ
  ǵʱʮˣʹǻԱǵʱԡľѺ
̬ȣҲܿȫĻĺСԣûĻ
еֻǲͬײˣͬԸˣͬԱθһ
Ļģеֻǡֲ֣һһ֣Ϻ
Ҳգ췴ɡҲնǵ͵ļȨĻĲ
ǰû߳ͼ߳ȨἰĻĸ
  ֻΪë󶫵ĻͬһĻô˵к
Ļˣֱġ˵ġܶġũġ˵ģҼ
Ҳֻƽġ
  عӦ˵߳ǸĻ˵߳ǸĻˣһ
춷ܿĶ̫٣类ؽ˼
û߳һ
  Ļˣ֪ԡ졷ѧ
ᣬʮڣһļѵȥǣ
Ĺֱ̿ҲûȫɡʵԴʮĩν
ʫ˵ƷҲܿͼһԱ׼Ʒԡ񡱵
̣Դͳν׷Ѱ籱ǰƷش𡱡桱ֻ
ʼӵԼܶΪĵġΪ־
¶дġûдʫνй񻰵ؽʾתʱ
ĻҺԵġ
  һƳ硶ֻ۾йɽΪо⣬
ԴʿʵɽⱾûκ⡣ȫһЩȨ
ĳǻõӸ˵ȫʶ̬оʽȱ
ҲȱԦϵķɽⱾȫάе
һУԶʦ棬ݱˡⱾǺ޼ֵһ
飬ǹĻɻĲɽⱾʾǣȫȱһ
ѧеоɽȣѧ˺ʿԾ
ԾѾѰһĻͼоһЩˡɽǲ
ͬնġ

ġͬ淶ĻȨĻĻ

  ȻûĻȴĻȨĻ
Ļ(ȻĻ˹ĻֻȽĻ)û
ĻԭΪʮʮĻвûдһ
ĻһĻѿ
  ȨĻһʵʶĻ
ʶֶĻ֮Ĺϵ
  κι۲춼͸ۣʶĻĹϵ漰һʶۻ⡣

  ǸѧʷģԿѧķչΪѧʷ˹Ϊͬ
ѧۣͬĿѧҵĹͬвͬ淶ţۺͰ˹̹
ۡǽڲͬļǰµģвͬĹ淶һ۲
Ǵһгġȫ½һµĹ淶Ľ淶ת
Ҫһѧ˵ԽۣܵµĹ淶г
ѧ˵Ȼ顣ʿ˶µĶ
ȫȷֻеһȥ
  ĻԶţۺͰ˹̹۵ĹϵҪӣ죬д
ĸַأǰҲΪԡ
  ȨǽĲһʷǰµ̬纺ȡ
ڡȨԴ˵ģȨͳεֶβϿᣬ伫Ȩ
ʽ֪ѹʽ(ר)б
𡣷ִĵطȫµƶȣݻе
ᡢɺδͳʶ̬һ־崫ͳľ
ԴȨǽ׼תȺڣƶ(һƣȺ
˶ƶ)ȨĴӾתƵ졣һֹȫ
⽻ߡĿǰȨ˶һƶзչÿЩƶȱ
ļȨ壬ǾͿʼռֵһƶȶȫͬһƶ
ǵĴͳɡºͳʶеĹ巶붼ܰ
ʶж·ߡ֮жϻԤԡ
  ȥרȨֻȺġεˡǼȨȴǺ
ġ˳񡱣˽мĸɱȥûһ幫Ȼȡ
˵ĵ硰㲻Ӧɱˡ㲻α֤Ȩɱ˵ת
ɹӦ÷ӵķɣȥûһȨ쵼˿Ϊ˵
ΰ󣬶˼Ը죬ԳǡʷȻ򡱵Ĺߡ
  µרǽһʶ̬ͳ֧µġԽ׼嶷
Ϊǰᣬ޽׼򴿴ΪĿ꣬ϸʶ̬͸
ǵʹͳεΪһȫʶ̬ķյ硣
  ˣȨһ淶ͬҼȨ
ѧĻԶԼصĹ淶ת
תѧ淶תٸĸʵһʵκ
Ļȷţ༰̸ǾǶԱΪάȨ
ȨΡĻĽڡԼȨת˵˵Ǳ
ӦõģǸȴǲܵġƶȻĻת϶һ
ָԵģŷתġƽȻǸ
  ȻȨֹ淶ֻڼȨشڣǽĲ
ǴʵģԼȨ֪ʶӿԽ
Ϊ׵ĸ˼ҵһЩͬԺʡ
ȻҲйĺ𼤵ԭ򡣷Ҳ˵
ͳĲǡĽⲢȨĻ͵
ɵĻǿԻԼġĻĲ첢Ļ
͵ĻС

塢ȨĻ˥еĻ

  иײˣ͵ˡˣ֪Ŀǰڴ½
ѧɡʵ˴Լм֣
  һˣʽĻ䡣Щ춼Ȩ֪ʶӺƽӵΪ
˳Ĺһ˳Ѿвɲ൱춴˵ĸ
֪ʶְƣһЩд͹˾мǳۡĻĿ
ϣΪ롱ĻȻҲжԼһ·ֵܶزഺĻ
Լͬ˵Ľ̵Щ֧Ļȡ
  ڶˣɧĻ䡣ЩȻײ尾ƽΪ
Ȼ˳ǣ½ǣ˼ѡˣֻǵ
һСеȻҲ޿κΡЩ˱һ˴ţšȡ
ߣǻе塣
  ˣ޵Ļ䡣һִӵ緢ĳޡЩһ
Сݸ߸ӵΪһԼѾᣬӸλǣһ
ԭαδξίԱֻԶ
ǿı仯ʵԼҰԽԽΪòȡġ
ߡĸʹӵѱƽӵܵĻԽԽ࣬
ǶʵһķŭʹޡǲôνĻȡ
  ˣзѵĻ䡣Ծʶ˲࣬Ǵʮĩ
ʼմ򡣲ڸзʶУ
һЩȻӰȵһЩˡڰʮ桶
졷͡ǻչʼ̨棬ڴ½Ȼʮʹ
ԵؿĴڣ춼ȨʣĻкӰ죬
ȻԸеĴڡ
  ˵뼫ȨṲ죬춰˾֮ἫȨʽ΢ʱ
ǺͼȨһµµı仯£֮еľ
ԵʴӣӶɣǱȻġһ֧γ˽
Ļȡ
  һֻɱ棬һǾͼ徫Ļ
ǶĻͺȻֻûʲô⣬һ
ᣬһĻĲֶͬѡ´ҵĸжʮĻ
ʱĳЩ֪ʶӺڶԵСƽĻܶĻ
Ļ֮ǸڲӰ죬ʵΪں
Ѿջƻ޿κεļȨл
  ڼȨᣬκһ·¡˵Ľɫ
ˣֻҪһѿͻУҪϰȻڡ
һ˵е䣬ûʲôµĶ
  ɺͳ½˶ķкܶطеġȻ
Ȼɵ˵ĶԻкܶ־ȷĲǴģ
ȴǷǳ׼ȷģΪǶо֦Ϊά
ʵΪһµļֵĻ׷󿪵ǾȻڶԻΪʵ
ǡ̸˵ģûκ˼븺󹷽У
СҲܽССɲظѧ
  ĹؼĻȵĹؼҶȻֻǡô
ҲֻǹСһ᲻ֻڡĻֻǹУ
ͣûʲô塣ɺͳ½û
κ˼븺̸һ԰ױҲ˵ǵ˼εѱƶ
ǸĿѴ׵ģΪû˱Ƿ˵
ȫԱЩ⡣
  ĻܻͷʡʲôأӦøǵŮһЩʲô
ĽѵʹǵŮõĳԵڳѵйһǳ
⡣
  һȫʶ̬ȫյᣬǵ֪ʶ;ܶ
ĺͻεġѵ㣬ȱйͳĻѵȱ
ȫ˽ʶרҵϣ춼ȨֻҪѱߣ
֪֫ʶĻˣǵõǹġֻһҶ֪ʶ
֡
  һʱӪϾͻַᷢӰ
ʵһھϡ˸Ϻ֪ʶϵĳɳγˡ
  ڵνУʧȥ˶ٱഺõԡ
һ˲κһ˲ǱĹףøõ
ǣڵֻ꣬ܣҲֻȵظŹߡֻû
καѡ翹սʱˣʱ껹᷽ܵȥѧ
ѡĳ·ѧʱûѡԼ֪ʶ˼Ȩ
޵֪ʶĻ޵ĳ·ǡʱûѡѧ
Ȩڻϣܻڡλơھϣ
ȨѹȺ̰
  ڱһЩͬѧȻ²
ûкܺõλ·õԴֻʣ½ǵũ֯һ
ЩСĹ飬Ѱ·ũͶ˵еľ
ȻڲòʳȨǴĻζ
   ϣҲʹͻҡ˺͸ĸĹϵ(Ȱ
ḸĸǵĹϵҲǶԸĸ̬)ѵĹϵʦ
ĹϵƽǸɲӵܣκظţ
ܹ֣֮е׵Ρ
  ĻеŶٺڰٿѣ
ǰжٰ࣬裡ﺮ磬ԭ¤Уϴֶ
ɲԭ籩ûıഺഺһ˵ֻһΣ
ӵƾʲôȨܾһУӦð
һѡƾʲôڻҪΪǳ޸裬½
оӽ̾Ҫ䣬ҪԼʧȥ
ഺԼʧȥԡ顢飬Ǻκε
һˣӦú׷Ȩ
  һĻ䣬һ٩٩̸Ļ䣬ǰӸҸΪһǰ
Ĵҫǻһ˸߲ҵظżȨԼ
  첻ټԴֻʹɿЦ٪塣
  ڱʱһκŮ̸һ⡣Ϊ
һѾʱˣսһһ˭Ǹ
ءʮʱҪٻʮ겹Σ¹Լ֪ʶ;ܣ
ڱġҲľǰǵʱ
ǵ´ྫһЩĽѵս
־ʶҲĲƸ
  ǰ˼һ˵Ĳдǰĵ
ǼȨйͳĵһԵһһˣ
ǳ٣ʼͼһļȨᣬԼ׷һ
Ȼֻǿʼ
  ǣʮĳЩ춴½νѧҶ
¡ġҹбѩƷȴʮѧļǼȨ
ĻʵھͿԿ϶˵ȨĻеѧ
Ǵ¹ĺ˶ͼȨѧһĻ
ʷĹȥɢһ֪ʶ;ûκμֵֻ
ܶѧѧʷѧ塣Ϊͨо˽⼫Ȩʱ

  ѾйһʼܷԼĿѺʱΪԼ
һЩĹȫܷȷʶԼʡԼ
λԼиµˡ