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߰һžʮյʮգʴѧеΪд
ɡĹѧϣ־Ϊҳ顣
ʮΪۻᣬɱ֡ϵ˴γۻ̸¼
¼߱ļɾߵķӦҪ蹫ϯ
ۻʿУС¾ά⡢âˡɡ¡֣塢
ɡ桢ޱΰ塢ФǿŻܡѩϡ˵ȡ¼
ΪΰС롣˼¼ڿʱɾڡ
      

룺ѧһ죬ھǰר
ⷢᣬЩͬͬ澭ѧѾ˴ʶ
ԸԵĹ۵˽Ϊ˽⡣ȫɵĺͿʽĶԻʱ
СʱϣܹۣΧƻ⡪дɣ롢
̹ʵسԵĹ۵㡣һʲôγɹʶ໥˽⣬
˵ķ硣ⳡ̸˭ȿʼ̸

룺û̸ȿʼ˵ɡ죬ں⺺ѧ̸
춡󡱹ϵ⣬ʵϣҶʵĳҲһָ
ѵʡӡڷ𣬻Ϊڵ룬һұرģܹд
ǰᣬҲǸĬ(Nadine Gordimer)˵ġ춲޴Ļ(Joseph Brodsky
)ľṩ˼һҪ˵һ㣬˵׿
㲻̸Ϊһң˿ǿǰġ̤·
һ𣬸ȥҲһˣӵһ̤áĳϣ
ǶսĲϰµ(W.H.Auden)ΡԢйҳĳ
һ֮ⲻôˣȻҲûпôѵġһ
Щ˹ҵˣ(Ivan A.Bunin)֮ңάҮ(M
arina I.Tsvetayeva)ܲԢʧ䣬عᵼɱάƶ
޴ĻѡάƶȽᣬȻͬ
(Aleksandr I.Solzhenitsyn)ѡѾԼˡ
ζǣᣬ˹弰˹ʫ˸ߵۣΪ
˹ʫ̫Ϊӡ˹ʫ͹ȥΰʫƷŦ
ˡ

¾λ̸ķе㲻ΪȻиȷе˼ǻ
ģԭǱȵġ˵̫ķ𣬶ұ˼
ͽ飬ԼдźȱʧҲױĽڸˡ
ϣҲ̫ˡ˵ҷĻ
ʽ
ڣҶŮҵһ⡣ʲôŮʱ䣿ǲǸ
Եľʱ䣿

棺Ůʱ䡱һִȶصĸִԵĺܶණ
˼άйأų˺ܶνšᡱĶ˵ʱ䡱
ԼȨϵֱ͵ġȼԵʷۺۣǾ͵׷ʣִԾʲ
ôԱ𣿿˹(Julia Kristeva)Ůʱ䡱ʱѭ
ԡԺֱ˼뷽ʽǲͬĶԵų
ʷŮʱ䡱ģʽܶ౻ֱʷųĶ

쿣νŮʱ䲢⣬Ůоڡڵȵȣʱĸ˾Ͳ
һΪʲôŮȨɣʷΪhistory(his-story)her-st
ory

￵˵̸һ⣬ôйѧڵȷ
ڲϵдȥϸһף˵СھƸ
Ȣ͵޹ءйй⣬ۺ̨嶼Լ
һûиԼִᣬһҵʧְȻǿþ
ʮԷʽдʮ£ûִתĻдһž
͸ʡܷҵһµԣγйѧɫ
ˡʵ塱˿Ͳˡڵйѧ
һʹеѧΪѧΪһʱһǺܽ
ǵģǶصģԣһʱԡô˵Ķһ
ıʱû淢ʲôֲܿġʱ㴴
ռ£⹹ʷûн⹹ԼΪйˣ
֪ЩǶ桰ᡱ

¾ǳĻĽǶȥ׶壬е˵󣬵
ϵζ壬ηȥ̸ĻҾøף磬˵½Ѱ
ѧǷڵʵһ߲ڶʹƷ
ҵ⣬Ļͳһ̶ȵļ̳йϵ⵱ζһЩ
ô˵Ķ棬ɵġӲϡࡷС
Ů˶Ժĸ(˵)Ҿֲ²ѧ˵к
ҿййԼĶЩࡣԼһ
ָоҶйѧƷܵòѧҵôһֿ
ȻֿвοֵǸе׫²رȽ϶ࡣ

ܲԶһ㿴ἫȨѧѾˣĴڷ
ʽжоֵµйҲǿϵУѾ
ñȽ(ΪΪ)ѧϵϵȱѧĸ˻
ᵽ˹ݶɿ˵Ʒƽ֮ǰʫǷǳ
֮ᣬдġ߸ҽѾѺܶںȥˣΪ
ȥܻſɷ˹ֻɱһֱӵҪ
ڻƷҪɥʧܶ˵ķй½µѧ
ѧҵĸǶݵġǵıȻҲڷܶƷ
ЩƷǾɸѡġЩûע⵽ģչЩѧ
ʵġѧ̬м˻Ĵڼֵô
̸⣬ҵƷҲڴ½ĹٷϷ˹ݶ
˵ƷҲǰһʵϣʲͬڵѧ
ԿģǸ˵ģҲǱеġܹٷӭġҾô½
ƣҲ̸ѧǵĹһķ֮⣬趨רҵҡ
רҵ(ȥڵ¹Ҳ̸)ʵѾƷ˹ϵֹϵһ
õ³ġٷѧԱҲҹâˣâ˲û
ǷϵҲкܶҲûǷϵЩѾϵǣ
ǵд״̬ȻҲЩǺģ
ƷԷԵƷֻ˵ǻɫشֻɫش
κһἫȨﶼ֣һСıĳһΪ
ֻĻǶһѡ

룺ǳӣ˼򵥵ԸЩйΪ⡣
ڶŷĵѧͳҪС˵ҺǵС˵ڷãй½
νġʫ衱ҲΪִʫ裬ѧϾɫʵʫ
̸ǰѧʷҷһǳ˼󣬾Լɪ򡤲޴Ļ
̸۶˹ʫ贫ͳʱһЩʫ˸ͬʱģܴ󣬵
ᵽЩʫ˺дʫ辿ڲ޴Ļʫ˵Ŀô
أһֱܺ棬ʮһֱǳߺǰʫҶͼ
ƣڲ޴Ļ̸˹ѧͳʱûᵽ̸֣
ʱ̸ֻ١ޡάҮޡʩķһ
ʫѡͬĴͳͬʱЩʫˡңФ
򡢰ȡŵ(ڵʱ̳ô죬дƷ)
Ϊͳһ֣ڲ޴ĻĴʵЩǲֵġ

¾˵ʷЩң˿˵ӣȴдƷ
˻϶ȥ˸⣬ҲϵͳĳֲҵĻ
°ɡڵµǣͬͱȽУΪ漰ٵĴ
볣ԴӦڻ⣬Ҿһ˵ѡܻ
Ʒֳֻ˳Ҫ˫صŬʹƷõ
졣Ϊ˶ڵȻֻҾûбҪȥٷҽ
Ǹÿ˶ܸӣҲáҲã׶Զһͬʱڶ
ǵĿҲͬһĿΪ׼ҵĲЩڷǳѵ
δסߣʵķػرһЩѡ񣬶ʹԼ
ࡣ˲廰ָǱ𣿡ˡ롰ƷҪֿҪǾ
̸ʲô⣬ܻ쵽һ˵ǱȡϵǺ
¡ҳ˵һľţ㴩Ҫͨƫһ
Ҫһܣ˭ܹţǱ֣֮һʵ
մȾˡսǹͬĲңʱС漰
ǻۣߺѼ֮еΪɥʧǻۡɡ㲻Դ
ָʶ̬ɫʣԽ֮⹹ЩֻҪԼøáдø
á

쿣ҽɵĻⷢӣἫȨʱĻ⣬
ʽȺƽ滯ְȺƽ滯󳡾
Ұֳɳֵĺͱֵڽʮν
ԣֱ֣вͬĻֳֵĳƽ
ģһƬʮԵĵ측͹ֳ֣Ȼ
ʷȻγɵḶ́Ҫ͹۵عۡڱַ棬˵
־ѡģѡиʶ棬ѡ
Ĳǲܻرֵܼжϣ˵ҲãǷǸȻҲ
ǷǺڼףȷʵкڰס̨죬һʲôҪжϣ
ŵɾ˵ԪԪΪʮʱֵѧ
ԪΪʲôǣʲôҪҪѡ񣬲ҪŵΪʮ
νȡƽ滯ڱϣǳϡӦϣʷߵ
һԼڵ˵໪ԼΪȷɣҾͦá
ġšдͦãһֺãûҪʲôֵжϣ˵໪
棬ôôˣҲ໪ףٲȫǣҲ׵
һ档һ󣬱ƽԭ˵ȫ˻鷿ȫѧʣҾ
ҲһָѡҲԡΪʷѡʱΪʷĳֲ֣
ǲܻرжϡرжϾ͵ûǷǺڰסҷνԪ=ѡ
ѡ=ŵ

ά⣺¾˸⣬Ҿ÷ʱһȲǴ˸񣬶Ǵ
Ʒô¡磬ЩƷԵṹȫʵĲ
û߳ɴҲоߵ˸ڿʼƷʱӦ
ߵ˸ǰ潲ڡ⣬ҲӦô˵ڵĴ̸
⣬Ϊܶʱ򾡹Ҳں⣬⣬Ʒ
ڵģ׼ȷ˵ĸᡢĻ
ɵĲоâ˺ͱ˵ʫĲͬ׷ݻȥᷢ˸Ĳ
ͬͬһỷ˵׷嶯ĲͬʫĲͬǾ
ĲͬʫоһʼʫĲͬͬ񣬲ͬ򣬲ͬ
⣬ȻŻᷢ˸ĲͬʫĲͬҪǴƷȥ
ĻϵͳȨĻϵͳһĻϵͳȨԼļֵ
ԺۣԼϵͳڵȻĺԡʷоʱǵ
ʲôص㣿ҪԼõļֵͷᣬ
⼸Ļһоŷ޶԰˾¼ķʡܶⲻ
ۡӴ֪ʶƺûôǿҡŷޣ
һ֪ʶӶۣ˵ʲôʲôΪȨ
Ļȫйģȫҵġиı
漰֪ʶӵĸ⡣˵漰˵ĸ⣬ҾöԪ
ģǴһźڶԪǡǡһ֪ʶӼɡ
Ȩһŵ̬ܹͼȨĻԿγƽ⡣
ϣʱҲ˸飬Ե(Jean-Paul Sartre)
(Albert Camus)йоʱüëһץ壬û
ϸо˼ʲô˶Ǵߣкܴ𡣷
ʱҪע⣬ءǸн仰Ϊʲôǵ
͵ش򡣰˾ᣬְǵó۷ʡ
Ƴά(Vaclav Havel)(Milan Kundera)ʵҲк
֮ͬмҵۡй֪ʶڷʡʱһ
Ұ׼ȷذ۱͵һЩŶ
ˣ˲ֻй⡣

ɣҲͬǷơ֮ڣǷڹٷϷƷɺ
дĳ߶ȡͰȫ򵥻ڻˣдԣֻ
ƷƷ̬޴Ļʫֵζ˵
/ƴдʱ̡ϣһЩ롰ơ
޹أơˣɸңԶڹٷϷƷҿ
ʲôҪʹ֮ΪһֽɣȻνٷһ飬
ٷһ־ĻﳡȻѲԹٷĿ
ͼһ£ͼܹ᳹ʲô̶һ¡ڴ˹вֿܲ
翯ڲĸĸĻߡߡ߹ϵĻȷ
ءʮٷﶼ̶ͬȵشʵ룬Ȩ͡ʹ
Ȩλ󣬴ӶγһġʧЧԵĹռ䣬
ŤͱεķʽͬνἫȨﾳҪ
֮һֵоôһԱ֮ȫԵķжأ

룺ἫȨӦһĻõġἫȨ塱
ά(Vaclav Havel)ʹõġṲ塱һǷһвͬأ
άһΪŷǰ춹ƶ̽µ
̬Ļ벿֪ʶӲΪйѽ롰ἫȨ塱ᣬ
ȷйһȨᣬһȨܲἫȨĻﾳ
ȻΪйĹҽṹܼ򵥵áȨ塱ȫ
ͬѧжԼȨĶ塣йƶеĺܶಿ
һϵļȨƶȸΪϿᣬܽй춡ĸ￪šҵ
̬ƣֳʧؼԿţҲɴ˲һԼĻﾳ


¾صѧûȤǻصϸ̸ܾ壬ڼȨ
ķʵϺ⣬̸ἫȨľ裬Ȼʱߵĺܽ
֪ʶĻȴغӡӵġ족
ĵ»һֱ˵ĳֺּͷ˵ǶԪ
һڵʱҲûô򵥡ǰûн
ˣǵͷĶ󶼲֪˭ʹˣͱѧ
ΪķȻ룬ǲҪ̫ӣάд
͸ϡŶȷָн޵ġ
ʮǵҴǴʹһͼøӵ˵
⣬û̫塣

£Ҹеһֲ졣ǽֱʽġڹ
ǽǷʽġӦֻ﷽ʽĲͬ
ΪأҪġҺͬһ㡣Լѧ
һּ򵥵ı̬һָӵĻֻ뵽ֻʵȥ
ܶйѧǾһЩȥ

⼫ȨȨǷ񱻴ҹʶҪʶ̬
һѧʽǵĸ׶Σᳬһ
죬ʱ׼ȷŵҪʷؿԼҵһ
ǵµģĻ﷽ʽܰѣܽдҲܶһ
һƬҶʲôˣԵĿǾľ
ʷؿңһʱĲӻɣ(Nathaniel Hawthorne)
Ե⣬ˡ(Mark Twain)¦(Saul Bellow)Եв
⣬ͬ³Ѹô˸ͷЭġ̨
ҡһˣǵµʱͬڵﾳڸı䡣˰Ŵ󴺣
ǻԣ﷽ʽҲת䡣ͳ˸⣬⡣һ
ﶼǣΪһֻܷܻȥǷҶһ
Ƥš˸⡣

ά⣺ͬ¾ģص򵥵⣬˵ϣ˵⡣â
ʲôмȨƶȣ֪֪ˣΪһˣȨƶ
ҵˣҾͲЭҵˣҾͷҰŮ
Ͱͱ˵ҪҪƤĽ㿴Ƥ
ǺƤһܵ͵İӷ˵ĳɳҷǴ
·ߵһġһǴӸˣԣһǴ֪ʶ׷
â˴ĸûʲô̸ۣƶȡ׷󷵻ص
ϣͱȻġ翴ĪԵ˵ƷҲǿ
Ʒ߲е߸ƶȵĿģԡṹʲô
ֶһֶȻͶƶȹвӦǿ
βĶâʹ򵥵ԣȴ𺳵෴Щ
ŻѪŪϷȴܴˣΪûʵĴӵ


֣壺˰ԽԽ˲֪˵ʲô֪޳ʲôʲ
ôȻҲ̸϶ԺʹˡϻʲôԺʹжǵȼ۵ġ
ѹ뱻ѹ֮䣬Ҳû壬Ժ
ܷԵġҵľ̸⡣ʵҲѧд
ѧʱܻ©ˡһƪŮԵѧʽֵģâ
ˡЩڱѧۻҶǲμӹģָҷֵ
·ΪҷƷ˼ֻͣǸˮƽϣҷ
еĲб壬ƭʶǸزдĶʱҲ
ϹĳһɱҪʡΪǻá
ƷĸȷǵĺϷλҲҷƷ
ΪйҪǰߵġʡΪΪ˹
ˣ㡣ֻҪڹ£˳
ȥ˵(ָʽǳԽݵ)ĿϷƷĳ
ϲάơ⻰˵úܾԡʢеԵ
кôʵеĻᵽɱųױʶ޴ʲ
ôڱ淨Ȼȥˡûʶ
͵λʵġâ˵һʫˡڹڻ
ûҾͱУΪʲôΪͬʲôϡͬ
һƪ£ڹٷϷڵ¿Ϸˣʽ
ƵĵֿôͿʼдĻܳɹҪڶ
ٶ˵ڸҶ֪ʶӶԼΪ
ΪǷǳӵġҾͲԾ֪ʶӦڵ


С֣Լķ˼ȻǺģǴһǶ
˺ѧʧǲڹٷ־ϻ߲˹Ļ
һǾãӦһϣѧϵͳ
ʶ̬Ҫ

¾ΪԼҲûƣǴ򽻵
гˣһԭҲͬ϶ѡԣ
ԣĶʹõ֮ãҲһͣ˾棬㷢
ʲôʱڶԵһ棬įĸеԵĳѹ
Դ˺ܾ衣ں⣬Ķڸʽԣ˵
Ļ⵽⣬˵˵ȥ޷˵һЩо
ԼĸоҪҲǲɡôʱȥ̸Լû
о⣬ʡһ£һûһƣ̸ʲôȨ塢
дء

쿣˾ѧʱҸ֣ݡ һԡʱһ֣ۡ
ݵģһ仰ǡйꡱ˵Ҫ
ñʰеġ塱ɾ̬ԣҸ֣кܶƣ
ҴӰ塢йԹĸﻹϣϵʱ
ڵ̬ȻѧҵҲֳĴߡ̸۵
ѧǡ󱱾塱ʵʡжоʵı֣߰ˡ߾Ҳǹ㶫
¿ͷɽѧ춹ǽʱڵһ
ġҳǸһڵ̬ʱ
ԼװҾʹ棬ԼľԼ飬Ի


ɣʹáἫȨ塱һǰЩʱһЩ֮ͬ͵ġѧ
ȡûκιϵΪһϸĻҪķ
ͽ綨ΪԵдﾳϣһֱҪʾ
дйϵĽǶἫȨ塱ϮͳȨȫṹƶ
¢ϡȵȣԱȻӵִǿþȨȻ
ڶǿܵϣȴȨʶ̬
ֱ֧ķʽ֮Ǳֳ˸ĲϵĿǣܵ
м价ڴӶʹ֮оܴĵԡùάںͲ˹ۡ
Ṳ塱ʱʹùġ㡱͡㡱˵ҵй
ܡڲͬϡҰǿἫȨ塱ĻͬһöӲ
ҵ档һϵġ㡱ҪָͳȨͳµձ
ο־ָἫȨ塱ĻԵĳڴ仰˵
⿴ԼΪĳ֡㡱ӶΪ߸ϵĿ־壬ͺ
죬߼ߵݣĻ׵Ľɫ㡱춴˼Ȼ򰵵Ϊ
д߹涨ʵﾳɱ߽磬Ϊṩһر伫Ȩʵ
㹻ɡ춻ͳȨ峤ѹµ䵭֢дߺ
װѱĻر(Ȼǿ־)Ϊѡ񡣶ν㡱
㡱öԳơǡἫȨ塱ĻԸ߽ĵڡʶ̬
̮ĵطгƣڡת족ת͡£ͨı
淢лƵľӪʽıͼгйطȵȣĶ
̼ҵʶԴΪ򣬴дĶʹʵﾳ
Ϊһȡƽ滯ѿռ䡣ΪЩͨѧĻĻη
ȫԷֻĳЩһԸ뷨νѧ
򡰴ѧżԵĵһں̶ܴҲ
롰ἫȨ塱Ļṩġ㡱Ϊǰͱġ㡱춴
ĻѹãҪ˾޴ɻþǻ
ֻþĳЩߴһѵʱһڴý֧
λʱȻҲ˵ЩǡǡҪֻþһ棬ֻ
ȷʵ׳Ϊд塣

С춼򵥺͸ӵ⣬ҾٵĸΣյ춼򵥻
缫ȨеĶԪʷȵȣͼĸԼ򻯵
춿Ƶĳ̶ȡΪֻм򵥵Ļʹڽܡӵǣ˵
ڵľ̬˸ָӡ޷ȷĶֶ
ǡǡǼȨһֱͼĨɱġȨĻǼ򵥵ġġɵ
ԵġϣάȴԵĸ̬㲻ϲж
˶ģʱԼҪϡزĶĶ
мֵνΪģɵ⣬ҲһЩ
⣬ڰ׷ɱаģȨƶаģʣﶼ
ǷǺڼס춺ԣҪ̵⣬ӦѧĻһ
ܸߵĳ߶ȡֻǲȥطʹȨƶȣΪʲôҲн
ı˵ľ÷٣пȥĸԡ

ά⣺ķâһֵ֣ͣҲһֵͣͬ
ԭΪ򵥣ǶλܶԼףҲ

Ϊվһ֮ϵġʵȨѹȣһҲ
ģһֿ֣ܾǵᣬѹ
˭ҲѲˡ㻻ʲôң㵽ŲŲ⡣Ȩ
ȶ̬ȶʵЭġôңҪٻ
γһȶĽṹô֪ʶӸһ򵥻ķй
ǳĻᣬ½ңܿǼȨľӢӡ

룺Ҳһ䣬עһһ淢ԣһ
ĸΪµִй֪ʶȻĻģ
ЩƵƵڡ顷ɽջ񡷡ҡѧ
ƷΪҡһΪҡ
ҡҲ̸ġҡɲʧ񡣽йһЩ
ѧĻı˼ЩйһһԪĻ
Ƶṹб˸̸ʱ͹˷ν֪ʶ硢
磺֤С޵ط˼(޵ط˼)
ǿصֿ(ǿصֿ)״̬(
Ĳ״̬)ЩƼʵ鼰Ƕǵı
ǵ˶֪ʶָ˵ʹԲΪ
Ƕ֪ʶһ⼰á

¾۲ҪѶԷĹ۵򵥻ķʽȴ൱ӣ
дԷֺܶ࣬εдҲûкƷٵġ
Ⱥ

֣壺ǻע⵽κγ϶ٻᵽҵ֣ƾʲôھ
˺ƷƷ˸ʶ̬֮ϵǼ临ӵģһҪ
СģҸղ˵ֻУȥױˡǿƱˡ

ά⣺â˵ĽҺӡâûκθ
ûκеʱֵ¶ȴֿı
Ȩ(ֻȨƣҰ֪ʶ;еȨ)ӭҪʵö
ԵĶȱҪʵöࡣʫ贴â˺ϣ˵д
ʫʱͲдˡûдʫҲ˵д
ʱдʫоˡƴȾợȻȻд
־䡣â˺ͶིĶʵ֪ʫԴȪʲôطֱâ
ˣʫȪˮһԶġ߶̼࣬ҲܹȪˮ
еظеʫ峺طӳʫ˵ıԡʫʱдʫ
ʣװǻƣܹһʱķպ֪ǲ
ȥʫ衣װʫ˺Ͱʫ˿ܻʹ㲻ظŤ
âˡİһֵоİʱº־򡷺
졷ĲͬصҲֵо漰ʵʫѧ
һоʱͻᷢй½һ
Ȼû˼˱һλ˼ңûʫʵ˾Ӫʫ
ˡʱͻּᷢȨƶµĻĻԡ

¾һصС̸֣Ļ⣬СԼȨһ΢
У﷽ʽûһ֮ǰѹд
ҶʹùҲд˷ǳõƷ硶Ⱥһѧʷ
һζʽеҲҪйҲǲʹЩ
ʱֵĻ﷽ʽǶǿԶͷͷǵԼƷ
ʲô˵Ķ˰Ҳ֪˭ƺ滻Ҳν
úܱ˵Ȩ廰ϵͳǲ˵ǵǰ
ϵͳȥдҲ١ЩѧƷкĸдΪ
ԼҲ߹ġЩҸ˴ۣΪƺ˼ᵽ
ϵȵȣЩҿܱƫһЩѳѵõٲˡ
ҶûʲôøС

룺λ˱μӡѩϽ˵֮һ
Ҳ˵ҾῪһСȦӻ飬ߴԵĻᡣϣ
ǿ԰Ѷķ硢̸ۣϲ

ά⣺ϣܹػԽԽܹɸĶܹ
һָĶϣ˵ϣ꡶졷
Ĵͳڵġ졷Ҳĳ˵ģǴҵġʵǳֿ϶
ڡ졷ͱâ˵˴졶졷־ʷáϣҪϿ
ԼϵȡɣȡһЩո˵
һԲȦһԲȦԲȦߵĴһЩܶһЩ

Ҽ򵥵رһҵĹ۵㣬Ҳμ飬Ϊǹٷģ
ôһ̸⣬ǷƵġҸ˵Ҳǳ
ѧϵġԿģҸ˵ı﷽ʽϵ

¾ڲһҵġȫûˡϲ˹
Ү˹൱ءͬʱڵȴʱ֣̳
ѧͳĴԾӣΪַ˹Ү˹Ϊŷѧ
˹ѧʱΪ֪ĶԼƷ
ҲһϵĳЩȱƷеŵ㡣Ҿǲ
̸Ʒ̸ôҺǲȡ̬ȡƶ£
춸˵ĴǲӦΪζģʱһҪΡӦ
֣ôҲãҲãǸ˵¡

֣壺ӦȡԽ˵Խ򵥡̸ҵһЩʡʵܽ
˾ҹάһ仰Ӱǳ󣬼Ҫʵ֮Сһ仰Ǿ
׻Ҿ仰ζǳ̡ʵǷԼȨ弸Լ
عᵽһϣһ𿪻ᣬһĳ飬뼸
ļˣμˣǶȨĳϣǱȵġȻ
ҲԽͣǻȥڶÿ˷Եĵһ仰
֧ľ飬±ߵĻǻ˵ǸļߵĳЩᷨơ
áΪֲǶԼȨһַ̬ʹΪǷ
Լ˽ķԣʵҲǶȨĿ϶һ룬
Щ˶ˣ˵һ仰ΪҪʵ֮УҲܴҵ˵
һЩΥĵĻôܿͳηʽܳΪ
ǳʵġѵ𣿲ܣ˵ǿܡ
ʵ֮СΪԼŪʲôĲԣʹ֮
УȨǿһԴڡͳǵꡣά
仰̫Ҫˣʱ̼ס仰ͱʮּˡ(˲廰
ϰļ˯ǲʵ֮У)˵һ⣬
˵һԵ⡣

ɣΪйдߣڼȨͳµĳ鹹
һдǵͯ꾭顢ܽ飬࣬һ
Ȩܼγɣߵӡͼͨд
һУһʼѰεĸʽѰΡ
ҿдı塣Ҫľβ¡Ϊӵ
һ·һݵذѼȨĿƣһĸС
ޡ뷨˵ĻƵּвľҵ˼
ΪȨĻߣͬʱҲߡЩ
ʶģƶԵѷȵȣЩûбʶ
ȫûʶ˼롢ԺΪʽİ֧䡣ΪȨ
岢ָֻЩԴⲿһĿȻġӲƶȡ˼źͱ
顢ԹȨĿŵַԼһбĳıȵȡ
һʶ̬ġƶȡһΣͬʱһѧȻҲ
Լѧ˵µͳҪǰߵĻôԶսҪ
ߣѴһ˵ͯ꿪ʼͷеʶ̬ɵġƶ
ڻƶȾн֮ƶԶΪõʹȨ弴ڱ
ıƶȣƶȱٱҲȻЧԣ
ЧԵҪ֤˵Щѱ˳ĳ񣬲˵棬Щȷ
ʵǣΪǵķߡԼȨһֱ˺ǵд
ͷǰƺƴִʫ˶˵һʢ٣һ˿
һԣпֱӿ˺ĳ̶ȡֺҵĴ
ʽ˶ʽΣֵ÷ʡڶ͸¶ֶ
ԣʫϯзֵһʵԡʫ豾塢Գϲ
ǰı˴ͿݣЩڼȨѧҲԼλõģͬ
ûеõء˵֮ĳͬϵĻ벢Ϊ
ͬǣǰֻһֻèͷӥϣÿ϶һֻèͷӥ

쿣ʮᣬдһָ˵дʮһȺд
һ뻷йϵģ㲻˵дȫ뻷ϵ
ϵڰʮֵսʽġԿʽġöԻķʽʾ
ֹϵֶԻлǰġҲҶԴۣܻرܣ
뻷ĶԻиֲͬ͵ģֶԻĻǰǷҲ
ַʽǸӵģ㲻ǱΪԻһַһ֡
áӭϣǾͲֵ
ɣͻȻ뵽â˵ӣдһдߣһʫˣɶ˵
һ⣬ȾñŤȻһһ̬
̸дɵʱ򣬲Ϊһܻܿһ
ơһʼɵԷԣʼԷϵ
ɣ̸۵ʱױӵġдʱ⡢
뼫Ȩ廰ϵͳͻԼĳͻͱȽϸӡ

¾̫Ǵ½νִ⣬ڴ½ִﾳ̸
һ֪ʶʱֵ⣬ʵûʲô塣ֻʹŪī˶˼
˵ǡܶΰƷЩӵĸ֮ǰѾЩƷ֮ԳΪĳ
־䣬ҶΧĸܣЩǿԱʶͬġ
ʹõĺܶõ˾ôģͽ⹹
Ϊ̬Դ½ѧǸ˺ж˹̩Խ⹹أд
Ʒ

룺˵һº

棺ƺܼ򵥣Ҳ͸ˡâҲһֱ˵Ϊʲôأһ
ʹһƷ(硶ûʱʱ䡷)һ˼
һŮԵĽǶ磬Ҳ뻻һ(Ա)ɫ磬
⵱ȻѡӦǵ־ԣһЩ˺ܾõĸ
ʲôǾ䰡ѧĹϵѽҲһҵһ׵Ľͣ
ɼͷ(ղᵽ)Ҳݹķsu
blime(ν׳)Ķ뿪ʱʱ˹
ܶԼΪ׳Ķϵ塢ҲԼ
׳Ƕѧϵǲϣ뷴Ȩ
ѧйͬĻΪѧġѧԡҲãԡҲã
ܾһЩҵķΧ档

֣Ľ˺ܸжˣܹһת䣬
ҪܴᵽһǡʵٲһǡϡҾ
˺дάԼġϡĴѧ
ʱǵѾܵ˺ǲڱǶĻ
ͻץߣⱾǶϵ˺дĶǲΥ
дһС˵С˵ǽһڡġһǹѧ
һֲˣڴ˰ͣ½˻Ҳϰ
ϵĿ϶ҾôҵһʶԽϣ½ٷ
ĻǿԴе۹⣬ԲͬķʽǸϵΪǵ
Ҳˡ

룺۹涨ʱ쵽ˣ˭ûԣҲһȥԷһ̸


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ǸӵģÿȨȡԼĲԡ

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