չйռ

ϯī


 


      ŷҪ巢˵ī󡱡Ĵ
ϵѡΪϯīǱй˶ս
оһɷã˼īһž춿ٿ
ϵķ̸ͬʮںٿ˼ֻԼһž
һŦԼٿй˶ǰ;ۻϼν̸ݡ


ӡġ˵ֲͬ

ǣЩѶīĸȤΪϯӰҲ
ӦԼһ򵥵Ľܡ
룺ԭֲīī֮Դҵĳءɽʡīء
һŴıСǣī֮ߡڼīũ峤ĸж
Сѧѧбҵڵһ顣һ߰
Ϊĸһѧɽѧʷϵһ׼ǰУоԺΪ
ʷרҵоһŰһоҵʷѧ˶ʿѧλҵ
䵽봴㲥ӴѧĿϵν̲ı༭һŰһ
תй뵳Уʷѧʦڴ½һдʷҪ
ִ˼Ļ˼ʮƪѧ£Ҳ
ʷо͵¹ʷоĻԱ

ǣʲôʱ?
룺һŰ¹ѧޣƻ֮ع
׼йʱ򣬷˰˾ˣҲܻع͸Ķʿѧλ˹
شѧʷרҵʿѡˣԤĲʿĵĿǣൺ
̻ľʹߡڻûꡣ˾Ҳ봴
ʻᣬ£ʻĿʵʩһйѧ
оͳġ

ǣɲ˵һ˵μ֯ľ?
룺һŰ˰꿪ʼΪŷѧ־ͨѶ׫д£йһ
רƶȣ˾Ϊ־ıί˾˱Ҳμڵ¹ĸ
ԮͿ¼ʱڡͨѶʱһѡ
ҲûһЩֹۣΪھͻ̨ûϼ
ٹ۲һʱ䡣ֱڵ¹ķֲҪｨʱҪݸļ
ҲŲ빤һŰ˾ʮһ¡󡱵¹ֲᣬұί
ֲŹΡе֧£󡱵¹ֲȻС
鸺ˡһž²μӡ󡱶ͬʮһµѡΪ󡱵¹
ϯһžһʮʮһա󡱡¹ֲϲʱѡΪ
󡱡¹ֲϯЩ⣬Ҫ׫д˴й
˶¡

ǣҼǵдٹй˾˵ĵĳ
룺ǵġһžϰʯһдˡʷǡһŰ˾
й˶ϻࡷ׫дˡ˾й˶¼ǡɵ¹
ѧ֯ά˹Ͷٳ档ͬİ桶Ů񡷵ıдⱾ
ۼҳΪой½˾˵Ҫĵ֮һһž
дˡһ꡷ڵ¹棬¼ĸҪļͱ׫д
Ĵ¼ǣΪо½ṩҪϡʮ²İ桶й˾
͵¹ѹķӦıдⱾ鱻ɵ¹ѧï
ġйļ֮С

ǣļͥ߸˱˵ԭ빲Ȩûʲôشĳͻ
ΪܵһרƶȵֱȺ˻ͬ
룺Լ۴ӼͥǸ˵ѧҵ͹˵빲ûʲ
ôޡҺμӹΪμӷ˶
ҲμˣȥμӹڣҲûʲô⡣ҽӴ
˺磬μǵøոնоʱһ߾κ
Ϣ޶ԣһЩΨ²ңҪ
ЩѧҪúö飬ͷѧʡһŰһ꣬ʱڡٿȫ顷
־ʢƽƼҲμӱ༭һʷ鼮Ŀ¼ҵ
˵һЩǽ;ѡˣڽҷ
ǲиѧоģǴбͼڴһر
ҶԴ˺ܲ⡣֮ܶᣬҲһԶĹ滮ñ
ѰҡһЩˣͼԼоӰ쵱֣ƽĸ
ں⻹ŬҾԼһĶ˵Ϊ빲
̬ͬȵһ˼Ľǽ˼
Ҳμ˵ı

ǣȻ˵ʱڹڵȽ˳Ϊһ֪ʶߣ
ѴڵĸܺͳƺҲһ֪
룺ǵȻоҵʱ򣬴󲿷ݱҵоһʮϣ
ȽСǵԱ뵳УҲĽʦֵ
뵳Уڿռ뿪ĽˣԹĸ
ȴԽԽԶˡڵУҿʦѧĵλȺܵ£˵
Уʦǡȹ񡱡ѧУļ涨ֻһѧԱ߼ɲ
ʦûʸ񿴣Զ˵ǷǳڵġУ뵳Уཨ
︻ûʣĽȴʮʮʱй
˵ʱЩҵ˼֮ԽԽеԼҪ
·չͱԼĶ˼ûΪֹϵһ˿
һ˵ǷǳʹģҾԼȥ

Ȩ±岻˵

ǣںоڡȨ塱ϻٹ򣬻д
ӦǶйȨȤƺѾˣһ
˵˵ԼҪõ˼Ҫ⡣
룺һž¿ʼҲμïֵġŷоƻй
ִתеĻ뾭áһžһ½ʱо
ƻɵ¹˾ĻΪĻ;棬ʮѧ
СҲμĻод飬һǡйȨ
塷⵱ойȨҪοͽ̿飻дˡй
½ĻˡѰʮйӰ˶еĺƽϼ
ǡ֮Ӣһܡ
      ҶȨһº͵̬ȡҾȨЩˣ
ЩҪʲôרƣ̽еһ
ԡǿ˾ȵһģʽΪǰòҪĲ
ۺʷзǳصȱݣرһŰ˾ֱ
֮Եе޵ķʸΪȨһȨп
ֵǵʱйûнȨʱǼȨᡣһרƣ
ƵĲƲƶ£ǵûʵ塣۵ѡȨһ
һԪֻעؾáĽΡáĻ
ȫչġ

ǣ˾֮ᣬȨܵٷĳ֮ᣬй½
ֳ±塣±壬Ŀ?
룺֮Ȩȷʵ˵ܵСйǰ֯
ҰƻһŰ˾ʮһνйȨΪ̨׼
ڡǡ־ϡҼǵǰȨֻǱʾ
ûйۡһܵ˺˺͹֪ʶӵУ
ʹȨ߸ебҪһƣ±Ӧ˶ڶ
йȨо۵ĹУڱΪ±塱һЩѧ
ҲйһЩͨǲ⺣±̬ȣΪһ֡С
ϣ±ΪһѧΪ±ڹڹ
Ȩʱֵνɡ͡ɡеġɡ졣ʱ
νġɡǿȨһֲԶһۣȽϲȨ
߳ıķ棻ɡȻҲΪȨһߣͼ
һʷ۵Ŀ±峯ĩʷ˵
һƶȽбʱܽȫ漱ٵıȨ֣ΪȨ
ĸҪģĸȨǸĸҪȨڸĸ춸
漯ŵγɣطᵼ¸ĸʧܡݱ±
ǿڸĸȨԴʧҪԭļܹԭ
Գ˼崫ͳΪ˵Էǳޣܴһ
ȫµ磻ҪǿԴͳأ봫ͳͬʱҲе
ɹǰʮĽ˼ĸӰ죬ͼ
ɱ˺ƻҸΪ±ԴͳΪۿܣ
һʵй½״ǸĲһִͳ
ļ̳кôּʷάƷ̳
ǵǰĴͳһ⡣

ǣ漰ԡͳ⡣ʮǷйĻͳĹ
ĻʵѾγһּǿĴͳһֲòʹس

룺ǵġ±Ϊ֮γɵĶҲѾǴͳΪҪ
ƻͳĶȷ񶨵ոѧΪͳγɵĶʷǲñ
ģѡйʷγɵഫͳø
ƷǲԵġӦĹ±Ϊ
ĻͳҲӦӦĸһѽ
ìܡνʵĴͳǡǡǷʷͳĸΪ±
ȨʵһУǺܴ

Ȩʱִй

ǣЩѧΪ±Ȩ壬뿪εƺԶ
һ㡣ղ˵йʱһֻжʱᵽȨ塱롰Ȩ
塱ʱôΪйʱʲô?
룺ȨȫȨ(Tatalitarism)һǶȫƣ
Ρá˼뵽ͳε¡νȨ(Authori
tarism)ȻһͳΣֻβ棬ھú
ɥʧ˿ơΪй½ĿǰϴһȨʱ
һûڣĻ棬ھ÷Ŀƻɥʧˡ

ǣ˵й½ƶǼȨʱȨʱֻ֮Ĺɽ׶
»һʼǵ⡣⼸йͳ߶Ŀ
ȻȹȥҲǽβ档Ȼƽմ½Ϊ
Ȩʱôһ˵ۺʵĸݺڡ
룺й½йһȨᡣйؼȨĶܶ࣬
һһо١ƶȵҪֻһĸ
棬Ρʶ̬áĻƼԼǵճУ
ÿ˶ֱһ޿ײĹȨȨԭ֣һ˹
ϣյɴ¹Ȩ塱Ҳһר壬ⷽ
ȨͬࡣȨרƳ̶ȱȼȨҪ͡Ȩ岻ͬ
Ȩ֮ͳ߳βϿǡʵһ⣬ھ
ϡĻԼ˵ճĿƣҪɿöࡣ£
ȻûиɵȨɡɵȵȣǻھ
õɷչճУǿԷͬļ⣬Ҳ
쵼ˡνġ⣬¿ʵеȨ
壬̨ʮĹȨΪϺͳҲһ
Ȩ塣й½ڸĸ￪ŵĽʮڣشı仯һžŶ
ڣСƽѲһҪı־йȨʱĿʼйȨ
ΪȨ壬ûзйȨרԣֻǸϸµר
Ȩı仯

ǣΪȷй½ΪȨʱʲôʵʵ?
룺һֱ˵սԺͲзǳش塣Ȩʱ˾
ܴĻռ䡣ڴ½䣬뵱ֶԻͨһԻķ
ʽƽ̵ĿԡԹϲķֻҲһβѡ񣬵
ȻѶǱȽϴġǻûпЩ仯Դ½ı仯
սԲߵƶܲоǰ˼룬ʵ
ûжԷҴ𺦣Ҫֻһϲ֪ʶ˼
ʱķǳͨ׵С̯ѧȴרŰҵķǳЦĶ
¶յϳ׽⹹϶ͷ̨ʱᲢû
еڰһʥׯϵһǰйһ߰
˼˶йͳɵĳܵС˵һ
Ƚϣ塣˷Ȩķڿ೰ЦǻԵģ
ʥȨԱӡֻȨʱŻᷢԴĺܶ
߽⹲ͳΣ߽⹲ʶ̬ԼճĿƾ
ĿˡȨʱĵʹĹ̸ƽȣתĺƽ
ǵϣ

ǣȻйѾһȨʱôǰȨ
Ƿ˵ΪʱйȨǿеˡ
룺Ȩҵ(ɴ¹)(ǰ)һȨҲ
֮֡йĿǰȨ壬ִĽŲûʵȨ
Ը̨塢ϺֵȨ嶼ҵġĿǰйûг
Ȩ

ǣ춹·ߺϵҪ仯ǷһҪĹ?
룺йڸĸ￪ʱ˺ܴı仯ƶϵı仯ֱ仯ķ
á廯йʶ̬ƶȣܶ
ȨҲйĴͳйһʼн˼屾
ơرëйȨӰйٶȸ
Ѹ١СƽʱᣬСƽĸĸ˼ѾԶԶ뿪壬ڵ˵
˼Ѿҵĸݡġйɫ塱
¸˽Ƶķչȡ׼·ߺͼƻ
ҵìУйҪǿĲʶ̬
档ڽйʶ̬ƶȣ
׼ƻáͷ䡢ƶȣѾʧ˥֮С
ģйĶһж˵ǿԱıԼ
ġЩΪʡĶȻָ
Сƽʱı仯Ƿʱëʱ֮ļ̳Ժԡ
Ҫǰµı仯ԱʱԼ

ƽݱй˵ĸʽ

ǣй˵ĸͨƽݱķʽй
½ʵɻǷб仯?
룺˵ȫĺƽݱйѾûʲô壬Ϊڰ˾ѾѪ
йѾǺƽˡ˵ĺƽݱ˵δ
ѪȽƽȵعɵᡣʹ˶ԣܶ˻Ϊй½ƽ
ݱǷǳѵģΪйܷһ޷Խϰܷе
ԭĹ涨(ǣЩ涨ֻܷġԡУǷзԼ
·)ݴҹȥһֱΪֲһֺƽݱĻƣ뷢
˶ʹйܷɾԭ򡱵ݣԴΪڹȡ
Գͻͻعǰᡣڣ޸ֿй½
ܷԱȵ빲ĶԱȷ
£ִ߿ܷܺѹɡҲܷҪ
ԣڶԱ̨֮ᣬлȨܷûй涨һר
ݣܷΪ̨ķ˶˿ռ䡣ʮʮ̨á
Աʱڡܷܿˣʱȡָܷ
ҲͿڽСٿմ½ԭԽԽʵʵԼ
ԽԽСë˼룬Сƽ˼붼Ѿٹйʵʶ̬
Ҫʹй½һ̨嵱ѭ򽥽ĵ·Ļ
õķչͻƵεķչŵΡ

ǣйѭ򽥽·ǽڹƽݱĿģ
ĲҾ֮ᣬֿǷб仯?
룺һžίļʱдǿԸı
ġһ仰ʱ֯¡»ϯʱ
÷ǳңʮΪԸı䣬ʮΪԸı䣬
ʮʮ塣һ֣ͨ˵ˡǿԸıġ(
ԹıлǡǿԸıġֱ
֯ϯþĽ)ӻȷʵڲϸı䡣ܲҵ
һıʼԶ?ûСǰ˵ƻáͷ䡢޲׼
ר׼۶ˣʲôǹġʡ?˵ǡһ
רȨκһרŵģŴйĻʵҲ
Ϊ˵һǲġǧټѰҹ
񵳵⵱ȻһҲΪ
һȥģߵҲһַ˵кôʹ
ݱ䡣ڼȨᣬûռ䣬ֱֻӵζԿȨʱ
ƽݱĿ󣬹ڲִŻֻᷢĳЩ˻˶
ԻϵƽķǳҪ

ǣרҵʷʷ뻻Ƕۣʷӽ
Щй˾?
룺ڶʷоУǿҸоƶȵı仯ƶȵĲ
ǶԲͬ漯ЭĽڹϣǰУͬľ漯Ŵ
ͻеҪⷢչеҪرΪЭ棬ҪƶȡӢ
ԴҲҪ˰ͻҪһЭԾ
飬ǽᡣƶȵԴһ
˵һҪʾȻһһĻ
һ桪Ǿõ桪ĲǶͻЭô
ڸˣӦʮǿϰĹϵǰǴ
˲μǻһھͬʱҪעЭעϰյľ
档ڹϰնεΪѾԽԽӰϰյ
ˡ෴οʹøãڶεԶԸĸ롣
£λڶԸĸȤҪȥойˡ
ũȵȲͬ漯ŵҪ󡣱繤˵ᱣ⣬йũĶл
⣬ũڸĸнҵΪв׼νġä⣬
ƽȵĻƶ⣬ЩȽȱѧҶȽӡ

в׼ȹıҪǰ

ǣ˵йв׼Ҳ˳µط?
룺ҲҶʷ۲һջ񣬾Ҫв׼ʷá
˵в׼ıҪ˵ǷԵġΪв
ǺƽȶķٵƶȵǰᡣһЩҺ͵̵ľ
ŷĽݿˡķչȽȶΪһв׼;û
в׼ԾͶ̨֮ƽûʲôѪ
ͻҲΪ̨ǿв׼̨УΪԼ
׼ռٷ֮ʮңһܸߵıʷ۲ҵõһ
ǣв׼ƶȶչ

ǣв׼ΪһѧĸԴƽٵָ綨
й½ľݾʲô?
룺в׼ҪԳ˵ܶһᵽв׼Ȼ뵽
ĿǰЩ޸ĲСʷ»֮ࡣʵв׼еȵ
ȺǾ޸ڵһЩ󡱣Ѿв׼ˡ
綨йһһЩ벻ܽԹ
һʲǺܸߵĹԱʹѵͼ۵סԴ
ռУҲһ롣ԣǽ½в׼ΪԴ
ռдеˮ׼ˡȺ˾ͺܶ࣬е
٣ߵѧУĸ߼ְƽԱְҵߣȽϷĸ幤ҵߣʼ
ҵеһְˡȺǧҡȺ壬
ڸĸ￪ʱųɳģ׳

ǣǳں⣬Թڵ䶯״һȷ˽⡣˵
йġв׼ھչһʲô״̬Ǹʲô
Щжϵ?
룺ͽѶͽƵ˵ںҲ˽йֻ
ȱĸܶѡв׼ǰйûеģǰйһ
ƶᡣĸĲ࣬һͳμȨϽǮ
γµĹʱ׼һǹ˴ƶ֮С⣬
ǻҪһмĲΡ׼ȽȶȽϱأвƲȽϸ
ΣҲ׷ΪȨܵйȨĵѣǼһ
Լ˽вƲı綨Ȩķɡڰ˾ǿԿ
Ͷ֧ˣǸҪעһȺȺдġǰӰ
ҹļءᵽġʲ׼ʵϾ˵в׼
ȺѾʶ׼ġΣԡϣǶв׼о
ոտʼԭҲԴͳơв׼
ǵоҪԭ

ҪսԵ

ǣٻص˵Ŀڵĵ¹˻һֱǺ
صġ
룺¹һʼñȽϺãϵһҷֲһ
ʵڹҷΧеϡʱںˡ¹ģʽ˵
ܶŷҵʿ¹һָд˵һֲݸʽ
ˣҪѧȽˣȽԣ໥֮ٷ
ôǡɻ꡷¹ֲĻؿʼ
һֱֵڡҲ֪˵¹ûҵ֯Ŀ
ġ¹ϵҲǱȽϽܵġѧڹҵ
ѧ硢Žй㷺ϵ¹ᣬ⽻һЩݵ
ҲйϵһЩйȨϣǹע⽻ϵĽ顣
ȥйǰҲȡǵƶԻʱҲ
ѯ໥żܶ࣬жڵĻ档Ƕڳİ־
ٶݣṩ¹ᣬѧҺ˺ܺõá

ǣڲҪļƶĿǰԣں˵
ҪսԲϣΪЩֵ?
룺ԴһŰ˾Ϊ¹ֲ׫дİУΪ
˴֪ͨԡļšƻȵȡ˵˵ս
ΪشĵӦ÷˵ĳͳӦһַ
Ӷܲ˶˾ͲɹΪˣǱͲ˵ķ
ǿѡҲֿͬ: ѹԽأԽǿҡκһѹ
ƽá찲ɱ¼ʹйʮ
ûˡǹѪܻһСˣҪס󲿷ˡ
ѹɵʱ򣬷ֻ෴˵ĸĿ˵ĸ
ǵ˸ܶ˴ѣǾΥǵּ⣬ǵһ
ҪϰյճϵҪ⡢⣬Ҫ
в׼ˡũ档ֻڹĵʵ⣬ڲŻ
ˣŻһֳĿںűһֶԱ֯ҪΪ
Ĵˡ

ǣӺ߹ڵ˵Ļռչ˵ǷҲ?
룺ǰ˼·˼⣬ǿԽעβתƵá
ᡢĻ档ڼȨʱûлĿռ䣬ֻдͻ
ƣβ¸ҵ뼫ȨͳζԿֶԿҪ˵񣬲
Ҫкܴߺ͹ѣϾ׷ǺٵġȨ
ʱиĻռ䣬ԴӰΣõΪ
˴»ھϡĻͻƣչйв׼˵
ãûƶиơѰҰЭᡱ㡢ʵС
֯չ춹ٷᡣ

ǣΪдһָ·ߣ˵·˺ˡ
Ĺ۵춱Ƚϵ͵ġ塱Դˣʲô?
룺Ҳ˵ֶ˸ѣҲѿЦ˵Ҫչ
˴ս۲ȱ٣Ҫ۶ȥ¡вͬ
Ȼ϶Ԫ峱˵ķչҲкô˺Ҫ߰
ڵѶǽںҪһЩġĻڵ
ܽº͵Ļлռ䡣͹ڵ˲ͬһô
ɻʲô?ԣҺЩΪǡ塱ѡû
ǵļûСº͡塱ɴڵɡ
      ˵ºûʲôãʿšԻκ
˼ҲΪǶԹʶŸ壬ߺ
¹ҼЩָĳɷ֡һ˷֯
һ·ɽκº͸еߡǲȡ
ΪҪл帺ҪƽҪԲμ˵
Ѹ𡣡θСһμҪ¹ѧΤ(Max Web
er)̸μ˸ʱ˵:γģֻмǲġμҲ
춼鱾Ҫü׷ĳһ̤ʵ롯֮ͬʱӦ
ĿΪԼΪָꡣΪеġͼ
:ǰҪμΪΪĽҪ
μҿԼжĽ֮еΡĿֻС
μҲǿԽܵġںҪһţȿ
Ŷ׷ߡǹҵϰգʲôĽԼǲ
Ըȳеֽǲε̬ȡ
      ⣬ΪġɱΪκٴα̣ͻ
ɺƽԵĿʽκһŲȡº͡ķʽƽ
Ǳٴ̣ΪźƽԡǱ
      ԪȻû˱ʾԣʵȴܶѡ
еһЩѣֱ˵ĿԼĲͬȥУΪֻ
ԼŲǶԵġʵкַܶʽΪʲôͲͬ
ݲͬĽɫ?еԸйеķȡȨе˸
ע÷չв׼γɶ˵Ļ壬еҪɣе
ΪҪȴӽ֡ڼֵƽȵģ˳Ҳûᡣ
йȺ˷º͵ֶΣתȡԱķʽҲǵ
Ȩҵѡûиı䣬Ҹ˶ڹںй뵳Уľ
˵ԹʶǺġ

ʿҪ

ǣŷвȦʿҵҺгɾͣҵ
?
룺ҵҲİҵľУбҵڹ繤Ӵҵ
׺ĸ׶ǴҵģⷽмͥѬաả
ϵΣʿҪԼľ֧˷Ŀ
ԱҪƽûڿҲ
ҪΪ֯ĳԱṩʱڴѧоսµѡ
ҿһСС͹ݣԽ⡣ͬʱ˺Ͽһó׹˾
⣬ҲһЩѯ˿Ц˵ѧ絽ֵ̽硣

ǣĸ˵˻뾭֮䣬ǿЭĺܺõ?
룺Ӿ˵Ĺϵ:һЩѲˡ
ƶӦʿκѣӦȽԼƽãȻ
ΪṩܼĹס֯ҪԼľû
һҪάһ֯ǳ濯ͨѶ(绰
ʷ)ãͺܴ󡣿סԣҪǮڣû
ԵĴҲû⡣ûǮ˴粽УδҪй
ѡ٣ûǮСƶҪܸϰմϵ
档ƶȲܽ⣬ʹȶᱻȡ
ںܶ޺޹ҷʿ֤Լ
һҵϵ棬δľѡпԴں
ĵλһ˹һṩ˷˼
֪ʶӵƶصʷ֡

ǣ׶ˣǷΪԼѡ·ȷ?
룺ˣ֪ߡӵڶǵУҲǴӻһ
һ߹ġԼһд껪һ
һ֡Уʶ˺ܶѡҳ˵ˣҪ
Ϊϵͬ־ϵѡҵϵĻ顣һˣǰȤ
ʷ顣һ˱԰Լ뷨д£
μһ֯֯ķˣͲдΪ˾Ͳ
ίȫʱĽȥֺ޹˼ɵֱ㼺֡Ҳ뵽
ʵľΪ˱ָ˵Ķھܾμ֯Ը
ǣй֪ʶӶءȺĹѵôй֯
γɡû֯ķɣйξͲʵ
ϣΪһɵ֪ʶӰԼ뷨˵Ϊһ
֯ĸˣͲֻԼΪԵľͽμ˵ĶҪɫ
úѡԼŬ͵õáûڡźǣҵ黹
ûжꡣһʹĸᡣҵı˵кƽĻ飬
һϣδһоĻᡣ

ǣллһϡϣ쵼ְλϣҵ϶иĳɾ͡
