ĲȨȨ?       

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ƽ


1. ,˿
                                                 
      СƽˡЩ캣ĸ,Ե˵˵абᣬ
ϻǰ춱ᡣⲻΪ档ǵëȥʱҲ
Ұ߸߼ݴʡ˹ȥʱҲˡȨ߼
ܿܵ߼Ȼûвɢϯ?
      Ե˵ۣ˵Ӧ߿˵Ӧ˵Ӧ忪
Ҷ۷ʽܲΪȻӢصۼ(Hugh Cecil)
ú:ûʲôµĴУǿ£Աʵʱ
ȡ൱ĿȥĲ顣Ϊ˵۲ͬ춶µ
һܶ¡Ծ¶ԣǿ˵ЩǺ£Щǻ
ҲԿһ嵥һĸУռɣռ
ɡ˵ͬ˵漰һµߡ߾Ƕ
˵ۡһҽҽ֮˲ˣôɱ˷ͱ
ܵʹǷκùĲ˺ɡνˣָƽ
һУµı˺£ָΥµߵ¡
¾ͲûлܳƵϻ˵ˡλҽڷͥϸߺԩ˵
:κùһٸˣֻʮˡĺ±Ȼ¶ʮ
Ӧþһô˵ǻ?ͨ?
      ָν߿һ۷ë󶫵ķչ˹
֣ëΪ֮绤˹ҪСƽҲ˵ëҪ
һҽʮɹߴΣʧΡԳ֮Ϊ
ʧһ£ɱһ¡֮˵Ҫǻ
ԭޣ뷸ԭޡʵëﻹǺ
ġëһ෽ҪۡԼˡƩ˵
ϣղ߿ֱ롢ࡰ˰Ҳ߿ֱ
ĻʤǽžһԱͽΪйɽºͣĸ
Ͷֱ롣ֱ׹ᣬйʤ̣Ϊ
йʤڹȥΪٹף˷
ʱˣͱܵͷʱǵȥ
еһ㣬ǣ㷸˷˷ˣһ
оǲɸĵġɴ˿ɼëͷ»Ƿ
ġֻǶԺν󡢺νĶǴͬ      

      ص۵Сƽؼ춣ɱǷΪֻ
?ЩҲɱǷֵǣͬʱȴֲǸ
ﷸˡ˻¡һʲô߼?
´е߼κһٸ˾ͿԵʮ˵߼
߼УΪĵµ߱Ĩɱˣ˵ĻޱĨɱˡ
˵ҵĹ۵㣬ʵǱ֮ۡ޷Ǽһ򵥵ж
:񣬰˿ˡ
      вܸıȥпӰδΪʲôʼնԡġ
Ԫ׼ԭһɱ˻ǻҪ
ֳɾͣʵʲôʷϻиλ
ʲôҪȥǸ?صǣƵƾʲôմ˰
?Թȥ⣬ǶδݡǼһֱ׼
һۣǶ֪Щõġһˡǰ
ỹٺ£㶼Զϴˢʷ˵ĳ衣ǱϿ
еĺϷԣΪеٴηṩΣյİ
      
2. ǿȨ
      
      һҲ£òһ֤˵뵱ǹ
ͬǴ𣬾˶϶Сƽ˲ˡУ
Ӵ˳ǧˡɼҪһ׮ĵжϸ
κθ֪ʶӵȻ˲ǣΪʲôࡪ
롰ǧšԶԶᣬСƽ˲йκλڹıʾ
ڵʹֵȴı۵?
      ۵ֱ仯СƽȶپϵģŸ
۵ľ޴ѹȻǹڰ˾д<ٷõСƽ
鹹ĶԻ>һУõСƽĻ:ʷϣСɱ˶ʧˣ
ɱЩ˳ɹӡǵչɱ˶ʮ򹲲
ʱ۶򣬿ô?վסˣվˣӡûң
ҲȥˣվҪʵΡ۵ģ
ǣ֪ʶӡԼͲԼĵ¸УԼ֪
ĺģ޳񲻻ñ?
      ֪вѶ۵ֱ仯ʹļסҵ̬Ҫ
һЩΪ¿ȥеʵܴۡǰ
˵˹֡ëȥʱҲӮһƬ޷ǳܿܵ߼
̩˵:ıޡҿԲһ:޵ıܵ
һʱ۵ΪȨѹ˿εСƽȥй
ٴУֵʮֽš찲Ź㳡һеشܲ£Է
ϼƣٷԼٰĵҲȡַǳʩԷ
£Ŀʲôֵ?ֵעǣ
Ŀ£ȻЩ¸ҵŬһźšڣ
Сƿӣġѧһ
Сƽߺá⻰˳Ŷ˼ǡСƽúõߡֶͳˡСƽ
ˣáȫţһ졪һ̫Զй
ѿ־壬ţԡġǴؽռϷ
ʷվǻᱻȷΪʷˡһ򲽽ˮ޶
ĺ޳ôܱѵֱȥ?Ҹ
˵ٵСƽǲһģΪʲôҪǰ
ǻҲ棬?Ϊô?

3.ѡ

      һΪġ绤۵Իѡݺһν
Сƽд:һӣֻһҸеѹǾǰ˾
¡Ǹʱʵûбѡִʮ꣬ûۿǹ
ѪȨҪ߸Ҫ̨ΣԿǹ
˺ܶˣеǽžеѧޡڹӰܴ
ҲҲиõİ취ʱľƣǲѡ
      ѡһ˵ʵڲֵһܼ򵥡Ҫִ֪Ĺ
ʮ֮߰˶ΪλܾǰһһСĹ
ѡµġǿǿֻ߲ǿɱˡǿ
ֻΪʧšѡɱʧĿǰȥ淢š
ѡɱĿߣ¾Լץšѡɱ졣ˣҪ
һνѡ֮Ƿпԭؼǿⳡͻ
СƽһרѹƲͬⱾǴģڵĺƽ
Сƽ̼רΪάһרϧǹɱˣֻǴϼ
Իϼ
      ˶УǼҪ춽ҲҪЭֻ֪
֪ЭԷ鼱֮б춼˵ΪһԷ춼
˵ΪǹȻ˶ԷͬʱȴҲʹüܹشʧ
Чá㿼ǣȷʵ˵ڰ˾Уʾδܡ
þաһʧߡ˵Сƽ鼱֮ǹǡʵ
ûбѡ񡱣㲻ǷҪǿǣνûѡ񡱵龳
ʵѡصģֻɹѡظСѶѡʲôСһʧ
ǧźޡ?ǾָĳЩ˵龳УҪ龳¸
صĴ¡˵ĳˡһʧǧźޡʱźĸп
Ϊǳ⵱˵Ѵǣǧź޾ǧźޡΪ
Сƽǹһ±ʾĳźźǰǿ϶վһ
ˡС
      
4.˴¾ΪѲ

      ǵǰСƽŮëëΪдǱ<ҵĸ׵Сƽ>(Ͼ,
Ӣİ)һἰģëë֮Ϊ磬Ҳ˵ǡѡëëû
нνġѡʲô˼֪רѹ
Լ˵Ǳģǡ粻ֹ߼ר
쾭壬˵ҷѡֻѹëë˵ġ
ѡ˼Ȼض˵ƽĶۣҿëë˼

      ˵ҲǣëëдĵСƽϾѾüˣ¾ȴϵ
δԭ?Ȼ¾ܲдι²ý޷
дһд˵Ӱ˾˱֮˾ʹҪѹ
ȴƴԣʹѹ֮ٳٲʵ˵ᡰ
ûǹ̹ˡ֮дδڰ˾
ڣֵ̬һȽΪºͣǲֻһ֮ͬʱ
˵Сƽ׿ϻĬݵ<ϻ籨><>͸¶Ķߴ֮
ϵӼСƽѧȡ취˶˵:Ӧ
Ҫȶ棬......סˣִķ
еĻع˵Ļ˵ĻӦָĶۣ
ǵдģаѧ˳ΪҡĽУ̬ºֻͣ
ᡰҡ֡һߴξ峣ί潲Уȷ϶ѧ
İ顣ǿԺƲ˵ڼȡ̬ȣǵõ˵ͬ
Ĭġˣνѡһдǣڰ˾ڼ䣬һ
ͬĳòϢˡǣòĽûܻϢˣ
ǻᡰѡ²ȡǿӲʩѾݳԭ
֮ƣҪͲòüֶΣǡѡ
      ҹƣδĵ˴¾У£ëëŻõڶд
⣬ëëҲд˼Ůڰ˾ڼΪѧ֮
˼ŮѧȰѧʿɶֹүӡ
´֮Ȱ游ǧѧǹȻᣬ˼
ŮŶվ˸һߣ޳ɲǿӲֶƽϢҡǽ
ж෽ŬԸʧ֮ġѡֻдëëſΪĸ
ĳֱ⣬ҲſΪԼĳϴˢ
      ôǾͲ׵˴¾ΪѲԭˡ
Ǵëëд˽⵽ԭСƽҲòԭ˼ŮҲ
޳ɶѧǹǶ޲˺͵˵ļ˵ȻͬʱҲп
ܼҪģԼɵμԲȵ⡣
ǡơǡѡô??ѵǲŬ
Щʲôȥֲֲ?ȻǶ֪һѣҪ»صԭ൱
ѡǣѵ͸ýʹһ?Ĺȥˡϱˣ˵ļ
ˣй֣㹻ʱΪĵʹʲôЩʵܺƩ
һЩ⳥Ҫ˵Լ棬棬Ա˵
ǿԵİ?Ʃĳ壬Ժĳ˻ĳ˵壬
Ǹƻ塣Ĵ۲ܲ٣Ȩ᳣ΪԼ
Ŀġѡ˵ͷһãܲٻ֪Լ
֮Ϊۡ?ɱ֮пᣬԲ˵֮ĿץĲ
˶ù֡ǲʧ֮ʹỹҪ
Եֵľ޴ѹ˵õʲôʿṩһ˵Ҳ
ҪֵܵĵѣͷǮȥ졣ѵҲǡ
?

5.춡Сƽ

      ëëڷڼ佲ѡ֣˵ݣȻǵ
ִ⡣κĵСƽйֳҥ˵Ǻʿ
족֮죬ǳԶ⡣ǡǡ෴
⣬ΪƣҲΪơСƽһ»
Ǹ⣬ѵʹ˶Ե϶һ½?֮ҲơǵСƽ
֮ʶôһ㱯֮飬򸴺?򸴺!
      ϣСƽģźǣġܼ򵥣ǰ
ԣϹǸ⣬ΪʲôǰЩ֮?˵ԵСƽȨ
侫ġ˾ġǸѵñһס
ԼĿڲ?ʼûϵԼô죬گŸԸߡ˹ֽ
Сƽݲ齾ӣܲΪı?ȻνСƽƺ
Ǳб߼߼ǣһ¼ȻˣҪ
ףĿڡԽǴԽǲܸĿڡĵǣһ˿ڣֻ
Ǻʵ˵ѡ˾ͻΪˣˣ˾ͻû
ѣٽһӺ磬̬ͺѿƵסˡ˵
ĹɵԼ޹ܺߵıǶԱԶǴҪġ
Ե⡣
      󣬶Ե˺͵˵ļ˶ԣǿĲ˽²̸ۣҲ
ܸеǸΡǣǲǸ⻯ΪԴǻжܺ
һ˿ܲǵǸΣʲô?

6.춡йĸʦ

      йֽСƽΪйĸʦ˻йȻΪ
棬ǵĹǰһйͺ춵䡣Ȥǣ
ȻҲϿɻܡֵ̽һˡ
      ֪йĸĸʼũ壬ũĸĸʼũ
ﵥɡһܵʵǣũһٶΪӦ
٣ҲΪʵֵСƽơ෴ũԾΥķ룬ð
ηգԶԷҪһйĸ˽
֪йĸĸǡʵ۵ǰͷȺ쵼ǰͷ
Լ˷ӣȴĳΪʦĵ?
      ʵй쵼м䣬ҲӦƬСƽáƩ˵
ԾøĸĹ׾;춵Сƽ԰ʮר
ѧ߻£й쵼Ϊĸıߡ߾һģСĻ
ȺСƽΧȴûĻȺⲻΪ˵ĵλ̫ߣ
ӿҪ,Ҷ֪Сƽʵϲܸĸķ⡣ɴ˹
֮ƵΪĸʦҲʵ
      عйĸĸǿԷ֣֧ũﵥɣչ
׼ۣСƽǵһƶߡСƽΨһġ족ĸ
ʵë󶫡׼ķ档ڵûʲôĸļƻͼ
,ֻʶȥ⣬ĲУθȴһ
ģǾ˵ôҲܸĵһרҲ˵ֻ
Ҫڱһרǰ£èҲãèҲãҲãҲã
ôĶУԣһһʯͷӡɼ˲ʲôĸ
ʦзζǣǵһȫǻ¡
      
7.רƾ¢µȨ

      Ǳ͵ڸĸеáΪȨκθĸֻ
лõ˵ֻ֧̲ܵʵСũԷظ㵥Ҳ춵˵
ŵԴڡǵ˵ڡ͹Ŵ䷨ʯ䷨ȣ
ڸĸеøТڣʯҪ
ǣרƶ£һиĸﶼֻͨͳ߷ʵ֣Ƿζ
ǾӦðѸĸΰ󹦼ȹͳ?
      :ʲôר?רƲֻ£רƵı⵹Ҫ
¡רƾҪ¢һµȨרƾֻ׼Լ£׼
¡Ϊ˱Լ¢ϣרƾͱҪȥѹЩҪµ
˻¡Сƽĸĸ԰һУΨܰ
ΪҪ˶Ȩ£˶Ժƽؾ
ȨСƽ¢µȨΨеСƽ£Ǿͺ
µĹͳͳڵСƽϡ˵Сƽйĸĸа
Ľɫ⻰޴ֻһʵжϣ̵Сƽڸĸеĵ
ṦΰΪȻ˼ֵжϵĳɷݣ˶רȨİģǾ
һˡ
      ʮҪҲི䡣ֵָжϲͬ
ʵжϣӡΡֱ۳ӦΡ(Karl Popper)ǿ
ֵּжϺʵжۺ⡢ʷĻźǣ
һǡǡǰ߻Ϊһ̸ĳЩרƵı绤߾ǴӵСƽڸĸа
شɫһʵó˸̵СƽĽۡһЩ˱ܵض
ȴֿ˵ɣΪǷҪƺв
ʵɡⲻ֪ʵ˵ҪǵĽͺС
      Ծ֮ƣûеСƽûйĸյĳɾ͡˵
δأΪȫ룬ɱĳˣֻҪǸͬȨ
ȫȡͬĳɾܻͣܿԻ֮͡ûгǽ
Ϊרǿų˱ռͬȨλĻᡣйϲСȦӶ
ҿҫͲѷɫҲ˵ҰġԵСƽŶ
ѲΪ˵Ǵνΰǣ⾿Ǽ仰̫
˭ҲأΪǼ仰ƽֻƶ£˭Ҳ
û?̨׼ϣȻϷֻųúãܷô?
˵ûǵ֥Ӹ繫ţӾͲܶβNBAܹھ⻰ͺеˡ
Ϊ㻻ʲôˣ㸶ͬнǴǵôɫ
ΡǵΪţӵûǿųռݴһλõĻᡣ
ɾר¢ϵ
      ΪʵҵȻ֪СƽڸĸаҪɫΪۣҲ
춳ɵòĹ͡ϾҲ˭Ǹӵġ
ǣ޴Լ࣬ȴͬΪŶרƵĿ϶
      

8.ĸＴҷ
      
      Сƽøĸΰ󹦼ǲӦһЩʵ
ȥ<>־һƪģһλɽũĻ:Ǵԭһ
ũʱѾȸˣ֪ڣαص߰
꣬СƽΪʮɷƽһΪСƽ蹦̵µǵ
ݹҲѹ֣Ҳ˵СƽƽòףҪ
˽֪ڵķ˶УСƽҪ쵼֮һˣ˵
ƽﲹѣ̸ʲôôСƽľøĸ?
      Сƽ˵ĸǵڶθ˵СƽĿеĵһθָ
Ǵθǣڶθǵһθķչأֻǵһ
θķ?ǶԿĺνĸǸıģǡǡǸĵ
ľǳǻָľ֮ǰ״̬йĸĸǶй
ҷ񶨡ڶθǸһθζţǿ϶һ
Ǿͱ񶨵ڶθǿ϶ڶθǾͱ񶨵
һθ߼Ͻһ˿Լȷ񶨵һθҲ񶨵ڶθ
ܼȿ϶һθֿ϶ڶθ
      Ȥǣƫƫв˼ȸ̵һθ̵ָڶθ
Ʃ˵Ǹ̵СƽͶй߼쵼ˣΪƷ
ᡱɡᡱ˲๦ѫǣЩ˽ı׼ȶѹ
һУչǸӲг춼ƻãȵȣĵСƽǵص
ġҾӢô?Ϊǻʵġ߸һǡ
ñ߸ô?οⳡҡĿҪݻԭеһ(
)١ͨū֮·(Ү)ѵӦ̵?Ҳ
˵Ȼһ޲׼ҡŷĹȷв⣬
徫ǿɸġ͹ˣ˵ڵй쵼ˣǿ
壬뱾ҲΪʵȡ˺
ȶӵֶΣ˵ֽй쵼ˣִʵ񣬶丯
пᡣֱ׼⵹ʹãµı¶ռȫˡ
      ȻСƽȼܷȻ¸ٱ򵹹ʱ壬ֵ
ûӭġ͸ĸ¶ԣҵȻ޳ɵģֵ֧ģۼԵ˵
ۣǲܲһȫΪǷӦ߶ȵͣǾ
һˡֻΪй㹲һʷԵĴй񸶳˼ǧ
ഺĳشۣǾӦǵġ

9.ΪʲôĴм

      ǵ߰ʮ£յѧѧϵо¼ȡ֪ͨ飬ȷ
ϲڳԸоǰì춼ͥ࣬Լ
ȶûʲôϣָ߿ƶȣһ˽ѧĻᡣ
Ϸºͽлϯл˸ϯʱҲʹԼǲ
øлΪظлΪӦеȨʮꡣ
뵽Ĺ£ĸɱɳʶ˿Ӱ
ڶ˳ؿ뿦ɽѧУڼμӸУǲ
Ӱ˳ͨҵԣôѧƾΪʲôлɳ?
Ѷ˵СƽôлѧǣС
ƽǵѧǷлʱ?
      ³Ѹͷ֣Ǻһ߳Ŵһ߻ܸˡĸ
ʵżʡö˶һˣɷţ﷣ۣ
šǱм㡣ʮָ顣ô˵Ǻ°ɣ
Ī㻹?Ҫǣ˷ʵҪǵСƽָ
ǵľǸ?:֮ԶͳߵĳЩٴĻ
ǵõʲôĶݣ޷ǵõӦõõĶ
ǣͳȨޱߣȫԲЩҲް취
ȴȻˣлô?ʮٵطл񣬵λĵ쵼
Ϊ´ʱҪл֯Ĺػ⻰ýһ
:飬ֲ֯ǣߵϣƾʲôҪл֯?ڵ
ǽҪ֯׼ģ֯ͽ᲻ɡ֯ԲȴȻˣ
ܲлô?ڽ鲻Ҫ֯ˣǽ֯Ҳûил֮ˡ

      ǶʣȨԵΪ
Ϊ˵Сƽ˲ͬ⣬ΪҶԵ̫
ݡһʵԭ⡪һȨͳͳУһжΨ
ʩ롱ڵλϣô?һ
ǿҵı壬ѵǺȷ?Ի:̫ϣ֪֮˵
õͳߣоĴڣеһжȻȻ
ġרͳŶϰҪʩ
ôΪǶǸõģ񲻼û顣Ҫ֪ж
֪Ҫ֪Щôʱߵģȫ
ԲġСƽԡһȸʡáõü
׼ȷʾǸ¶˭?ȻСƽǹСá
СáܡáζҲܡá޹ֺҪлСƽˡ
СƽûΪܹѧͳлʱȴΪ
ͬĶ鲻ԽضԵСƽĴм⾿˵ǵĴԽ
أֻ˵ǵĴ?            
      Ҳ˵СƽʹҲɱ
ߡǺ£Դܸøлǡ⻰ȻĵҪ
ѵǣĽӦ֮ǰӦеȨΪЩȨ
Ӧ֮ǺϰߣװȻͷ
ûжٸмЩӵĽߣǲǰȨȨ
񣬶ǵݡ統Ȩ֮µߡʩ룬Ӷܻ
߳ʱڵ(Ը˹٣Ը˵ȶ)׬
ĸж֮顣Ʋһ²̸͵˵ĸĸ￪ߣ
ɸл֮Ļôоһ˸Ҫã
Ǳ˼֮⡣ (δ)