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15.Сƽøĸĸ
      
      ۸ӵʷʱǳҪ׾׵ʫ:ʹ
һα˭֪?׾ʶαж˵۶,
δôҪΪ˵ΪĿ͹ЧһǺ۶
һ¡ЩΪ㵱ߵĶ·˽֪һ
ˣΪĿ͹Ч͸ܺĶһ¡ϣͼư磬
Ϊ˵¹ľáϣ˵¹ľ֮ᣬûü
սˣļַսƻѵ¹תһ
ƽңô֪ϣ˾õĿаģҲҪ
ʹ¹ľõԸˣڿ͹ܻһ¡ϣո
춷սޱصѣıǮǾ
˵¹ãۺʻ͸ʱٻعͷȥǻ
һ˵¹һ±ʾô?
      ֪Сƽ޷£һǸĸ￪ţһɱͨ
Ϊһ棬һǸ棬һڶԵ˸ǹ۶ʱе
ìܡȻڵСƽͳһģСƽļȶ
ֻļƻòһר˵Сƽ֮ƶϵĸ
￪ţĿάϵһר޿ɷϵǣֱ֮ǰ
ϵİӸĸڴٽ˾÷չͬʱ͹ϻĳΪ˶
áпάԣרͳʱ򣬳
ʱ򣬶ʼĸӶʹ׶˹ֱ¶ʱ춸ĸǶ
ƶȵʲѸٵΪȷĹͬʶʹǶƶȵ
Բ̵Ļɡ춸ĸǵŵõһ
߸ԵĸĸǿҵҪ󡣾˵ڼ䣬Сƽûз
˶Ĵѹԭִѹʮδֹܶסһ
߹һ˵ǰͷݵСƽ˵Ͷ԰˾˵ıԤ,
С򣬿϶Ҫ£ҿͬ־ڣǡǺ룬
Сƽ֮ǰ¼ܿܲйܿ
๲(֮ͬʱ)ȡͻԵʤˣôǾ͸˵
СƽĸĸʷרȨҸĸһͷǼר
ƵսᣬȻ۶ԭΪӻ
      ¼ʹøĸ巢شĸı䡣⡣һ
³ҪдǮСƽǹɱˣδͣΪ
ӵб˱ȲϵȨ˵Ȩں̶ܴƶĵĹ
ŽĴ󱩾඼Ǽ£һʱ
žúѡⲻ֪󱩾֮´ǡǡΪ
ԲŻ㹻ԴȥĴ¡ڶĿǹ
ص˵Сƽͬʱնޱ䣬ǶרƵ
൱ǿңֻ춸ѹһʱйķʱСƽ
Ѳƶһȳйľó־޴ķչ֮£
ĶͶŷھȴѣЩսǣ
˵˼뿪ʼתˡǿʼ˵Լɱ»ǲѣ
йȶͷ١٣ٻ棬һЩ
ĸĳɾ͹Ȼ˿ǹɱ˺άרƵɡھøĸȡþ޴ɾ
ĻϣйٷǿӲƣʱȡ
Ȼʩйûнİ;ᷢ¼һҪȡͬ
ġȻʩЩĵǵ෴ǵĿǰΪֹй
õķչйһרǵûǱøǿᡢ̡÷չ
Ǻ£ȴй֧רƵڡ۵Сƽ
øĸʱԺԵһ档

16.۵µ

      ǲòٻصµߵĳЩ˵Ĺ۵㣬ɱ
ңҲǱ룬˲ʵȶȶ޾õķչ뾭õķ
١ִ˹۵߳ܺ޹ģΪʷĲп
Ҫȡǰֽ׶йĵ֮Ƿչãʲôɣ
˵룬¶ǲҪģǿģģҲ
Ӧġ˭ʶʱؼЩΥ˴
˾Ĺ飬ᷢչֵ̣ͬ

      ѿ۵޷ظ׳ϵ:ֻҪĿȷԲ
ֶΡֹ۵ͳȨ˵ƷΪûжļ
ֵ˵ˡֹ۵㱾ֵһǻǴ˵
䡣
      Ҳ˻˵ȻÿʱⲻΪԼ
εʹ綯θôΪʲôΪ
?춣ʹθûж
Ϊ˱˵᲻Ტѧϵл塣
ǷŴˡɲͬĸɣÿ˵ǸԶģ
ÿֻΨһһΣÿ˶ǲģ˸Ҳ
ˣΪһ˵ĸƷȻˡһԶǡһ
κˡѡȨ˵ʵԼĳһĿĵֶΡ
ȫ,ʱЧشٽ˵档ҸҶԣ
֢ߺһЩץʣԱҳΰ֢֮Чһ
Ѱʵöࡣ츣֮¡ĪΪҲǿԽܵ
?      
      ҽµߡҪǿǣڵµߵϣһ֤Ȳ
ܣҲҪΪֱָģֱԵĹ󡰼
ʩˡ仰ΪʲôΪµĻƽɣΪ಻
Լ̹ͬӲҪ˵ҲⱻɱҾɱΪ֡
޷硣ֻ˵ɥ
      
17.
 
      һָɵı绤֮ʡ绤˵µȷʵ޿ɣ
Ĵ˸ӣʱǲ֮ѡ񣬶С֮
ѡɱ˹ȻǶ񣬵Ϊ˱´Ķп
ԭ
      ؽ۵㲻ûеı绤Ȼ֪
˾ֻȡıɣʼղȡƽķʽ
һֿҲӦѪѹôŽʷϻһӦ
ѹ?˵ٻҲʤ˵ٻҲӦ÷ԡ
ǿԷԵģΪͬѺƽ֮ڣ֮
У˷ԺûΣգԽǻԽǷԲáǺε
Ƶ߼ȷи𹲲ڽһרᣬ붯ҡǣ
Ҫָǣں̶ܴϣ﷢ҵĸǰרһ
ǰ˹ֵúԡ˵ڲʱѣ֤ǰ
ķרǴģǲӦõġΪֹЩûһԸ߻ͷ·
ûһԸѡġ
      ˵˾ȻǶң䷢չȥйҲɡ
˵Ҳɡļȱݣһ㡰䷢չȥᵼ
¶ңôʱֹǣҲֻܵʱֹңҲֹֻ
̶ȡñ㲻˵ĳ˿ҪԤȷ³ֻʵʷ
֮ȥֻܸȷ涨ʲô̶ȷʲô̶
Ȼ˲δɱңνƽͺ޵ѹ˵ִн
Ϊʲô֮ĵҲѹ?ΪʲôЩûֱΥ
ʿҲѹ?ΪʲôЩ޹صĺƽΪҲѹ
?峡ı޷ǿнйصֳ˭涨Կǹǹɱ?
ѵǵԼǰӲԸѧԸϰյ
?ıӲ̣ٲʤ١֣¼ЩԵ
ƽϢͷȺ˶¼Ȼͬ
      Ҫǿɵ塣һɣ
رﲻͬʵ۵ļලҪȡǿҵĿʽ
ģĽͷ˶ʵзɱԵԣ򹹳һво
ţȷӦĳѪͻǰᣬɾδ
ֺôΪпõı绤йģ¼֮ǰ
ûɣ¼֮ûɣˣйֵΪ
ܱάҪ䶯ЧֻάǸҰ
רơΪԱ⣬»ʲôԭ?ӲҪ˵Ϊ
ȶɡʹ(<һŰ>һ)
һڿ໰:Ҫս쵱İ취Ͷ˭˵ء
      
18.ѹµŤ

      ˳ἰһֵۡ˵ǰ̫ϸߺ
ȹ̨ùŸء
˵СƽǰϦҪòͰȨ͸ѧˡ
˵֣ΪʵҸͨǱ˶ȡ
ʤ޷ʹһרƣȻѡ١ⲻǰ
Ȩֽ㳡ϵ䣬ǻ񣬽ȫ񡣵ʱȿͶƱ
䣬ҲͶƱǰͶ
ȨĸǴ£֧ǵĸ͵ýǵ
ͳΡʱʵֻϵǱ˶ǡҲ
Ǵ£ΪǱ˶Ծ룬ûб
߿԰Լ־ǿˡֻ߽ǿȨȴǿȨԶԿ
ǿȨǿȨ֧ҵǰ˶ȡȨΪ
ӮȨĳλĴʵǸåͬž
춵ͷҪǼ޸ɡˣĳЩʵӣתͬ
ַ֧Ǳ˶άеרȨҶרѪ
ѹʿĮȻ֮߼ȫͨġ
      ۲߼ȴͶĳЩ˵̬еĸΪı
۵赭дΪ춵СƽӢΰ۵˵ף
һֺһִۡ۵ߣ˱Թרơ¼
ҲߵģֻǸŭԶѡǣһֶͼʹ
Լ˼бһ¡˼ָΪҪ
Ϊ˼롣㲻Ҽֿ飬ͻŬ˵ԼǲҪģ
ģǲӦõġ۸ϱ룬ϱţ
һȥ۸ˡǿɱͯ룬ͯˣ˵
ǿһ룬ƺȻˡڣһëʱ
޴Ĺ۵ۣҶ˵ϵƭϸϸ׷ȥνƭ
ͽǱƭѵоû۵ĳɷ?ǣб߲
ҲΪǴҶڹͬ龳֮У˶кҪ
۵Ҫһ˵Ϊ绤ĺ۵Ҳ
ֿԼǿ۵ѧͷ֣౻ѹ
һֺѹͬѹ裬е򵥵
취Ī춰ѹȲٵѹȣǵҪĹҪȻ
ҵ˵ʣȻ©ٳܿһ˵ľŤġ
һֶԼҲȥӰŤ˭ҲܽŤ

19.ȨȨķ

      Ҳᷴ:鲢˵ǵ
ֹ֧˾ˣҲŭؿɱǼ֮ᣬ侲
ˣʶǵĲȷˣһ˵
ˣͨˣͨˡҲˡˣֻ
⡣ϴǺ£ǣڱɱ֮ȥϴȴǻ£ֻҪĴ
˼ʶֻ֮ҪĴδֺˡڸѹ֮±ϴʵ
ϲûзۡ㾹ȻóϷ˷ǵ
ɱɱıҪСƽǹͷȣʹǱѣ
Žᵽ˼ҵĸհԶɱʵȫΪǴ
áͰԼ̫¼!
      :߰δ£µĸĸҿԲһ:Լ
ضǳ̬ܰҲɳ¡Ϊʲô˵ⲻⲻۣǲ
Ϊ⣬ȻȷԶȷֻΪ⡣ƶ£
ȨΨһĺϷԴ±ƣֽйʵֻ
Ϊ̵档ܺãǾҪ⿪ʼǾȻͬɱ
Ѫֶι֮£ǺŵչĿ걳?
ǧǧԺƽķʽԼ(ע:)ʱȨȻ
Բɣǣܹӣѹмʤ
㡣ʲ˵ĺ:αаԱһ־⡣ë
ѹ찲˶֮ᣬ漴ȫؾдģȺڼᣬŭ
찲һС鷴ӵķҡ֤һߡ
Ȼëթ춶ƭŪҲ֪⹫Ȼ
Ϊء
      ⵱ȻҲзʱ򡣷˽ԿɷΨܷ˲ˡ
Ȩ׼ǲ׼ˡٷȨʵҲǷִ
ȨɾǱ˵ɣΪ˵첻ֱӵ˺
ΪֻԴܵ档ɱ˵ɣΪɱ޷ʹ֮
ҪɣΪҪɳҪ죬ҪչҪʵ֡Ȩ
ķΧ֮ڷĴֻԼԼԼԼֻܱ˵
ܱѹļҸȷѹңΪͱҸ
ҿԸҵʶҾϿѹҴҲǶԵ(Ӣright,
ʾȷֱʾȨ)ҲǴġ
      ǡֻ׼ݹٷŻ𣬲յơСƽ
Ĵ?ԼҲϴһռɡרҲҲ
ǣִǺεȵĲͬרһ練ҡ󻯡֮Ǿ
ʮഺͣǧͷǸ̨ϣԻû
飬ġһ硰󡱵زμˡҡ޷
˵˻ϡ˽֣ΡУû˺κ(ǻû
ü˺κ˰)ͷǾͱɱץרз
ȨȴİȨûСʲôݻΪר߱绤?϶
רߺǲһ࣬ҪôǲˣҪôǲˡ
      
20.һʿµŲ
      
      СƽйһʿµŲէһȥʮйľ
Ҳȶ˱ⳡĸСɱ͡ⲻ֪
෴ھ÷ٵıᣬһΡֵȨ-Ѿγ
˵֪˵м⵽˿ǰߵĴ
ߵĳɱ
      춵СƽľøĸǰѾһصǰ
ʮߵĶת޵ϣһصԱʮ
ĲƸģתƵԼ¡ȥ߾١˽ơ
пѪȵֶйþӢݻԭег(
ʱгҲܲȫٱȽйгҪö)ȫ
ǿ빲ƣҶκνԷʱ򡱶ר
һֱ㵽ɽˮĵزй߲ͳ߲Ŵγѣ֪ض
춼ƻá˽춹˵ӹԭ
Ӧ̴ְл£ģҲӦ÷һרֹ
ʵйľøĸ,֪
оøĸĹңܿضǿ˳һ
ľߣߣߣҲͳμڲֻСƽһֱ
ҪֶӲøĸһҪӲɻһҲҪӲйڲ
ֱ֮ǰɻһȴҲӲʲôֵ?
µҲ̲סҪ˵:Щùˡũ֪ʶ
֪ˣƷŹ!(ת<ʷǻ>־
磬19961µһ棬110ҳ)ԵĹˣһ𹲲
ľ޴޲ʹļסǿϰҪƷҲȫ
;ôôΪ˽ҪƽȶԻҪ۾ȥѹ
?֮еһЩΪйĻ̫һͣȻ
Ƿծ̨ۣµйһʱ仹ûп;Ȼ
ضҪԭģǺ(ʵл
ֵĻ)ˣֻڳֳ϶ԷҪĺԵǰ£
ͣȡڵ½⣬ȷءׯϳŵҼᶨ
ĲΪʲôڰ˾Уйڵ൱
Ĺ˻˲ȡͬ顢֧̬֡ȡ,Ϊһ޲
ҡĵСƽë󶫵ΥĵϹ(˭˵СƽǾ
ϴľƢ)Ӳй֮УȨһ־ֱ͡׳ظר
СƽƶøĸǰǲܶҡרƣֹˣҪ
ȨŽĸ֮󷢺ƣ֮ᣬϰղ˵֣
Ǽӿ˻Ϊ˽ԹʷϣеרƱȡҲƲ
ǲ˽Ĺƶ;Ҳй(˹֡ë)ʵй˽
ٻְѹΪСΨеСƽȴ
Ļ¡˽乫ǻΪ˽ȫˡ˫صӶᣬ˫ص
ǰӶʼһıѹȡǰ㹲в
߲ıᣬϰҪԷʱ壬ûרС
ĸȨ߳ûϷֹʲ˭ϷûרҲ
СƽʵеרеѧָɵصصĹʲ׼
š޲׼ţ޲׼ʵС޲׼ר!»
ĵô?
      ˵ĵ¼ǰϦʮΧסǣʮ
ı񣬻УͬģԷжȰս
ʿ㳡ϵʾѧǺγ֪Ѫ֮Եֲǹ̹ˣ
ܻΪ˶ԣġ±˽֮ôѧǹ
?ʮйϰս˹١е͡С
еġͷĲȻŶġԵһ
ǶôܿɹȻĵǹһθԳصһϻ
˵ɱ˿ˡݡѵбɱ˸֮?еģ㲻ֹҪ
ɱ˵壬һҪɱ˶ĶԵΡ
      ǲӦ;ڲǲ
ӦߡǣһϣԼܹӦˣΪ
ӦԼòһСʫд:˭
?:ԸɣҲˡ˷֣ڽй
ֻҪ㲻ȥ׷ʲôֻҪ㲻ȥƽʲôϺṫֻҪ
ǿȨŰٷ߿ֻҪ˵ĿѲͬ飬ԭأ
ԺܰݣΪʲôȥ?ٲʹģʵϣֻҪ
㻹оʹ࣬Ǿ˵㻹ûг١ܿԵǺٳ
ȵָꡣ

21.Ϊǰ

      ǰָԵСƽʱۣҪйķչ
ڽᣬйɹʵνģʽ̨Ϻһתһ
Ĺңôʱľ÷չ˵춨ǰش
Ƕȿʱθѹȶ춾÷չ
͹Чֵÿ϶ġ
      ۵ٰش󡣵һνԵСƽʱҪ
йķչ۶ϷʽרĻȨġΪ
ζš족ûжļֵ족ֻǡ족ĵʯ;ˡûж
ļֵˡֻǡˡƷΣֹ۵ʷ
ֱʽĽ족ضǡ족˳µķչĨɱ˸
ĸʷϵ塣ĸﶼǶԹȥһַ񶨡йƾ
ҪרȥġǱ븶ŬſŤתһȶơ
йڵ֮·ǡǡǶԵʱļ̳кͷչֻ
жϡȶ;÷չҾֻ
θѹˣȻθѹʵȶ;÷չҲ
θѹʲô塣ǰͬ(Giovanni Sart
ori)ǰεѱҲ˵βɱˣβѪȣ
ǲζ˺˺ԽԽСɴ˿֮
йֻǸԶǸ

22.Ĳʷ

      ³Ѹ͸п˵(ţҽ)ĬĬţɱ˵ȴ
ڸֶԵСƽ֮УҲĪ춰ѵϷΪ
ʷϵĴΰˣϵĴΰˡ̩ɴ˵:ΰָ񡢲
Ⱥ˵Ļţһʮܳˣΰ
;ЩμҺߣĸҲ٣ЩĻ
ˡӦ𾴵ƾͳĵˣū˵

      мȨľ֮<ἰ>һУ(Karl Popper
)ר۵ʷָûпԵһʷʷƽ
˵ʷʵָȨʷڲտȨʷʷ
Ȱ̰ʷʷ򷷶ʷʷ١ΪǿȨʷֻһ
ʹıɱʷ(ȷҲֹΪĳЩͼ)ĳ
Щ񼫵ΪʷϵӢۡΪʲôһ˿ƫƫȨʷ
Ҫʷ?ΪԭһȨӰÿһˣ
Ķʫ裬ֻӰһˡ춳ȨȨϲ
˳ݣܹǵԸǿˣʷȨߵļд
ɵġ˵ǣ¶ԣԽרƵȨ˵ӰԽԽΥ
Ȩ˵ӰԽǿ(Ȩ˳ӦʱڸᵽԼ
ҲͲ׸ܵȨ)ˣȨĳ춶Զĳ
粨˵Ȩһżݣūʱһ
Ȩ춿־塣ⷴӳ¼һϰԡΪԾ
㡣ǲӦóݳɹ֮ӦԳɰǷǣԳɰӢۡ
ΪǻҪЩĳɹרǵĿУСƽƵһ
ĺѧİԼĳɹ֤ˣԳǧ޴ڣҪ
Ѫ춴ɱ;ȫ۵ǴҪҺƤס
šֻҪ㱣סȨһжð죬ͷ˻Զת㻹
׳ʵնûóǰԺգʹһϢ
һԾŶ౸١׵ı׼ⲻǺܳɹ?
ĳɹѵǲӦ?ǲóɹΪǵĲСϣ
νʵǼı׼(μ׾<׼۵>)
ǲóɹŪͷĿѣ񲻶ǲӦȨģǱ
ĲȨⲢǰQľʤⲢ˵ǲӦȥ׷
ɹֻ˵ʷбȻԡҪⲢ˵
ԤȵõȻһʤֻǱһҪΪ
ʲô?ȷ̬ȥԴȷ顣
      粨:ǲӦ֪ԾӣǱΪԼ˵ĵ
ǱѧϰøãҳǵĴˣֻҪǷȨ
ʷǵĲֻҪǲپִٲǵʷǷ
⣬ôһҲԿȨֿΪʷ⣬
ʷеҪֱġ