塪йʶ̬


ī


      (Paul Ricoeur)ڡѧʶ̬(Science and Ideology)һ
ָʶ̬зӳʵ(reflection)ұ(justification)жƻ(
project)ع(תӢʱѧ˼ʶ̬¿
һŰ˾һº)йʶ̬ĹܣҲˡȣйʶ̬
һ֡ǽڶԿ͹۹ɵȷʶ֮ϵһѧϵ
ŷ䡰ӳʵĹܡΣйʶ̬֤Ȩ
(legitimacy)֧й쵼ˣʶ̬֤Լͳ
ԣͻᱻ֡浱걻Сƽҫ̨ȱʵ
׼ۻܵġԣʶ̬֮ΪйȨһ
롣䡰ұ⡱ĹܡٴΣйʶ̬
ֶΡй߳ͨʶ̬Ƿ˵Եͬж
й˵ġͳһ˼롢ͳһʶͳһжΪжƻܡ
      йͳ塢ë˼ʶ̬ʽ΢֮ᣬйԽ
Խ壬ͼؽ쵼˵ʶ̬ͼ˵
Ϊйһµʶ̬ѾܵйԽԽ
ͼǿȹٵȨΣ


йʶ̬Ľ

      йʶ̬Ķܶ࣬޶ۡǿԸRaymond Geuss ķ
ʶ̬Ϊ: һǴʶ̬ԭʼǵ
ֵۡڽȣ˼Ĵͳν׼ʶ̬˼
Ϊһ֡ʶһ׼ԼĿǷϿ͹ʵģ
˶Ӧýܵ˼ķ֡ʶˣΪû
ܹӳʵԱΪʶν塱
ʶ̬(ideology in the positive sense)ҪָĹҪȽ
˽׼ȷۡ۸磬ƶ(Geu
ss The Idea of critical theory Habermas and the Frankfurt School
Cambridge University Press1981)ʶ̬Ҳ˼˵ġ˼
һȺڱΪʵë󶫵˵ġʡԭ
ӵ͡ʶ̬ķá˼
      йʶֱ̬Ӽ̳ŲһּΪ͵ġ塱
ʶ̬еĹйΪǿáй
šƶʶ̬򹲲塰ɡ
֤
      йʶ̬ڲṹԻΪʶ̬(pure ideology)
ʵʶ̬(practical ideology)ֻ֣ѧл
йʶ̬֯(Franz SchurmannIdeology and Organisat
ion in Communist ChinaBerkeley 1972.)һĵĿҲԴй
ٷҵݡйٷΪйʶ̬󲿷֣Ĳ
ָ˼ë˼йصۡʷԼγɵķ
⡢ķĲֵΧйĸ·ߺߡ(
ףйһŰꡰһϵĽۡ󹫱һŰ
һգԱʵ - ˼չĻձһ
ʮ¶ʮ)ǰݣѧԣ߷룬
ԡ
      йʶ̬ɲ֮䣬һ޴ġ(tension)
йʷйԣ˲ͬ·ߺ
Ͷйڸĸ￪ʱǿ岻
ǽĽжָϡʵУ塢ë˼뼸е
ߺͷȫѽڣΪһֱܿյĳԭԭͷйһʱ
һϵߣ塢ë˼벻ͬСëûԹ
ë˼뼸ʧȥָá
      һֺʵйĿǰʶ̬ǾͲΪй
ϼ塢ë˼룬Ϊʵʶ̬Ŀԡ
йʶ̬֮˫ԣ塢ë˼岢
      йʶ̬չʷмشת۽׶Ρһ׶Σй
ëյڵ쵼Ȩ(1921-1935)йġʶ̬Ϊ˼
壬ʵʶ̬Ϊ˹塣йνġʮ¸һ
죬й˼塱߶˵·ľ˼
      ڶ׶ΣëйڲλȷСƽëḴ(193
5-1978)йġʶ̬Ϊ˼塢壬ʵʶ̬Ϊ
ë˼롣ëʶ̬Ϊ˺˹壬ϧ
ѣʹ·ߴۡڹں͵ڣëҲһϵеζ
ϴͬˡ
      ׶ΣйĸʱĿʼʱĿ(1978-1994)й
ġʶ̬Ϊ塢ë˼룬ʵʶ̬ΪСƽ˼롣ë
ỪȨëʶ̬ļһžйʮ
Ĵᣬйʶ̬ʼнṹ: ʶ̬Ϊ塢ë˼
룬ʵʶ̬Ϊ塣ʱڵСƽй̳Ѿ
ʼһδ͵ʶ̬ṹУ˵˼ëУȫͬ
ϲûʲôдǾ߳
      Ŀǰйʶ̬µĵ״̬һ棬йͼĸ￪
ʱĸµߺͷյʶ̬ĺ֮Уνġչ˼
塱һ棬йֲóȻ塢ë˼룬νġ
塱Ȼֲͬ໥ìܵ˼룬һװһʶ̬ġ
ӡȻֳͻ书ܵҺʧЧΣĳ֣ӳ
йʶ̬˥״ԣйĿǰԽԽʵʶ̬άϵ
ͳΡ

йʶ̬廯չ

      йͳй½ʮ䣬Ѿڴ½ɹشһµĴͳ
ֹʶ̬ĴͳǧйĻͳȻȻ
ͬҲǸ롣һĻ۷ܣǿԽٷƳ
ΪͳӢĻǡСͳĻ
ͳСͳ֮໥Ӱ͸ͳԡСͳøΪ޴
ԡй˵ΪĴ½壬ֳȻ
ռͳελйĴͳûйϵûдͳɡʾԴ֧
˳ͨ衣
      κĻֲһУһ㶼Ҫ롱(acculturati
on)롰(inculturation)׶ΡĻѧеһ۷
ܡǰָһĻϵĽ׶λԣĻڱĵطռ
Ƶλ𵱵Ļı仯ָĻУĻ
صĻͬ²ĻĻУصռƵλ
Ȼ׶βǾԷֿģκĻһµطȻͬʱʼ
Ĺֻ̡Ҫһʱ䣬ʹصĻڻ
ռơ
      ôһйʶ̬ҲԿһĹ̡
崫йʱĻй򡣴Ȳ
пԿǿũũӸྫ
Ȱ˵׼Ტۣ˼
йҵġʰ֮һͨ
      ëйڲһŶձһŸйʵ޸
壬ƶһµĸ·ߡյڵȨᣬرӰᣬ
йȷνġ˼ձԭйľʵϡָ
·ߣɴ˲ˡë˼롱ë˼ĳΣѾʹйĴ
ӡ롱׶εˡ׶Ρֱֵġʵʶ̬
йʶ̬ĳΪʶ̬һֵë˼룬й
(չ)ϲ׵ĸԴ
      СƽʱᣬйȻƸĸ塢ë˼ָ½е
Сƽĸĸ˼ѾԶԶ뿪塣ëġйԼ·
ϼǰУһƽʶ̬ıڵСƽ˼УѾҵ
ĸˡġйɫ塱¸˽
ƵķչŸǿȡ׼·ߺͼƻ
ҵìУйҪǿĲʶ̬Ĳͬ
ĳͻڽйʶ
̬ƶȣ׼ƻáͷ䡢ƶȣѾʧ˥֮
СģйĶ˵йʶ̬һ
Ľ廯ǵǰ½ҪǱ
ڵǰᡣ

ĻͳҪ֧Դ

      йĻͳ֧ҪԴѧһΪй
йĻͳƻߡڰʮĻУ(Ҵͳ뵱
й̳إ߾һڣܵһڣһŰ˰ʮʮ)
(ڵڴ - ˼С±һŰ˾
º)(̸˼ййִ˼ʷۡ
һŰꣻ̸йǻۡйŴ˼ʷۡ
һŰ)(Ļṹ˼йӰ졷
ɴԿڶһŰ˰ʮ)ˣֹ̽йʶ̬й
ͳļ̳йϵΪ˼йĻͳ֮֮ͨں⣬֣
Ҳƿ(̵İϡΪ˼ӡ֮ѡ
йʮڣһžһ)̨ѧߣֳ̽ȫ̷񶨵
̬(̷ëݻͬ巨塷ԣν˼
һѧļƪ̨Ľ磬һžһ
)
      ֲͬԭǶ෽ġҪǣ̨ѧûڴ½
ľҪйŵ봫ͳ׾ѡԷ⽨ȹ
̬жйĻͳĹϵһִҡʶ̬
淶ڴ½йȨѧߣȻйԡͳıᣬ
й봫ͳרǧ˿Ƶϵйķͳרעƻ
(ͳĻ)̳еǡǡǴͳеľ(ĻĴͳ)
йͳйʶ̬Ӱ͸ǲϴ½ʵģҲ޷
Ȩնϵ̨ỹܴڵԭ
      ԴͳĻ̬ȣйҲһ仯̡޿ɷϣйںܳ
ʱǡԡķͳߡһ߾µӲ
Ա׸ֺͿҪָʾʼ(ۡһ߾
)йѾԱҪôͳԴǿͳΡġ֮ᣬйһ
ŵȷͳΪĻߡ͡
ࡱһִĵ̧ߴͳĻ˵ʲôйл
ͳߡ(壬۴ͳʵһžһڶʮһ
)йĿдͳµоִҵой߲
Ϊйͳ¡һĳʡݳƵָʾɽӰʮ
ĩʼƻʮʱ༭ġĻȫ飬
жʮ׸ߣΪ󲿷֡ͬʱó绹ƻٸı飬
Ӧͬ˵ҪжнõġĻС顷ִ
ռСȫ汾(־ѧ˵ٻ磬ɽ롰
Ļȫձʰ棬ʮʮʮգİ)й
֯ڶйѧоĴ͹ʻо
      һŰ꿪ʼ½ٷÿ¶ʮն¡صĿӵ
һŰ˾ꡰġ᲻ãйٷ̩ɽٰ˹ģʢ
ķ¹żʽͬʮ°գйǽӼ˳ϯӵǧ
ʮѧۻᡱѧˣԿ˸߶ȵۣơй
Ŵΰ˼ң˼йĻŲһ֣ر
õķǸõؼ̳кͷ崫ͳ(ۡ󹫱
һŰ˾ʮ¾գһ)һҲΪй쵼
ѧ˵˵Ĺԡйٷѧȷָͻйͳ׳壬Կ
Կ˼
      йϲӰ£½ѧһžŶһ׶
൱ġѧȽѧʦٷϿɵ֪ʶ
֮ȣѧ˵Ϊ彨ͬʱ춡ҡ
ġʱ塱ļ裬ʹ춾ִйѧ
˵ƽõķչȻġһЩѧҲйë˼
˵(̷˫Ȫνë˼һʵһžһ
ʮ)֮Թָë󶫶Կ˼ļ̳(˼
йִձ棬һŰ˾ʮһ¾գڶ)

֧Դ

      ֡ѧҪǶֳۡ塢ִۣ
ִ֧½һҪԴķ¾ѧ
йѧĽܣй½ѾΪѧ統صĴ塢Τ
ѧ˵һ㡣ۣǹᴩıеһ
Ͷˣһֱ֤ܵĶԴܵӡ־ǿҷ
˼ͼֵĶ壬춴ĶձԵɡ
ȨεƶȣһżԷϡֵעǣЩйܶ
۵ˣܹõĽѧߣһкǿҵͼ
۵ſڵ¹ѧȥйȨ־
׫˵:൱һʱѾɥʧ˴Ӹȥս;ܾȨƻ
ֳȨ⡢г⡢֪ʶȨ⣬
ҽо̸ʱԵԭ֮һǻòһȫ
Ȩƻʽڸĸ￪ŵĽ죬йг
γɲʽӹʱڣα֤ͼԼĻϵԣμǿй
ĻͬԱδĹʳͻлʤÿһθей֪ʶ
Ӧ˼⡱(µġ塱ĺѧо 
һžڶʮ)ɴ˿ɼſԶ۶Կ
Ȩ˼룬ΪйȨ
      йͳԭּӰռʱһЩںѧ
йѧߣԡɡĿǳϷڱ׫Ĺйǿ
Ȩţ˼Ҳ뵽ܶйҪʶ̬(
й뵳У)棬ִΪйʶ̬װ
      ֡ѧִĺԱĹ۵㣬йսʱ
Խйʷ״ķûкܴĲͬйʶ̬רһֱΪ
ǿΡĻõȸйԡЩΪ
ԵĻУкܴһǴձֵƶȡƶȺ
˼롣ԣй߳ǿȨĺƽݱ䡣ڣ
ѾΪǹڵۣйͷ棬س۴ʱ⵹
֮С
      һЩѧҺһЩۺսԣҲй
͢ġͻۡܵܶûе
㷺Ӧй±롢ۣܺӡ½ѧ
ڽܺ͢ٵʱ͢ٲһϵѧߣ
Ժ鱨ȦΪѧߣѧ˼
Լ͸ţΪıʿҪΪıߣ˳ѧıʿɫλ
ĳͻڰսо춡תеķĹ
桯Ŀύо棬һƪʮġۡ(׸ޮͻ
ձһžһ)ͻۡʹйĺܶ
֪ʶ򵽣Ҫйͳ(ر)ԿĻ
      ӢһЩġΧйսԣһЩй˵ķ
֡Χ¡ۣҲ˺͵Ŀйý
Ⱦ£ƺΪĹͬߡ磬ܿһƪ
սʿĿ߽£˵ʱܿһƪšй
ҪйдʱͿʼġʱۣܿȫû
˼(𣬡йۡиС֮һ
ʮº)ҥɿһյȻ̼
      սᣬйȨ˳߼سΪͷŶ
֡Ͼй½άһרƶõͳƶȣйľ
ڼǰΪ˶Ըй֡ڣ
йˡˣй֮Ħǰ˺ܶࡣȻ
Ϊй½⣬ҲԻߵı仯йء
вٶΪĿǰ½ĸǣ͸йһƷ
½ǿңĸ״Ρ
      ⣬йĻȨ;ȨۣҲΪǿ
йѧ˸һЩΪĻĽرĻؽ
γһ֡ĻȨйȨáй⾭ùϵ
չʺͿ˾ййȨҲ˸֮á
      ΪйеЧֶΡġ֮ᣬйͼ
˻ڱľ(һžʮ)ǿĺġԣй
رʶ˻ľУй⡰ġìܣ
ȨҪáᣬй־ȫ֮ȡڱ
İ˻ᡣŰ˻죬йҪǿҵ֮ǡ
һž¶ʮյľй˻֮ΡʱμӾѡй
ųͬڻʱйûеõȨΪҶй
ġ۸һ¼й½ԼĴ̼ڡй
˵һǰһλ:һλ˵:ԭһλ
ԴӿӢȹй˻ϵ־ֹܴ̼
Ҿرһˡţйܶ˶ͬƵ·
̡һžİ˻ڼ䣬йý岻ɿ
˵ǧټƵصй˶ԱʹйȡõĽ١
ش߻˴½ڶĳ
      £̨йʷ״εͳѡ־
йΪֹӰ̨ѡ̨庣Ͽдģϰά
һĺƽĿģǲҺĸ̨йһ
ڴ½ɹӪһǿҵķաй˵һ飬
ֻµһһž£µ׿ʼд

ķԸԴδ

      йһֱķԵĸйˣһ
ĽľƶȣһΪ˵ֶʹ
ǿָӵУһĴʡRessentiment(Ľ޽֯
ɺ)½й˶̬ȣҲԱϳһ棬
ǿҷġй˵һ飬й˳һ棬һ
̬ȵ顶ѧҲڳѧι۵йˣȻ
ѧLiah Greenfeld о֡֯Ǻܶ
巢չĻӢʱΪ:йһԡ쳯Ծӣ
ȴܾȽҡѹйһʦȽҡ
ɼĴ۸֮С˵ܶй˶ʹһ٣һڶ
ǱʶŲܿš(ϿΣ̸һĽ
ʱһžʮ)Ǳʶй½渻ǿʱ
սʶ̬֮ԽԽλ֮ʱ̣ȻŷεȻɷ磬
Ҳ
      йȨڡġ֮ᣬرڽ롰Сƽʱ
ķͳ(legitimacy)Σë󶫲йͳԾӣԡ
¡¡ΪͳεĺϷԱ绤Сƽʶ̬϶ȡͳλ
⣬ҲԡĸʦΪͳйĺϷԸݡڣһʱѾ
ȥˡ֮޷¹֤䷨ͳǱʶ̬ĺ
֤
      йʶ̬ͳηͳ֤Ҫ֧µ
ʶ̬֤йν쵼ˡȨķͳͱȻܵסԵ
ںľסɽڴʱ֮йһ쵼
ؽʶ̬ͷͳһֳԡ
      Ϊֹйʶ̬ҪݿԸΪ: Ϸ
ձ(Ȩ֪ʶȨ۵ȷ)̨
ضҪΪǿĻϷﴫͳ
      ǷܹΪйµʶ̬壬Լʶ̬ܷ˷
Ŀǰй쵼ٵȨΣĿǰԶԡйȻԴ˼
йġȨרҡȨΪй˵һд˵:ȫ
ȫҪᶨ·ģסѹƻ롮ƽݱ
ֻҪͦʮʮ꣬ƻҹĴ仯
˶Ȼµĸǡйɹʶ̬
ǰǲܵġζйҪΪ˸شĴۣҪ
սĥѡļʽǶս
      һʶ̬γɣҪҪǰѧClifford Gee
tz ĿһڳᡢκĻΣʱҲҪʶ̬
ʱйĿǰ١ʱĸΣѰµʶ̬ʶ
̬һϵͳ˼ϵ֮⣬ҪһǿΪʷϣ
ϣաë󶫵ˣһʶ̬ĴԣعΪһ
ʶ̬γ봫Ҫ˹ꡱ(chrismatic)ĳ쵼
(ʱ˼˶ʶʮһŰ˾ʮº)
ڣйʶ̬ϵûнɣ˹ꡱ͵ĴҲû
и̨档ǿȷ:ѾΪйһʶ̬
