Ȯ岡

йľΣ ()  


ƽ


    ĲϨ𣬵ϻҽȼաҽȼյĲ
ȼա
    ҽῴȼյġ
                                                            ּ

                                                                        
                              
      йеʲô?Ȯ塣

1.Ȯȥ
      
      Ȯ(Cynicism)ǸʣﱾûֳɵĶӦʻ㣬ͨ
ΪڽףЩ²,Ȯ
һиİգбҪ׷һԴݱ䡣
      ֪ȮǹϣһѧɣŵյĵҰ
(Diogenes of Sinope)ѧĹٻ
عȻ(ʹׯѧĳЩκʿ)˵Ұ¸᱾סһ
Ͱ(һ˵ס)ַΪ˼Цȴա
Ȯ塱֮ɴ˵춵Ұ¸ᣬжιºһ죬ɽ
ǰ̽ڵɹ̫ĵҰ¸ᣬҪʲôͣҰ¸ش˵
ֻҪסҵ̫
      ǡǡ෴ڵȮǼģҰ¸һҵ
ҡ־ҪҴһαƣҵ׷ĵУ׷֮
½ųɡҰ¸ȷʵףһڳ
,˵һʵˡ
      ȮѧУںʼ΢ı仯ȮǷ
ۣĴƶޱãĸҲΪ޴һλ
е˹(Teles)Ȯɾ˵ҵĶӻˣѵκӦ
ȻڻŵԼҲչҵĲƲô?(ʹׯ
ŹĹ) ѵһδЩ飬ͺֲ
λ˹ĳ͸һǮˣԸ˵㿶ȵ
ʩңʹʹȡ֮㣬ȲϥҲ߶ﰵ
߼ǣǮνĶܾԵҰѽǮ̫
̫ˡ½ǮֱʾлҲǰѽǮˣˡ
ȷǣֻҪϸҾµҪײҪҪҲ
Ҫ̬ȿȥѣЩ޳ܡ⵽ôһ?
ǮҪĶǲҪĶֻлӦбĶ
ȽǮҪԣڼָ߼ֵǰ¿ǮǸеģûиߵ׷
ȴְڳӽǮ̬ͲǸжֻˣˣ޹»
ܻоΪʲô˹ԲѽǮΪɶµ
±˵Բ֪֮СڵȮһֵԭȥ
׵ĹڵȮȻ׵Ĺȴʧȥݵĵԭ
һʼϲȻνУҲν¼Ȼûʲ
ô˲õģҲûʲôҪõġ󣬻޿
޲ɵһ˿Ժܷһ׹ں̬һ
ֺ޹˼ɵȥȡҪȡκ׵Ķǣ׵ȫ̷
ͱ˶׵յȫգһǶĲֵĲ֪߳ܵյ
ȫ()ǣ׾ͱ
      Ұ¸ƣҴαƣŤĿȫǡһ
λ˳Ƴ(Lucian the Mocker)ȮԽҴαƵ壬ѹ
ơ,Щ׷Ե˶Ǵɵ϶ѡ
˵Ŀֻ֣֮ҪôαӣҪôСˡȮһĺ
ǰһΪĶΪ˽ȮɼȳȨ
ߣҲȨߣǰ߲ںĳЦЦù
Ϊ֮ȴӮǵ֧ͬ֡ԣȮɿ͹ǿ
ߡȮɾʹִļұ˼ȵߵĳ
ı
      Ȯһʵݱ֤ӷ׵ֻһ֮һ
˵ģʮּҵ塣ǳ׵
壬׵塣ƫƫЩȥҵ巴
תΪ׵壬ԭ?Ϊ׵ڿ
ʱȱٳ̶ʶԻִУȱصͬ⣬ϸ
ֵ֮ĽͻǺװ翴һƬڣɴ˱ʹԼ
뱯ʧٽɺͷüֵĴڣǷ׷󡣡
һЦΨԻЦԴ֮һ
ʵ֮űȮģ˹(Sydney J.Harris)ԣ
Ȯ岻ֻڹȥᣬȮǶδʧȥϣ
      ˵ľ߷ζڵȮǼڵºͼֵڵ
ĹǵȮһñķ棺ֻڵ׵Ĺ
ڵĵֵ(Oscar Wilde)˵Ȯ߶ԸļǮ(
price)һǶǵļֵ(value)һ֪      

2.רȮ

      ܶ(John S.Mill)ָ,רʹ˱Ȯ(ʹ֮Ļ
꺫ߣ±طϡ)רƼһּ˵רƣʹ˱
Ȯ塣ڹר£ͳ뱻ͳ߶ױȮ塣ͳ߱Ȯ壬
ΪͲǿͷۺԭֻЩۺԭ
άȨֶԼѹĽڡڱͳ߷棬һʶԼ
ڹûʵʵϴ춱Ūѹȵľأתһõļ
ֵʧȥġͼ⵽صĴ֮ᡣǾͿܷ
룬׷Ц룬Ц׷󡪡ԲѾ˵ᡣ
ǾͱȮ塣ȻͳߵȮͱͳߵȮͬ
ģǹؽǶԹȮ塣
      ŷġ(Irving Howe)ķȨ׶Σ(һ)а
Ե룬շ˿ȣ()ģĿֲ
Ȼᣬֲľǣ()Ǳ͸һ
УȮ塣
      ΪȨĸ׶ΣڿȺͿ᳣ֲ֮ڷ
ܴ֮ŻձȮ塣ȨͳοǵĿȶͨģ
ֲԹ̣ǣȺͿֲܳ־ãǿǵĮ
Ȩͳβŵάϵ

3.ʷ˹µĶ

      ߺյˡʷ˹(Hedrick Smith)Ǳдһĵ<
>һУ߽ڲʱȮ塣
֪չʮ³˹ᣬνⶳ
ɻʱڡɻ˶ƽչ¼ǿơᣬ³
̨һѹɻ˶ʹ˶š
£Ȯӣɵʱһ
      ʷ˹֣ʶ̬ʵѾţ
չ쵼ԼͲ(˳һᣬǰֶŮŷ¼
дԼĵܵ˵ʲô壬ⶼǺ
Ŀջ)ʷ˹һλĪ˹ƵĿѧҵĻʶ̬
áΪһΪһۣ߲ɵü档ǵ쵼
ΪһΪ϶ǷҳϵһַЩ
еһۡǻۡñԸڽָ¹ΪԴ˲
Ⱥ˭ǸԼ˭ǲġһλ߼༭ָֽЩչ쵼
ûˣһЩһжνˡҪȨȨ
λ༭˵Ȼµ˶Źٷʶ̬ҶԸ
ҲûԼͬĿһʽĳϣȴվɾƣ
Źٷĳ´ĵ֪һǺģǷ곡Ϸ
ȥ
      ˼Ȼſƺ쳾̬ȣˣǷϾȻ
ļĳĳ壬ֱþ档һιʺƽϣ
һλŵĳԱͶĽ⡣˽ʷ˹ѵЩ
ΪܹãܹӰʵ?
      ʷ˹ʶһչ׳ɹԱȥǳìܵĸ塣һ
ں̸ʱܣٲȻǸĸңһ棬ֶԱ
θеԺΪԼȨƼŶ־֪˹ʱ
ֲҲԸٻصǸʱͬʱֶ˹ֿǿȨһ
ĺɫ۹ʮֽһ棬ʾ˼ţ
ŹٷĽһ棬ֶԼڸǸ˹۵㣬Լڵڻ
춷ƶ⡣ʵչһԱһֵ͡ġȮ
ʽĻߡɼʷ˹ֻܽҪ
ʶ̬սҲòҲãǹؼ⡣
      ſһе˼УҲʼġһ㵹Ҳп
ԭ˰͵ڣѾ̫Ĵۣµŵ
?޹ֺǻ룺ֻһһǶ̴ٵġԣ
һ㶫ɡδѽ!ķĽһ˲д塣
Ϊһ桪ΪһγᣬΪ˷ֵһ׷ӻ㵽һ
ԸԼĶٲȡģĿֲʩ
ԿסµĹ
      ¸ҵĳֲͬȻڷǵһʱڣӮ
˹㷺𾴣Ȼ춹ʾ𾴵˲ࡣȻ˾ǣ
ֶʿˮһм侹ȻҲõĳӦʷ˹Դ˴
󲻽⡣һλͼյʿ˵Ⱥһ
ŵȮ塣ʵʹЩĬûд˵иС
˽ôȥǱܸɵ¡Ǹеò
԰οԼġڶ,Լľ飬Ǿÿһطÿһ
ƭ֮ÿһˡ˺ŮһΪԼǼŮΪ
еŮ˶ǼŮΪǷΪɵģÿһ˶
ǸĳԱûĳʵû֧˵ǹ
ģֻģô˵ƭˡȮְ˴æʹ
֪ʶӾͷѲʿų֮⡣ȻǿԵȥ
ĵֻ̨ҪձȮ壬ǾͻΪǲһ
˵ҲֵõˡȮṩ˼Ȩҽȶ
˹ʱڵĴģֲ
      £һλѧҽᳫǿƵĻ

      
4.Ȯ
      
      ϸ˵Ȯ岡ķֻڹרƵĩڡڹ֮
ȮĲѾС
      һʼȮ²֮Ե
      ʶ̬һּߵ壬ͬʱҲһ
Ȯ塣׼ȷ˵Ȯؽϡһ棬
־Ҫһݵؽһп˼佨áȻ
塣һ棬ΪȻǵĿ˳ãʲôֶ
ǲԲõ?ˣһνƶȷ̵ĵ
ַһԼΪĵԼȻȮ
һ棬˵üߣһ棬ְʵ˿ü͡
δĿ֮Ը߶ȵ뻯ǡǡΪʵĿʮ
ȮʽĽ׼ۺͽ׼ۣʵϾ϶ǳ˽
ĶΪΨһɴˣΪͬĽ׼
£ܴձͬĺУ׼ֻһƭ
ֻ֡Ҫͨ׵Ĺ˽׼ڵʸԴȫ
ﵽֵĺгһ£ìܱ㲻ڣҲ֮ʧ
˸ĹҲ֮֡ǰȮģ
ȴģ˵ĽȴǵȮǰᡣ
Ϊ޲׼ȷӡһ棬ƣ޲׼桢ڵ
棬κԼ档⿴ȥǫ飬Ҳܸ塣
һ棬ּΨԼš޲׼
޲׼ڱδʸ޲׼,
(ȷ޲׼Էز޲׼ۣɹ
֮޲׼)ⲻֻԵĿԽصǣΪЩ
ʲôҲŵȮǾȡȨ󿪷֮šԣ֣ܹ
ٻͶ䣬ڹڲ
ռϷ磬ЩȮʽĻǸԵÿ
      йȮ壬ǻᵽװ
ʷҪǣйǾʮװŶȨġйװ
ʷȣʮ¸ֻһװ䣬жȨһ
˵籩ʱԽԽпᣬһУ˾Խ
װѸĳᣬԽǰʤȨ׷Ŀ꣬
춵ǲٰȨʵֶΣǷ뵱ȡȨ
¢ȨֶΡˣǾͺ״ɻΪȮߡ˵
֮ᣬйĳԪϽһ仰˵Ľɽǧ˵
Żġ˭ҪƷ˭ҲҪͬĴۡէһȥ˻ǲͨ
ָΪ񵱼?Ҫθĸһ
רʵеȨʲôɾܾ?û⻰ȥ
λйԪϣΪͰʲô񵱼ӵˡ
      ֪,һʼͷ·űⱾͱ
ʵҲǲһ˵߾ʹñʵ
ţǲǶͳ߲룬ͬʱҲǶеʧʧ
ν֪˽ųܼ򵥣ûһͳ
ͬΪͳЧû൱ĮľԹ
ͳ߾ͳ˹¼ҹˣλܳɹؿܸĸ?űɽͲ
йʹƺܵͣڸʤҪͨѵ
׶ʵҪӵöࡣһ棬
пĸУʧܣȱ춾
Ǹйٹ¼ţپɥԹߡʹǶڡ
ԵĿʮȻȷӵۺ޲׼רۣ
Ǻܿ԰Լʧڲһ㿴ȥ֮¡
һ棬ַ֣񵳵ĲΪǹṩûʵɣ
רƵĲΪֹṩֳɵĿռ䡣ǣǾͰڳ
ʿ̬ùרƵĲף񵳵ĲԼȴʹ
ҪרƵ⡣
      ڰһ꣬һЩƶ淨Ҫ󣬳ڲʾȷ
ܾһҪ󡣳˵ȥǾù񵳵ĳ淨͹
ڣǾҲĶϷʾ
Թٳе̹ʽʾйͳߵ硣ʾǣ
ʵйȨ֮ǰǾʹⲻҪɣҪҪΡ
ʱڱϷԹ񵳵İԵȴڳЦ񵳵޴Ц
ȻҲԸԼͨķǰɵӶֿչϷ
һĿռ䡣ʱڿͷϷԹ񵳲ĵȴǣ
ȨҲӦǲŲôɵš
      ⵱Ȼǵ͵Ȯ塣Ҫһ㣬֪й
ġ㡱ë󶫷Ծǵڸ߲неļûŷ
֮һĸиǴһʼͿվɼȮν·߲û
ʲôϵ

5.ӡеĻԡı

      ȡ(Hannah Arendt)ѼȨ֯ṹͷ
䣬ȻΧСȦӡӢ֯Աǵ׷
ߺͬ·ˡָȨ˶ȼṹͬ·˵Ա
Ӣ֯ΧСȦӡ䱾ˣԱΪһźȮȲ
̬ͬȵػϡԽߣȮ̬ȾԽѹŵΡҲ
˵ԽԽţԽǺĵԽȮ塣ǲģƩ
ȨƭȦ˻Ϊ棬Ȧ˼ǻԵߣȻ
ƭǣȦΪʲô?Щ춽ӽĶ˽⵽
ǻԵİõά?һӻ˵
⡣
      һŶ괺йչʵָʾϺ׼װ
ѹ⵽ʧܡŹڻ¼ʴ͢й
׶ԸʧľƽԲߡΪйʧ
ҪиȻǰָʾ£ùʵ
ΪĪ˹ŵɥʧӰҲɹ˹ֵ棬
ʹйԱιʵ쵼ֻйͦеΣ
ξȫ嵣쵼ͻƲԻȫ
Ƶ¶һϣվӵʵӢ쵼ϷԻ
·ߣȶй쵼
      ι͸¶˹еһղܣǿ
ҪȺڼᶨƵͶͱȺڶӢȷмᶨƵ
ģ˾ͱάӢȷ񻰡񻰾ǻԣ
еĻԡ(ͼ)ǸҪεҪΪά񻰣
ͱĹηǣһй͹䣬һдƸˣͱѹƶ
ѹ֪ۡ©ģˣΪ˷ֹƲ
ͱ벻ϵرµĻȥ䣬ȥԲѡǣһĻԾѸٷչһ
ŻϵͳķչڹڲҲչһǿϵͳ
һѪɡ
      ˵ϵͳѪɵγֻΪ˶ȡʤҵǣ
ǲΪʤ෴ġȫȨ
԰ĻϵͳǿϵͳչңӶ֮չ
ܵĵزԼĹңǵ
֪ǳǡΪǡڣԽԽĲϱ
һʱ䣬ë󶫿ȷʵǹǷʵ
⡣ȷڲìܣ١˫١룬
ںĳЩ˸̸ʱйⲻֻǹ壬ר壬˵
ڻѵʱ(֮С)ɼڵ꣬Ȼ
춹רΪѲΪɡ
Լȴһ㲻Ϳë󶫷ʱԽȦڵԽǲ棬ԽȦ
Խǵ棬Ҳ˵ԽȦڵԽȮ壬ԽȦԽšë
󶫱ˣǰ磬ٲȻһߣַ˶
Ȯ塣ë󶫷Ƹ꣬˵Ȯ塣
      רߵȮײͬ˵ʣڶױȵһ׸Ȯ塣ڰ
(George Orwell)С˵һŰ꡷У˹˹١ʷ˹⵳
רȨģ˵ΪԼĿĲ׷ȨֻΪ˴˵
档֮׷ȨΪһȺǴġųĶǲ
ɣ˵ʶЩǿͳǣ
ƭǡֶֻ֮ѡһԴ˵ֱ
ɸЩǵػΪΪƲΪ
˵ĿֶԼĿ֡
      ǣΪͳξӢİ²ȴЦʷ˹ⷬ⡣ֱ˵
ƣȫΪԼ׷Ȩģǲı˵棬ֻȨ
Ϊٻ󣬲Ϊ»٣ֻΪȨ...ǲͬκιͷ
μţΪ֪µĻΪʲôκˣЩ
ƵˣǵСαӡûǵĶԳ
ȨǳԸֻʱΪѣԳڲԶδ
ͻʵƽȵĿáǵĿһ֪ûΪ
˷ȨȨȨֶζĿġרĿĲǸ
ĿľרȺĿľȺĥĿľĥȨĿľȨ

      Ȯʵϳཻ֯Է塣ЩΪȨȨ
ȮҪԼԺҪԼ˵ԼΪһ
еĿꡣԸеĿΪɶѳȨˣͷֻܿǡΪȨ
ȨƩ統ĳЩй쵼ˣһûйר
ûоõķչȶҲȷʵ¹չȶᣬһ
ִ´ҾñҲϷһר
       
6.ǡӸִת䡱ǴӡȨת䡱?
      
      ԽڣйԽǱȮ塣¼ն¼֮ᣬйȮ
廯һ׳Ҫ̲ס֣֮Ϊ졣ν̫
ӵ졷(֮йʵӦսѡ)һľһ֤

      ڡ̫ӵ졷УǵٵһҪ⣬ǴӸ
ִת䡣±ᣬһתӽȡ⻰Ī
Ѿִʮ꣬ô񷴵ִת?˵
ëʱйһֱ߾١죬ϸϸ˶ʹ
ýܴܵǣ־治š˰Ŀ̨ر
СƽѾ?
      Ƕ֣¼仰ĿζȺе
ֽšʮγɵĽߣȺֻҽ
ҽΪŷй¼ľ
ηԹʱǡǡǹδЧתһЩ
ۡɻõĿںžǷܡٵȺ˶Ȼ
......仰Ҳ˵еȫʵ磬ʲôʱʵй
ߡ?ʲôʱ򡰲ҽ?ǣЩĴʾ棬
ߵʲô˼?
      ʵ̫ӵ졷˼޷˵ȥϣ
ȨȺ(ë¼ǵȨ˭?ġ)
巢ʩʥַˣڹȥӲ
ءֱ׳ѹ񡣶ķΨһİ취
ǡǡһС顱ǡɱΡɴ˲ܻѹ
ƵĺϷԻԡͽС塱ͽСߡҽ
͡Ⱥ˶ȻۣȷڸʱڻҪ
ִʱھöкˡֻۣԸ
ṩ˼
      Ӧóϣ۵ȷٴ֤˹רƲͬ춴ͳר
ڴͳר£ͳߺͱͳǺ£˴˶Ϊ˫ƽ
ȵġʵĶӣĶӡطٱĸ٣С
Աͳ߹ȻҪ⣬ǲһҪѭ⣬Ϊʹ֮
ʹ֪֮ⲻ顣ϰտϳ飬ɡҷ
ǹҵˣûʲôȨ񡱡ִרͬ
ϣӹҸ춳
̧ĵλƩԼĹϸϡ񡱻Դ
ʾԼȡʲ׼ơĺʷȻԡһ硶̫
ӵ졷ԣҲʹԼһ־޴Σգһһ
ܾԣǵġʧȥ֮ˡ
ն¼Уʾߴǲ!һ򵥵Ŀںţ
ȨĺϷԱ㵴Ȼ޴档
      еظܵȨһ㣬̫ӵ졷飬й
ҪĻԼۣѾʱ˵ĸںţҪϰհͳ
ǡ̬νӸִת䡱Ʃµġ
ũֻ߾١һжﶼƽȵġ죬Ʒ
˹ͳΣųɶԼᣬ᲻ã
ǾԭȵĸںţһжﶼƽȵģǣǼµİ
仰ЩһЩƽȡͷֹáһж
ƽȵġһʱĸںŷսǵͳȨͽмʱ
Ӹִת䡱
      Ҷǵã¼֮ᣬձ϶Ѿɥʧͳεĺ
ԡ˵ԭȹͳεݣ硰λ
ߡʷչĿ͹۹ɡ
ѾƲҵȻ˵ͳεĺϷһɥʧ
ġϽͳδûлùϷԡ֮ǰѾ
ԽԽһ㡣˾˱ɹͳκϷԵΰ
׳١޷˵¼Ͼһı־Ȼ
ľӡɱⲻܲʹһΪйͳκϷԽб绤˵
ƲȻڵǣһɥʧ˺ϷԵͳβų֮̂
Ȼôһ?
      ˽˵֮ᣬйչøĸﲢȡ˿ɹ۵ĳɾͣ
ΪйͳӮ˺Ϸԡһֽ˵й˹
ıߵĽɫͳα˺ϷԡֽȨϷԵ
һȨĳһ¡һȨкϷԣһ
³ԣûһȨ޴ѳɹΪͳκϷԻ
ΪϷԵıʾʵƫ߶ԾɳȨ
ȻĺϷԣŮͬ(ڹŴ辭ĸͬ)
ΪзŮһϷɷӦĳЩ飬Ǿ˫
;˺ϷĻϵǿ顢ǿռͻʲô𡣷һ
ԺϷķޣһ˫ĳԭδܺܺõɷӵӦ֮
ֻҪδҪĳԼûĺϷԾȻڣҲ˵
ȻҪӣȻҪɷɷһκʱ
⡣
      죬йѾʧȥͳεĺϷԡ֮ԻͳνΪ
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ͱͬġǿǹҪҽǮһ˰
һ˵£ҽǮǳ춱ǿơ
ǿῪǹңץ෿Ȼֺܲһ
Ϊҳ˰ӦõģҳȨҪҽ˰ǿû
ȨɼǿŽȨǿǿֻܽб֮
ǵõǿ߳ԵȨǲϿɵǿб
˵úãһȨȫΪȨأκԭ
ȨǱˣһͳΪϵʱԭȵĴͳȨͱ
ɱ
      ڣ㶮á̫ӵ졷ˡҪɡӸ
ִת䡱ʵǳϺȨת䡣ոǿ
ͳεĺϷºѾٿǧԴ촰˵ɴ
(й)ǿʵͳΡбĺôʧȥʶ̬
ΣͬʱҲȥʶ̬ԸӴ˸Է¡ߵһ
ȮҲߵļ㡣(δ)