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7.Ϊʲôĸĸ? 

      ն±ᣬ˽һƤĸĸ⻰
ǰ⣬˼ΪʲôЩиĸĹҷǵ
ûӳһר?
      ϽԭһһԵģһԵġһԭ
νɡ(Law of expectations)ȵ¤ԽĳЩ
ӮɣǾԽǶ򻹴ڵĲɸеܣǾԽҪ
Ӯøɡͳ߷棬пάԣרͳʱ
ӵʱ򣬶ʼĸӶʹ׶˹ֱ¶ʱ
ԭ춣ĸĸڳֻ춾Ҳǽ
šԾĹ塣ΪľøĸǸĵ壬ʱ塣
ĸĸﲻƶҷ񶨡ȥѹΨһķ
Էϡʲ׼ʱ·һԼ
·˽֪شͷʱ·ͷʲ׼ôʲô
ȥν޲׼רȥѹνʲ׼ɻ?ˣŸ
룬ڲķֻҲЩֱĹˣȻ
ھŸĸ޳˽гãҲ˳µſ
ͬƶȡһ棬䣬ԽԽҪѹ
һ棬ڵڣԽԽ֧ͬϵɻ˶Ҳ
ѹɻ˶߽ã˴ǿǾͼ
˹רƵİ
      ֪ڸĸڣйڣϵĸĸº
ɡϵǿӲҲǾϵıɡʵڱ֮
ԾøĸҪǳ춾ϵɶǳϵĿǡǵľ
ĸ߽⹲ͳεʶ̬ӶֱΣרȨ
˵߿ھɫһࡰһ޲׼ҡ
硣ʣѵ⻹ܽ?˻شúֻҪǹ
Ȩͽ塣ǣЩһ޲׼ҡҲͷˡ
      ɴˣǿԳһе˰ѵСƽ·߳Ϊʵ壬
Ӧ˵Сƽ·߲ʵȮ塣Ϊʵǿʵһ
£Сƽ·ߵصǡǡʵ౳롣йɲе
һ˳˵壬壬Ǽɡ˵ʱ壬ʱ
ɻɡ˵壬ʱ壬ǵСƽɡʱգСƽɵ
˵塱ƭѱ˿˵һʶƾͲپЧ
ֵǣСƽɵġ˵塱׻ƺȻЧйȻ
ڡ˵塱ȥѹνʲ׼ɻ˼ԭ
?ԭձеȮ̬ȡط֣Ȩƶȵ֮ǡǡ
ȡҪô¶ԡҪôʹһµʵΪԱ
ӢŵȮ̬Ƚ䱻ٵѹЩ˷ǵȥ¶ԣ
ȥ֮ì֮ܣӶٳȨת෴Ƕֹҹͷ
ȨΪı״ͣΪǸ
ǻۡɼȮ岡Ѿ뵽εȳ̶ȡ
      ָάִͳȨϰʧƵʱ򣬲ǽΪ
ĳȨȡΪȡиĸ
ǵԭеʶ̬ͳƲնרȨתΪȨ
˾˹һʹйʱ⡰ĸһ١ɱ
˹ͳεĺϷԣٳйȨȨת䡣ŶСƽ
ѲƲʡˣٵı֮ì֮
ܣΪѾҪʶ̬װ硣ڣάֱͳεֶֻʣ
˱Эͬͳε̬ҲֻʣȮ塣

8.Ȯ̬־壬ۡѵúͿ

      ˵Ȯ廯ĸԴǡΪȨȨôȮ廯ĸԴ
ǿ־塣
      רǻԼӱӦµżӿ־塣ϸ
˵źͿ־ǻìܵġǰѻʱͬʱҲ
ѱԼǾͲ֮е־塣
ڡ޲׼רǰе־壬Ǿ˵ǽΪ켺֮
ʵûаԼȻʵУһ˵ȷǼֿ־
ͬʱֻìܵĶǰ˵ġ˫˼롱
Ǳʶ־ʶ
      ٸСӡڹȥǵһñӵ
ɷӣͨǶСرӴǺٻѯ
ôɵġƾֱʵǡˡǲȥ
Ŭ˽ʵࡣʶغ˽ʵ࣬Ϊǵ
ᶯҡǶԵʱǷ֪ǱԩģǲΪ
ԩΪǺ±Ǵӹﲢǵƶ
ǹƶȣǽƶȣǱ˵ƶȡ˵Ϊ
ԹƶΪʱǵʵҲǺܱ滯ģ°
ŵǿ־塣źͿ־ܹ֮ͬһ˵ͷй棬޷Ϊ
ƽʱǰѿ־ϵңֱԶѡ
      ѾȮ壺ʶزʶŵĶ˵
ͳߵȮʵǿͷϱԭ򣬶ֻǰЩ
ԭάȨֶΣôڷȮͱҲ
Ƶԭ򣬶ֻԴǵĿ־壬ΪȨƼԺ
֣żȨͳεĻԵ汩¶˲Ƿ
𷴿ɼԭͲϵƭߣǰʵ
ֻøʣСزԽ׳һŬȥӦ
Ե硣żٵͬʱ־ȴӣֺ춴?
      һ˳߹˹ʶ̬ƭáΪû
רƣΪûʶƻԣûʶררơʵȻ
ʱպǷġΪǶʶǻԣоררƣ
ؽѹԲų춿־ҿĸΪĻǼ
ȨͳεĵǷ켫ǼȨͳοǰұ¶ڣֻƬǿ
ĸĽ˼áĸȷʵٳ˹ʶרƶȵĻԲ
һСķߣĿ־ЧӦĸͬʱѶ˱ӱ
εңɡΪǽ˶һӣҵʱע⵽˶Ĳμ٣
ᣬ˵˼⻹̸͸ЩȻԵֱɻҲ
ǻȽš֮£ҹȥʶһѶйĿԵС
ƽĿҪ̵ö࣬öࡣϧǣһμӵ˶ȥ
ֻԶԹУԱ۵̬ȶֹɡڰıѡ˶
ҲƵĶԱȣƫƫᡢ٣ΪôרƵı
ҪоǸͶ롣˵˶У֪ʶӵġ
ɡΪҲں̶ܴϾΪë󶫵ġı
ҲǶԹŶɵġǲָ˾˵ѧ
ΪԹרƵײбʶδܱɱ(⻰ʵֻƬ
²)Ƿһ룬ҪǶǴһʼͳʶֵ
Уôж˸춷ⳡ˶Ͷⳡ˶?˲
ΪԵֵײп̫⣬ȥȰѧǲҪϽֵ?
      ־岢Ȯ塣ֻͨȮڼȨУ־ģ
Ȼ춣ֱܹԼĿ־壬ǵˡΪºͺͬ
һ棬¾ǺޡϿ־壬ʶ־壬ؽߡ
ֻǵġǡǡΪӿ־Ȼ̼֪
ᵼ֪ľ뷴ѣ˲Żػرܿ־壬ȥװ
װû£֪춺Ϳ״̬ͽСѵúͿ˵
֮ᣬ֣ŵġѵúͿССһӦòżȻġ
ѵúͿȮ塣ɴͿŽСѵúͿѵúͿǴ
ĲǲͿĺͿǣѵúͿվǺͿǲֻп
˼˲ŻȮ壬һȮͿԲ˼ֻд˲Ҫ
ͿҪԼĴͷȥ˼Щ鷳
ʵ⡣һĴ˻ǣѵõĺͿ
ѵúͿʽȮ춾˸ǶǵıѣԴ
ıѡ

9.ľ̸

      ǰ֪꣬ʶһйľĴۡ
      ľΪһЩ֪ʶʹľʧ䣺
ҵ󳱵ĳĻĲʹ֪ʶӶʱʧȥλãʧȥӰ
죬ʧȥأʧȥԼԡһ֪ʶ൱Ĺ
Ҳ飬Ƿʣľѵڹȥ?гõķ
չʶ̬ĵĻĵĶԪѵ׷
Ŀ꣬ΪʲôǿʼΪʵʱҪܾҪԹ?׻ִ
ᣬ֪ʶӱͲλãˣ֪ʶӲӦٻӢ̬
ŵʱӢۣ밲춱Ե춱ݡһЩӲͬĽǶȶ
ⳡ۷ָۡľĳìͷָ׻ҵ
ĻػرרһʵǣҪע
⵽ⳡ۵ζ·棬ˡЦ³Ц볰Ц񡱵
塢Ȯ塣
      ľ漰⡣ֻмԼۡ

      Ҫָ춾ʮľʧУϵǰʮ
(ȷе˵Ǵʮĩ˾ʱ)ع˲ѷ֣ʮ
Ϊľй½ľΪʱڡʱڣ
֪ʶӳΪʱӢۡⲻΪ档֪ʶ̬ͳεĹ
һְʶ̬ȫ泹׵Ŀơÿ
һֿƺѹȶٽ۵壬ˣÿһսͷҲò
սͷǰоΪ֪ʶӵĻôĻƽ
ʱʶ̬ͳڣ֪ʶΪרƻʶ̬
߽ʶ̬ӶҲ߽רͳ(˵˵֪ʶӣ
ְָֻҵָɫʶЩδܹߵȽҲǴ
ĳֲͬ)ڰʮϯУ֪ʶӰ
ȷĽɫ֪ʶһʱӵشãֻ
ʷϵʱ⡣
      ҽҪʹԼĴڱòҪͬأʶ̬
ħΪε֪ʶӣҪҲɱػʹɶ½Ʃ
ڰʮĩʮǰն֪ʶӺǷһҵͳ
ʫ˳˲ڱѡΪԱڹŻûҵĴѧ
鿯һʱڵ궼Ǻձ󡣲龰ͨ
̫áҲѹ֣Ȼ֪ʶеרƹȻޣǳĻ
ԭȻڽɲƣǵʷҲ͸һ䡣ǰ
ĥѵʿǶϵĵ⻷ÿÿȺսα
˶ʧɫΪжӱ
Ϊ󿴵ӰעĿԱ򱻺ӡǷ
λԻӹΣߺ͹⡣ԣĴˣ
ʵᵹ׸оįﻹ˵ҵĻӰ졣
      ôй?Ӧ˵й֪ʶھʮʧ
ʵϰ⡣һ˵ơڰʮ
һڴѧͻԭʶ̬ܵƷѧȦ
Ȧ֮Ĺ䶯ھʮͼܣΪԭʶ̬Ѿ
Щܳˡ֪ʶΪǵʤįһ
ȫȻͬйרȻڣʮ֪ʶеҪ
ĿȻڡ˵֪ʶӵӢϷû꣬ôͱԵ?Ȼ
Ϊרθѹйľĸʧķֽ
ģⱾ͸˴𰸵
      Ȼ𰸵Ǵ𰸡¼ѹһ֪ʶӢ
֪ʶвδϢġϸʮ½ĹԷ
ɻδ춰ʮδزǰй֮
ʿп֮಻ϣұǰϰյġʲô
˵û˥Ҹ񡢸ձ顪ٹĸɲ
Ҳָյˡֶ˼ĿƺҲȰʮ
ǸǿڰʮĹ˾ʮԵϡƽͨ
(˵Ĺ)ڣ֪ʶӺʿĸпǣ
ǲУǵѹƵ̫ϣǰΪ٣
ǵĺȱٹ㷺ĻӦ˶æºǮСȥˡ޹ֺһҪ
ìͷָҵ׻Ļˡ
      ҲϾô󳱵ĳŶСƽѲһ־ȳ
ȷʵתƺͼרԵѹҪָǣɺȱ
ٻӦĸҪԭǷĳֵȮ̬¼µ
ӵ֢

10.飬

      ˾һΰĵԿڰ˾⵽ѹ֮ᣬһЩѧ
޷޵˵˵ǣǴ򲻹ǡʤˡ˵Ӯ
ǣְˡ˱ڰ˾УʾӮ˼Ϊ
ҵ֧֣ʮٳ£ӲԷ֯İص
濪ʱģģ˼ܹ
߽⵶ǹǹȻɱпѹڵĿ顣ɱֱ
ǼǸķ߿ʧʧ¡һɱ˵
Ȩάֳáŷնޱһǿǵһ
ǣȥˣʲô鶼ûзйȨûп̨Ȼ
ⲻܲʹ˸еɥеʧĵһ
˶ʧȥ˶Եη֤˵ĵĽ
ǱȻؽԿϧǣһʱ䲻
ô룬Ǹ״һеóһ򵥻Ľۣ˼򲻹ǹ
в
      ʲô?ֻ֪־ĳζ֪
ǺõģǶԵģһζҪУҪ
֮ʵû
飬顣ڵ춣Ȼ֪ĽǶȣ
ȻΪǺöǲٲ룬С
Ȯʽı壬һѭ֤ʵֵı壺Ϊǲ
ɵʵ֣ǲȥΪŬ뵱ȻͲʵ֣
Ǿ͸ţԾ͸ŬԾ͸ţ......֪
ʵǳģΪʵʵǲΪܹı䣬Իǽ
ʵ֪õģΪֻ룬ʵвڣвͨ
ڣԷ롣һǷ룬ҲͲԸȥ
ĺǾǶǿ̸ôֻͽնѡһλڴѧ
Ѹңȥڽ̳ϲ룬ñڿϽͬ
ݣȴȡڵ̫ʵˡ˵˵
ڵ̫Ȯˡ˱Ȯʵɱ֮£ǻ׷
ȻǻɣѾ˥ϣǻʲô֪أѾʲô
ˡ
      ǽɣʲôʲôǶﰵǰǣһ
ʶƣǾͻƣʶͻΌ񡣵ɶȮƺû
Ȯǲƶģǲ֪ƶȮ֪ƶƣ֪
ЩȮ廹ߵøԶǲԶǻҪӭ϶ֻҪȨơ
ǱúʵȮ屾δȫǼȻĨɱƶǷǣ
ͷֻʣеȮ帻춽ԡǲֻ룬ҪЦ
롣˵Ҳǣ˷ܶˮˣǴûܶˣЩԼ
Ҳܴܶ˷ܶˡԲѾ˵ᣬԼٷ
ˣ˻ڷܶȥЦԹΪأЦ˵ķܶΪ˱
ԼĲܶȮĳЦҲԼ߼ȮȻֻʵ
ͻѱ˲ʵڶִ׷Ϊɵðֽ
йȥʵСȫרܻǹֻ׼һ
µĳ·̫խȴǡһܻǹֻҪսϵר
ȨʲôСƫƫҪǹײǡɵðʲô?̣Ҷ
˰뱲ںò˴ƵĻ,ΪʲôҪʲô
?
      ˳㷴һ˵Ϊ,ֽй½ԿչΪ
ĸȡʵЧڸ,巺ģ嵭ϵ׷֪ʶҲ
˸ĿռԵɣԶ״ҲȽ⡣Ƕǡ˾
˱֮ǰøĸﲻҲò?ʱǾĵڣǳԣ
޷ж٣ڣǧ¸ڣһּҳ֪ʶӵ
ʱǸ߷ڣҸоձá˾˵ıڷ˵
7ԣҪǵ¤ĽǾ԰԰Ĳ
ⷴҲ˵ˣ˵ĵ䣬Ϊѹ
䶳ΪΪΪ
ĶΪȮӡ

11.ʽȮ

      ܶ˵רʹ䳰³Ѹ˵йרʹľ䳰ܱľ
áɼҲڽȮһʣ˸еİ˵Ҿ
ϤˡʵȮ塣
      ǰЩ꣬˷ƷΪĵ٩ѧһʱ֪ҴƷ
Ʒ춹ƷڹִƷǲ˷Ҳ
˷Ʒֻн˷ƷߺһĻѧרѾ
вƵ֮ѧָ˷ƷڶǰѾ֣
Ϊһ˼ڱΣ ضıʵϷӳ˾ʮ
µ޸Сᵽˡײ޿κεʧ
͵㵽ġԣȮʧᷢġ
̬׷ᷢġ޴ľѹʹƣ
ƣ򵥵İ취ӵٸ֮һЦΪʲôҪܳߡ
䡱?ΪֻҪԼԼ˿û˰㵱˿ʹ
ûзȥĿ(˷С˵)QÿܣҪôʤҪô
Լн֮ЧʵֻǰQһЩִŵ֮Ҳ
ҪԳһģԳơԹߵĵλҪЦ˵ھ
סΪׯЦֻһ֮
      ̡֣۷Ĵ̣һüɥʧԼȮĴ
һԼΪỌ֮̇ᡰֻʹ߾һ£
һȡҲһ޿Ϊ(³Ѹ)䳰ȷӡʹٷ
˵ԵÿЦͬʱҲʹĿԵÿЦȨǲں㳰Цġ
ѽ⣺ˡЦЦⲻۼලôܡ
ùΪ֮?˵˼ǿʱ׷չΪʱڡ
⻰Ҳѽ⡣ʵ仰漰һͬıǾȮвȨ
⵽Ӷʧȥͳ֧֣תΪȨ
ͱɳıͳζϵĮζձȮ
塣ڱͳ£ҲγۣҲγ
ԱںΪǿ˶Ҫǵ
ͬģҸҵģҺ?һ棬辭ˤӲˤȮ
ЦȨƣȨ󰭣Ȯ峰ЦȴԿд˺Ϊ
춵壬Ӯǵ֧ͬ顣
      ȮҴйĿǲȮҪĺйȥΪȮ
ΪϱҲʲôȮͬΪȻΪ޷ȡ
֮йѹʱȮ̬ǣʲôö˭Ҳ
ʵǴʡΪǲҪ㷴ѹйֻҪ
˵˭Ҳ׼ѹ˭Ǵ£Ȯ
ذ߻Ϊһ̸

12.ȮȮ

      йȮ壬һǱͣһǷ͡
      ר֮б̬ʵΪ֡ɹߣǽıÿÿ
ӣ
      ףдһƪΪ˼й֮ˡĳģ
(Isaiah Berlin)ָλ
ͼӢġҶӢ壬ߡϤֵѧ
(negative liberty)ͻ(positive liberty)Ӣʱpa
ssive libertyactive libertyһʹ뵽Ҳnegative libert
ypositive libertyɷ϶ɸΪ׵Ϊһ
ʹ뵽˼ȥѧҲɸ
ȤȻһЩ⣬ɵ˶ʵͬ(Ƿ
ͳй?)ǰë󶫵ġ塷ʲô²ؼ߸߹
֪ԣ˵Ϊѣܱ޹壬ֻû
Цⲻ֪ȥͬëϵġ塱Ʃ磬š
˻իҪʷȱϯȨ˶ед
ޣᳫϰաĪ̸¡˵ȻΪܵٵ
õôĵξõΡֹ۵㶼
ν֪ʶ֮ڣ֮ơ?Ƕ
壬Ȯ塣
      Ȯ忴ȥȮ塣ǹ¸԰ߣ
룬ֻǾ˶̫̫ӣҪ˴򽻵ʤֻܡ
֮֮Ҳ˵ΪҪʹĿȡóɹ
㲻òȡܶ಻ֶΣпܻȮˡƩ磬³Ѹ
ǰ꣬һƪģˮǷǴ򲻿ɣʵΪ
̫ǷȺͿݣԴʩ֮ˣԱңʩ˽ʱ
ǣҲ֪йʤߣ˭ءȡ
ļʵۣԬ켺ߺγϾɱֻȴ˵
ʲôȺͿݣʲôȱʺҲƵļˣ
Ƕˣôô˵йֱˬĶˡйʵ
ΪֹдȣݣȱʺȵҲʵʧ
ֻ߳ɹġȻһȺɵӣ
      λǶٿԿ³ѸΪʲôͬ鹲Կë
Ϊʲô³Ѹ֪ǻԿ³ѸĳЩ۵(硰ʹˮ
Ĺ۵)Ϊʲôĸбã𵽺ܶӵЧ³Ѹ˼а
Ȯ塣Ȯ岻ſʴһ£׼ȷ˵ʹ
еʴһʵܡʶڷ߼֮½֮
Ȯ塣
      漰⡣һ˼˵ʱǲ
ζԼԣԼҪѭ£ǻζűҲԣ
ҲѭԣǻζţΪıҲΪͽСͬ
ģͬ˾УǺγֲ֪ǹڣ
޷ŽžҲˣҲҲѡν¼ݻǶ
Եʧȥ˶˵ΣһЩֿ
ʧȥ˶һڵɴ˲˶ԿʽĻɡǣ
˱šȻԱδǵԱױ籩δ
ؾȮ塣֮ȷʵĳֹ4
߾ǲǶͳ߲룬ͬʱҲǶ
ʧͺѺƵһ¡ͰȮӡ
(δ)