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  ¹춱һλǾǰ(һŰ˾)дģûзʱ뿪ѧ
ʮ꣬ܶ鶼ˡرһ˳(ϻ)ᣬ
ѹȥԣûȫ֮ǰʱ¡Ľ쿴
־ǰдҲ(ڸӽϻ)Ի˵л֮
ײҪֻҪʵɿҺãѣѧʱռǻڡʱ䡢ص
¼ԣˣֻ˼йʵעС
   һžŰʮ Tucson


  һ꣬ʮ꣬ҿ˱
ѧĸѧԺԭֲڱڣѧԺɳ̲ҽѧԺʲ
ѧԺڳϡһ꣬󱻵ٰҽѧԺУ԰ҲǨ
⣬ռԭྩѧУַУ԰԰
뱱԰ĵһǡһҴԼٵ
þ鼮󱨵Ϊϵһ꼶ѧʱѧỹûн
ãδߵĴס˼һš'һ
򳡵ĵذϣҲûΣڵϿ飬⡣ѵ
û˿ͷļ飬ΪѧѾõĵط
˵֣йϣҲһѧйӽ
֮һǧǰĿϷӾʹᳫнࡱǣʷ
һ꣬ʷ̣֮ŷݵĴѧȣȲϡ
֮صݡ
ԭǣйͳߣͳߣ֪ѧǷ
֮ԴǵרȨǱΣաԪǰһʱ۴˵һ̫ѧ
ҲйĵһĴѧķչ̫ѧĹģԽԽ
Ԫͣѧߴˡѧ߳䡣ԽԽǿ
̫ѧҲԽԽǿҵʱֺͳȻΣȨǲ
춻ʳġǣ˴ģȺ̫ѧĵ֮йʷҲ
һѧʹ˽ӴᣬʳҲѧеĳҲ
̫ѧ书ЧѲǺѧѧҵǴѧ
ֱһ˾Ű꣬йһʳǰʮ꣬˥΢ͳ߲Ų
òڳʹ£˵һѧʦѧãѧǰȻ
һʳѧʹĿѧļֵ׼ѱ
ͳ߽ܡԣԼĸѧҪΪйʷ
һµǷ֮Դ
սʱһû뵽ԼҲΪǷ֮Դһ

ΪһУ԰ҵģȫһ㽡Զ뾩е԰
õӣû¿Уûнһ׵ĻǶ
ҹ䣬侻У԰߹˯δĻ߸
ˮżͤ죬ƺⶼʾԼĽһǰ
һгޡһֿ̬ܵȻԼ̤ŵ
Լҵʼ㡣Ҫԥܶɣ
ļѧ֧ҵģַܶľʹŬ
ͷͽ!ǣ飬͹塣
Ǹʱ顢λһġ

һ꣬йĹҵʤڴֵһδﵽһ
⣬սδʤӵԭӵҲԺͣվҲ
ʤڹڣκ빲ƥСƺһ̹;弫
ǰƵƵˡˣ࣬йʷһ
ʱڣΪʱһ巴˶֮⣬Ȼûа޲
׼ר۷κδͽ׼෴ѷչΪҪĿꡣҴѧ
꣬ʱڡʱڴѧֺ٣ѧеĹԱ
ԱĵһѲѧҲǽ׼ѧ֪ʶԱ
Ӿý衣һѧѧҵʮֲǾ޿ܼ빲ŵġ
ԣѧ빲֮䣬ìܣ໥γء
ڵϵһ࣬Ըͻʱ
ԾˣҲѧҵϵߡȻл񹲺͹֮ǰͼ
ܵĹ֯(ʱС)ѧʱû
еικְһѧΪԳɼһʼͱѡ
С鳤֧ίԱȡְ͵ȼ־ܵ֯Ρ
֯Ρ ڹĻоĵĵλһھаȫе
Ҫֱ֤ѡŵĴ֧ίԱԴһְҵ
ЩչǵǸʱء
͹壬ܶΪһˡ
ȻʱңԹȷŲɣް١ڴѧһ
ʱҼضһЩ˼ԭξѧСս
ȵȡ˵ġرܵĴϵһ
ͼ׷ռ˵мջ(һŰ˾)
ȻΪ˼ۣȥЩڸʽ߽ݶԣ
ǢġңԿѧķ˼йʱ
塢޲׼ʲ׼ķǺڼסǰ׼ڵļϵʧΪһ־
(Ӧ)ֵģ(toy model)ë󶫵ûи
˼ĲУǣ˵ġֻܾйûй
ûйȣҲҿһһ
ĿУĴߣǵȨĻʵ
ڵʱѧ빲Ҫϸѡ˼ϣӦǹ
ߣѧҵϣӦģڸ˵ƷϣӦиɻġ뵳
ԼȥһΪ˼룬Ҫһϸ΢аҲ
ϴɾˣ빲һּĹ٣־һ
˿ʼԽ˷׵ۻ࣬ΪɵˣɵˣΪϵ۵
ѡ񡣵ȷǸٴѧѧĹ˵һ
˵һڽ̡һϵ̳̳֮ǰһӦ
ϵøֽϴˢԼĺϵĳߵĿݺͽɡ
̳֮ǰһӦޱ׳ԼһУ׳ԼľԼ
塢ԼĲҡʹͱˡԼĻֺͰ顭
ҵİ飬Ϳʼ̳֮ǰ

һѧͬ海ͬһࡣһʼͱָΪŵ֯
ίԱΪһԱý֯һιܵͷϣǵ
ᣬŮȥҡʱһ಻ʶְ
ҪʶÿԱǣҵķ²⣬ҵӦǡ
֥ӦһŮӣԣԤ룬Ůҵ֥
Ȼҵķ֮룬һײͽʵʵظ֮
һҵȻҲ֣ҵġͷ˾ǸһλŮ
ѧУ()ܹѧˣŮֶ
һֱܵĿܣĻִ֮ϺұࡣˣҶԡͷ
˾أ𾴡ؿжٱ£ܹܵ
رѧٮٮߣһּǿĺʤκγԼ
ܽһλŮͬѧԼʵһҪһɫ
ľˡ
غ֮ᣬҲòسϣ˶ʵСӡȣͿԳ
ۣҵõóɼʱҲõȫͬɼʧܵʱ
ҷҲɹһһƽ֡УʱһſۿΣһЩ
ۡСбţϲһЩĹ۵㣬Բͬ
ѧ͡ǣÿõЩͶʱ浳վ˵
ҵĹ۵ĻһֱȥһһȻҲҴ
󳬹ĵط磬ҲдʫһԪУ
㲥̨͵ʫдġķ(һֱȾƣ벻
дʫĳ嶯)Ҳ󳬹ҵĵط֮⣬Ǹʽ
У˶ԱǴŮ800ߵĵڶѡ֡
һȫУѡѧѧ˼ѧҵƷС
õѧʵëӦҫҪʡȫ
Уѡ28ѧ߸ϵ꼶һࡣ浺ͬʱ
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һǾԸسҶ
֮ᣬһΰͼʽమһʱ໥
ȷеظеڶԷռĵλǣǾԱκ
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һһ᲻ԼͬȥͬѧҲͬһÿĩ
ᡣϲȥμӣҲú(һž귢е'ܶ굮'׼¼Ƭ
У浵һдͷһμһܺëڳһ
ᣬʵ̫⣬ûĨȥ)ȥ賡ǲظ
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ÿֻһʱǻ׼ʱصദӡʱÿڱ
Ĵͼϰѡڵλһ˵¥£¥ϡ
Χͬͬѧͼÿʱʮҡչݡʱ
ѧһɢ׷ױӴͼ߻ѧڻ谵
У԰ֻӰҴң˵סȻһ˵ĸо
һ谵໥ط֣ᣬͬȥʱ
Ȼ粢ż磬ԱֶʮϵԾ롣ݶ̼
ǵĻǵĿҵϷ£ûһĴʻ㡣
Ҳǵһ䡰ټͷֶȥȻʱⰵ
죬ڴҴҵе໥Ѱ١
ڵʱ()ΪһӦķסǵУ
ǵİȵأȫӦ׸ǵǵҵ壬
ض֮İ嵭ΰϵİر𣬵ʱǰ೤
ŵ֧ίԱңǶż빲ǷԼİ
ʱˡ
һףұ׼˹ڵ֪Ϣ
ڴͼϰңûǸдһСʫ

ÿ졢ÿ춼
ǣȴֻһ
ÿꡢÿ궼£
ǣȴֻһഺ

紺Ȼˣ
ഺǾӨ
ǣȵϣĳƺŹഺ
˵ѵҵѪһĴϣ
ѵҵĲһŻ֣

ƺšָǹԱ
    ͹壬Ҳ͹һΪһˡ

    ֹԼ꣬ǲŴӰͼߵ˼䡣һ
գһһգͶڡ찲(찲ţ
峯δڵ찲ŰС㳡Ҳֻһ)
֮ᣬ뿪ͬѧûͬѧͬУһһ
ǣ֣ߵɽ԰ȥ
ҡҷԣɺĵƹ⣬İ޾飬Զϣʱ
ҫ찲Ź㳡Ϸ̻һһһͷɢ
ΧǵܣҪΪ֯һʵĻʡʱ˿̵ϣ
ģܳ

˵ӣǹͬŵѧ
ڶ̶̵ļ仰ｲѧӰ졣ֻ˵
ѧֻǼĹʽݵľǿҵع
ᣬ˾˰Ϊ(粨Ϊԭɱ)
Ҳ˵һµǻ֮ԹˣҲʹ

ѧǾ֮һǻɡʵϣỳɡ
ˣ̫ѧΪѧҪϻס
󣬶Ǹȥȥ󡣼ʹ춴ʦѾֵĶ
ףҲӦٻһΣ˼һΣٷһ
ΡNһ˵˭ҪѧѧʱúͿһǸûж
ѧ
Ȼһ˼壬ȫȻһˡڴѧҲ˼
Ҳǿ˼һֿѧǿѧ֮ѧǣǵһλ˼
ѧʦǿǣõģҲֻǶ˼ԭ
ظѧҪɣѧĿѧҪظΪʲ᣿ҵλһ
ϵĵһ΢СѺۡ
СѺ۵ĵһСһ¶ʮա
ٿűѧһδᡣ᳡ڰ칫¥á
ŵ͹۷ʽ˼ѧһ
ظʵϣŵĹȫɹȷġڴϵķ
ֻظʱҪĿ֮һᳫѧ
ѧȡΪѧ
ϵĴ֮һμӻ顣䲻Ǵ֧
Ҳϯμӡʱѧϵ࣬ǼУ֮
һѧῪһᣬǶеܳƣû⡣Ȼ
ѧԺѧһȡΪѧΪȻΪʲҪ˶һ
෴ѧҪÿÿ˵ɫˣǾѣΪ
ע⣬ǵļıǣڵڶĻǿзԣΪҵɤ
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ڶĻǺ(й볣ίһŰ˾걻ᣬٱ)
ģʱǱίǡϵ֧ݥ(ɼժ
ñɶʮ꣬ΪϾѧϵ)ǵڶԡһаƻУ
ݥһʱҴ̨¿̨ϣռߵλã˷ԡʵ
ߺǰһ켴Ĭԣռ̨˷ʱϼɹ
̨µٴ̨ϵĺûо쵽κֻϵĴ֪
жǼƻ֯ġ
Ҽ˽ĴǣῪ̫ˣҪԾա
ŴᣬӦۡҪΪʲˡʵ
ʵؾصӣжˣֻᳫ˶ȥȡŹ
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ҽƽ۲ǡɿ(ѧĸӰ
)֮ᣬһͬѧҲƻ˼ƵĻټ͡
᳡ȫңԭһ֪Ӧ⣬
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˵ղϵͬѧܼҲܺãֵۡ
鼴ı򣬷СۡǵĽӦʲˣУ
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Ǹʱһλһͬѧ˵ҪùǵĹ۵
ԡǣһһ꣬ǲμӹѧ˼˶Ŀд
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ʼǲʮλ߰ͬѧĹǡ˼ȻҲ᣿Ȼ
죬Ŵ۾ͱУίǿֹٹһڣǴδ
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ˡݥ浶˶ʮ£Ϊ(ڿعƶ)
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ܵ˵ʱ쵼ѧεģССŴ¼
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ǰԽ׼ΪԭרУÿһˣ˭
⡣ÿһÿһʱ̶һԼλáһ
εȼ˼Էȼǣͬߣߣʹ
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ˣܲȥĹеһڹˣܲȥ
ԼԼͬص˵ζȵйµʮ
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һζٴССߣұ߶ȻܵԭӺר
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꣬Ϊ˼춹ԭӾֲй־չӿѧ˵
ʩ֮һڱѧ齨ԭӺרҵʱҵȤѼ
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)˱Ķʮѧѧϵһѧ
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Ա(Ǯܾ)ǵʱӱȥĶʮ֮һ
춹㵺ͳԭӵʹ˶ѧ֮Ϊأ
ǣǸܡˣ˵ĿУν
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һҲ©ؼԱܡ
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һ546ˡǣ£ͬѧ̽ˡ546䡱
ȷλáܿ죬546ɵصĻӵˡֱʱ
ܹԱʱǣҪй¶ǵĵַ˵ס546

Ŀγ̣ʵ飬ʵ飬˵ѧʵȵȡϲ
ۣʵɼҲѧʵ飬ֻһΰܼ꼶һ
ʵ飬նȽڽʱҴһţʹϵ
ͳһ֧ռ˲飬ˮȾʵң
˵ϵ۾աһҲҲ
ҲռƱʱԵġ
춵ѧǲµġʱվʣߵһ㾭飬
ʹҶԵʵһֱиС
546ʱͬѧʵǺ(ѧǰй)
ԭҲרҵһ546ɫäѧ׼
ӦѧʵԭӺΪɫäߣʵǺѵġ
磬ʱһֳõֵ̼ɫʾġɫäߣ̲֣Ū
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ԶԺ˵Ȼûɫʵģѡõ裬ʵ
飬һ˶֣һԾֱۡʮᣬġԡˡɫ
ʡ(22֮ᣬιѧڡУίί
ȡǰôϴ)
۱Ȥţġԡʵ飬ֻСǶԹ
ľ޼ҵѧϰ顣ѧ꣬ʱ
һ챻Diracķסһѧʱһ
ѧ綯ѧϰ⣬ǧһһꡣһһ£
ÿʵңרİƱĸƬbeta(ʱһʵ
Ļг¼ѶֱУ)ùٷӦǱйƵbetaܡ


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