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šйҪƽݱ?

      һΪֱֳǿ˽ϼ߻ֱֳ
οֶٷûҪ¼ֶ˵ᳫʿʾ
ǾãĳЩʽԣϯڼ߻ṫۣͳԶ
ȴ˼κһ񣬸ܶȨشӰ족߾ʿ
Ȩ˵:Ӱܴ󡣼ȻԪ׿Թģô
ȫͨϰδҲԹġۼҡ
֮Ҫ֮һ³Ϊйһ
˵:й쵼Ѿʼͬ⣬ͬ쵼˫һЩش
ϵķʱй쵼й֮۵ӣҲΪ
ʱԶˡ
      Ϥڿ˽ϼ߻ĵڶ(628)йڲһصĿ
ʿ춹ԶȣڱԷٿۻᣬ
ĸձձйĸﱨȶýǰɷãδ
ɴҲɿĳֿɵաϢ˵ڿ˽߻ĵ(6
29)йԺףйʮ̸ᣬЩԱѧ
Ӧ˳Ӧ͵񵳡Ľ顣Ժ
̬־¶鱾Ȼܵδ˵Խʩ
Ϊ̬¶͹ϵзЧ
      ȻֱֳһٴֻǳȷĵһȥйҲ
ֹһε̬ڼ䣬йĻر
ٸ£߰ףСƽ׿ڿ϶ǽ
?
      Ҳһٶչֿ̬Ӱˡǣ
һ֤һרȨ˵չֿ̬ʵǺΣյģΪ
ɻҪ󣬽רƱսʱרΪ
άרͳƱҪ¶࣬ңԵսǰ࣬Ʊ
ǰרߵѹñǰпᡢ㷺ǣһ
ɨգյܻ֮ᣬͳߵ
󶼺ܱܿñǰӡ
      ڡᡷһҲôͳҵʥ֮
˵ʥһʣʥָչֿ󣬡ָڹ
רơָ:רͳΣûбʥ״̬ˡ
ìܺͳʧ⣬¸˳Ľʥ˷
᲻ɢռ䣬ܲרȨıʷͻ
Ϊάʥܿʼˣ𵽹ɵãʹ
¤Ȼ־˵óףĳͻֱ
Ȩսվһʥ£Ѫѹ
⡣˵Ǵˣı߳ųߵ㣬
Ǵһʼͱơ
      һ㣬Ӧ˵൱ġ1991̨ɽ
̸нʱ֣ӲĹ¡˼ǣͣ
˶£Ժˮ˲ںˮ
ࡣ
      ɴ˾һǳ̵⣬Ȼ֪ƵΣԣΪ
ʲôҪ?ϵйؽչθĸĸСϢĪ
ڵйҪƽݱ?

ʮ      

      ֮ڵйȷʵ濼ǹйʵ⡣
֣ǵǶûһҪʵĿǣǲŹء
      ܼ򵥣֮磬Ǵơ˼
Ѿ޵֡ʶ̬ѾƲʲô޲
ȷӡʲô޲׼רʲô
ʷǰķ򣬴෢չĲɿܵĿ͹۹ɡԼ
һ񻰣ɨأȲƭԼƭˡڷǹٷϣ
๲Ա൱вɲ߲ɲѾ˾ɵʶ̬
˺Ĵʻ͸Ϊйר绤νȨ
±壬Ҳòϳһרֻһֽ׶ԵȨ֮ƣջ
Ҫɵ۵йͳμŻжôصȮ岡Τ
ָһȨʹҪҲǰԼȨλ
ĳϺϷģӦġ˵ȨȨĿģ˵Ȩ
ﵽֶΡڽ죬ѾΨһ룬ˣ
йҪΪԼȨ绤Ҳ֮⣬Ѿ
ѡ
      ڴٽйڲ˼תϣ޽ڷ籩˺ܴĴ߻á
ڷ籩ʹˡȻҲˡνģʽзʡУ
ҲǶֻġĵģʽԵСƽνйɫ塱
зʡУνȨ±зʡС
      ӡΪڽڷ籩ĳ£ӡľһǧ˾
ֵ3,500Ԫ750Ԫ£ʮľһҹ֮仯Ϊ(
1998710աŦԼʱ)ΣڵĴģ飬λʮ
չвòȻְһ¼йɺεȵ
𺳡
      Ȼĸ￪йľȷʵȡķչͬʱ̰
۸ܡƶҲչصĵز˷ϣйľãǽ
ҲŷΣľ޴Σա⣬йľй
أһ÷ΣΣȨϷΣЩ
ӡɣй쵼ȨԶչô
ζţйٲθĸйܻܿӡᣬ
뼫ͳԼҲѡ

ʮһĸĿ

      רͳǷĸ?һ˵ĻشǷ񶨵ģ
ǡƨɾԴרߵҪϧһдάרͳ
ԼĸԼ
      ֻشδʧ֮ͳҲ˵Щ˻׷Խ
Ϊۣ˵׷棬׼ȷ˵׷
档ͺŷĵµļйϵ
̫Ϊάѹ䷨ⲻ϶
һƷάɵţʵоܣʵȨ
λȽϣԻ?
      ʶʱΪܡ仰йͶ֮ӣʳ壬ٸ
ǣʶشϵƽʱǳһǣ
˵˽֮ἺΪˣ˵ľѵʶ
ˡԼкôƽʱȰĳ˸ıԭеΪʽԴ
⣬ʱҪöԷ֪һڵϸȷҲ

      ۼ߻ϣֶǿ:ϣйáǵȨҲ
ΪһЩսԶҽڣŵĶǺϺ
µģҳԶԣҲǶ(ָйй쵼ˡע)ʵ
ʺôġ
      ˳һᣬ˵йʵΪ˺й⻰
߼һ˰ԼӡԼʵеĶƼˣô˵Ҫ
?˵ֶкȺԼ?ʥ˵Լ
ĳЩˣԼȴȰй˲ҪɲҪ˵й˸
רƣƫƫҪƼˣžϲ⡣
      ֶ˵:ţ۹⡢佫ҵй
ʷȷһҹҲţھ仯ĹУҲ
ǺϺµġ룬ǽ˽ǺϺǵģ
ǵĹҽǿ󡣡ֶٽȥʮйʷ
޴󷴸ۣ˵:ЩҵĲۣҪЩʹһ
԰ѸըɵѹĲۣǱҪһЩƶȻķʽܵ
ίˡʹδǶԵġδԶǶԵģҲһ
ԱδԶǶԵġĹܵǱǵĲ
Ϳһ򣬿Ǵδؾôನֱۡ
ʹδܹ˵ԷܹǴ
      ֶҪǴӹĽǶȲƶȵԽԡָ
ʵ춹ҵķǿ춹ҵĳξðԱ
ƻԵľ޴ңй쵼Ҳġ֪Ϊ
ƶȽֽ֤ͨǶȣһǱ۵ĽǶȣȨ츳
쾭壻һǹ۵ģȶ÷չṫ
ֶҪӹ۵ĽǶȣٴӱ۵ĽǶȲֵǿǿ
ǵ˵ĶΪöԷ׽ܡ˵µ춵±
ȰʱЧ
      ˵ֻһνҹ˯žΪй̫̫
ˡԼʵ顣Ͼйͬ춲ʱ춸
໥ãйڷ̡㷺Ѹٵı仯
õķ(ƩĴ)ڻķ(Ʃ̰۸ܵĶԷչ)
£ͳߵسɣɡǲеġĽ
ģʽѾƲΨּᣬʾޱȻ
һй쵼Ҳؿйʵ⣬Ӧ
˵¡
      ע⵽Լʷλ׷
֮顣ǣʲôǺȻֺǵ⣬
ͬһֵּ۴йϵ񣬹͹ӪѾ߽⣬
ΰĹҡһҲѷʽ򡣴ӽڹϵ
ֱƺԸʾԼʶʱ񣬺
ǵۣϣõͬЩǻȡ裬ӹ
šʵⲻǷȡ衢ӹţ춻ʲôڣȡ˭ĳ
ӹһֵּ׼ķšձΪҪʷ
Ψɾ͡һ㽭Ȼ׵ġ
      ֣Ʋй쵼ȷнĸ
ĳЩԡ      

ʮдʣп?

      Ȼ˵Ȩнĸĳֿԣ˵Ȩн
ָĸȷԸ;ġ
      ϼ߻ϣ:йׯϵسŵٽ
ͱȨɡ˵йִ쵼˶Ȩ
ı̬ǲǣйȨɵȸĺ
һģɡģԣǺѰĳŵ档
      ˼ǣׯϳŵ֮ᣬŽһλ˵
:Ĺң˾ֵԪйһʮ
˿ڵķչйң˾ֵ߰Ԫԣƶȡ
ʶ̬ʷͳĻͬʵȨͻɵ;ͷʽ
Ҳͬ
      λЩҲΪԭϻԸʵ
ģֻйĹ飬˿ѹ󣬾õӱټϳصʷ
ԼĺǣҪϵڲɵ͹ķĸܶ
һʱ罭˵һڳԲӡִȷǵ
ԡǣؾ裬ضһԸΪȨ
ʱǺܿ˶ԷĻ֮ƣȨ޷ԹΪдڸ
Ҫѡ
      ˡй֮ξ棬ڶ̶ϣǵֶ
ĽԼڶ̶ϣʵѣҶ
Ľ?
      ز٣ֶ١һЩָ
ֶȻŬٽйоøĸһθĸĿǰ
йǷʷתԸͬʱҲȷ
תķˣִǷ㹻ĳ
      ǿˣΪʲôֶҪй쵼߶ȵĿ϶
ʵֶԼҲδǷĸԸ
ϲȡ̬ȡֶٽίǶԽ˵Ӧ
˵㡱ңҪֶظؽ:
ҪģĸĸҪֹɣҪ۵ʹ
γȷķϹҲҪۣҲҪһ޷ľ档
      ̬ȵһǷ̬ȵĹֶԹĿ
ǺγҲһʩѹķʽ

ʮΪʲôƽ?

      пάָרȨΣյʱͳӵʱ򣬶
ʼĸʼôʱйͿʱ˵
ûʼĸĸں̶ܴΪǵĸĲգ

      ޲.(Robert A. ManningǰԺ߹)ڡ¹
ܿϷָο˽̸û¼ӰʵΪʲ
ôھ֮ᣬй쵼Ȼ¼?ʵϣйڲв
ϣĵӰнž߼Ա˽¶˵þӱɱ
ƽģΪֻǷ¡ˣȻľǱ
ֺοһֱΪ˱ڹ?Ľһ̳˵Сƽøĸ
һֽ˵СƽĿǹĸծΪƽǶ˲
Ҳ?Ϊ֮ԲΪƽΪǺ˶
ʧء˵вйˡйԱһƽͻ

      һҪ˵νƽĻᵼʧأʲôʧ?ʧȥʲ
ô?ϾרƵսһ£ʧһ¡вɻΪһ̸

      ٶ־ƽģɴһϵӦһרޣ
ٶѡйѡ̨һȫԺƽķʽʵ(
ʵܶ)ĹУȷʵʧȥ˶ֵĿͬʱ
ĹʼȷεεᲢûʧ
ءȻ߼ҲųһֿԣǾƽģ
ȨȻ޴棬ġġԵġƻԵġӵ
ּٶġƻԵѹ˻ġԵ
״̬
      ǣйֲƽģǵʧȥҪأ
ԼʧȥͳεȨ?ҪǳһֵģǵȻǲġ
˵վڵֵһֵҲǿġǵǳߵ
ߣڿǲҪƽʱⲻҪȨᶨ
ƽʱǶ˵˴ֳϴǺ£ţӮ
ģ֤ʵȴҲȻʱ󷸵̫ˣҲĲ

      ǵһĲǲûע⵽⼸꣬Ҳĵ
һЩ飬磬ĲٳΪҡĳơ粨̷ȡ
ˡһЩ˾ʿѹмᣬһЩ˾Щĸɲ
ֱֳָ˽¼ĹۣΪֱ¼
ѹһһ̵档Ԫ֮һĳϣͬУȻ
̰۸ܵҲڳڶ˵ٷ˴
ĶȥˣìҲûͻˡζŵֵ̬Ȼ

      йʷһԩٴƣˣλԩٴ
ҲرḻľͼɡʵϣڴһʱҲھЩ
ͼɡȻİйʷϵ(尸)
ͬΪֱӹϵרʵ⡣ֶ˵йġ
߶ӦøҸšúּɶ޼¡
      ΪɣǱ벻ϵʩѹ춣ɵѹ
󣬻ʹϴֽ?ַ֣ƽ
Ҳܻȥ(Ϊɵѹ)ƽģͷȴ
ôͺܿܲȥƽˡĹȥˣԲϴ
ԭž
      ǣ㻹ĳȨʱ㲻ȥĸȵ
㹻ǿˣʹǸĲɣ³һ      

ʮġʵǰ

      :ǻζܴӸֲͬͬһ⡣׹
˵:ϸйνṹܳܶٸɣ䲻˼Ƿں
档
      һʮҪΰ󣬾ʹǵרƵ
ų˳ַչĻᡣǵ޵ģ˴֮
ᷢͻƶȲҪֳͻǰһĹ
Ŀ֮ڡתڼ䣬ǵֵѸصĹ򡢳ȴһ
ӻܽȫδضϰЩͳǾͿܵ
ֻҡ
      ָתײǡ
ء춹Σ븺һɵĲʰľء
Ƚһ̣Ǿ۵Ĳйε
׶Э˫ȾԾһУ
Ϊһֳɵƽģʽ׷һһλĳ嶯
һз΢ŽĹͺ׵εʹñҪ
ĸ̫ߵ̫졣̫ʷⲻýߵ̫
ٲһ
      ڽɵĸʱʮһۣǿһ
÷չˮƽ൱ģв׼ĳ̶ֳȵᣬȵȡȻǰն
ľۡǰѧ߷(M.Steven Fish)ɹ:
ûбҪһģָȻɹż߱оٵб
ҪȻ߽һ൱˳ƩеĴѡƵ
ɾȺܶʵĹһٻѡͱһš
      йȾϣǹŵۼǵĹ۵е
ܶоٵ(1)Ը(2)ǱԸ
ܹΪҪ飻(3)ǱԸⲢܹӸǵ
ְܡ
      ֪󲿷ֹҵڴģġƽȺ˶
ʵֵģǳ춿ͳߵĶͻҵİ죬֤
ǿԸڸðͶ˲˶мֺƽԡ
ʽ֤ԸⲢܹΪҪŬͬʱҪҿ
ƣҲԸܹΪΪΪ˵ǲȡƽʽΪ
±ѹҲˣǣһַʽȡʤǾͻἫ
ǿǶԺƽԡǱ춽͹ƶ
ҪġúãĻǰεѱβɱˣƽ
ȷΪεĳ棬Ȩٳǹӡ
      ˵Ҫйĳʲôֵʵ
ֻҪձúƽԵķʽ汧ͺð죬ͳ
ܵ
      ֹ۵Ǿ͵óϣйʵתͣ߾ꡢ˾
ҪȽá⵱Ȼ˵йתͣΪȥ
ܸá

ʮ塢᲻ıҪ

      Ӿ÷չˮƽйΪԽ
תͣƶˮƽһôҪƶˮƽܸҪ
      ½ѧָ߱:ݿ˵ȹʱ
ֻڹලԹѡʽУȨ
Բܻɡйһһˣȴֹѱ͵⣬ǻܲ
֮ô?
      һʮּ⡣֪ӡУ
бͬƽȨ佻̨׷ʷٷ.ķ˹(St
ephen T.Holmes)˵ּ˵ġڹ
ĻĲϣȥȥٶǰķ׷
µƶȵ֯߾ȷõЩռҪľӢǵĺֺ
˳شӶɵǱزٵġǣչм
ȥȨƾ˴ĲƸϰɿˡϵУ
ûԭϵ̰۸ܣǶݾΣܵ
𺦵ǡӡҲ˵񱣻չеȫû
񱣻̰۵ĲƲǰϺͳȫƽ̨Ҳǵõ
׷ĵȯģȴ򾭼Ҫչĸ
һλǰͳ¬̩Ҳ򾭼˵⣬ɨأ
ϵıڻ¡йչСȫǻ
ô?
      ԭӡᡢϺң˽ᣬ
ľޣȨ̰۸Ҳޡйȴǹң
һȰȫĲƲǿս˹⣬ȨһоûһԴ
̰۸ǻˡйʮľøĸһż
Ȩƺ¸ģΪع͵󿪷֮ǡ
дġִ塷һ飬õĲϾԹٷݣ
Ŀģ̾Ϊֹ
      ɴ⣬(1)ȨĺͽǮ˫棬һ˻ǿҵط
οţζ𶯸ѣ(2)ᣬ൱һڻҪо
ϵ㣬ʹøӡ
      йֵȻǲ֪ԣԲųС֮˵
ҲûвȡܵĴʩһ棬ֶܴľʹһ
棬Բܴľ跨̯ǰЩӱأйĳԪŮµһ
˾Ŵ󼪣ԭǡӪơȻǻӣȻҹ˾
ԴǿӪзӪƶص޷
ٳѣ׷顣ڿֶû죬񷢱ָʾ
Ҫֹ̡ͣ漴̬֧֡˽˻ɴһָʾܹ᳹ʲ
ô̶ȡ
      ˵δйľƻȽϾֿܻϽ
ĸĲ(ȷĸĻ)ⲻ⣬ӵֵ
ǶȣȻھƽϿɵʱθĸ֪ϵ
ѳθĸĽԣͣθĸеΪ


ʮΪսԹ

      صǰᵽĵڶ⣬йһˣڻ᲻Ҫĳ
ϵ?˵ڲȰ˾ţڶԸܵĸоѾٶˡ˵
ҲֻǵٵڸܣϰҲڸܣȫ帯ܡˣ
δжҪҲ޴
      漰˵ġˡҪҲ
ѵһ㣬ĪƲʲô¸˵Ȼʲôͱˡ
˾ʱǿҵطܣûгЧܻңֻ֮ûع
룬㸯Ҳܡʵοţľͻ±ˣ
ĺҪ᲻ĺƱػֺڵֱ׳
Ʊػ㷺Ӧ
      ʵϣ᲻κһӦ֮塣
ϻھϣĸﶼҪԳĹȥĳӦܳ
ӦԴʾ塣ӢеġREVOLUTIONһʱָѭ˶
֮?ѭ˶ܶʼ¿ʼǣ
Ҷ֪ǲܡҲӦѹȥһƵֻڹȥ
Ͽʼµδˣ᲻ֻ޵ķʽС:
׷µĲƲϵ̸Էʽ
ۣǡǡһϷ˴󡣵Сƽۼĸʱһ仰
С˴ֲϸ⻰ԭϵǶԵġʵҪδ
ȨȨͲƲȨȻȨƶȣȨƺ
ƶȣʹǴɺͽ⡣
      м춴ˣΪʹйϹֶ˵ģҪ
ۣҲҪһ޷ľ桱ʵбҪƽйĻ
սԽĹ롣 (δ)