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 ƽ


һӡ򡷵

      £ļǴѧ˲(Adam Mich
nik)(Letters from Freedom)ҳһŰ
˵ġ(Letters from Prison and Other Essays)
ʮꡣ
      ʮǼ䲻ƽʮꡣʮ䣬ʹӪ
߽⣬һרĹ޷˵֮·Ƕʮΰ
¼Ժ෴˹սʤ
      һΰʷޱУǹٵĻͷڹҵ˶
УһһӮúϷڵġġϰ
ڲμӵ֯ŽṤ(198010)һγɹɹֺ
ɹͬеԲ(19892)һѡٲɷǹ
ɵ(19898)
      ᵽ˶֮⣬һֲܲᵽǾ
ǵˡǲĳֲ֪ͬʶӣίԱ
(KOR)ĴˣŽṤʣ˶սԼңѡΪԱ
βձGazeta Wyborcza
      ˱Ϊܸѷ(Ԫѫˣͳ)ʽ
ѧңμң˼ңжҡڷǱ
ۺʵϵĽܳףʫˡŵѧ(Czeslaw M
ilosz)ʵءʮһֱǲ̨ϵһ

      ԲŽṤᵮ֮ҾͶԲ̬еĹע
֪ʶ緭һŽṤ˶顶ʮ·ڡ
ҴⱾһ֪˵֡ᣬлĶ
Ĺ춲˵鼮£о˵Ǳ򡷣аϣ(T
imothy Garton Ash)дġŽṤᡷ(Polish RevolutionSolidari
ty)˰һڡŦԼʱ־(New York Times Magazine)ר
ˣķڡй֮
      ҵĹ۲죬йм䣬йʿʿм䣬
˽µȻࡣⲻܲǸȱڴˣҲ
֮˵˼ԼӽܡţΪм
ܶйһܴȡ౦Ľ档
      һĸǡսʵչ(Post-Cold War Rea
lities And Perspetiyes)ȫ鹲348ҳ˵Ķʮƪ(Ի
¼)ݷΪݣһϣ1989-1990ۣ
¼Ի¼
      ЩеԵģеԵģеǶԵ·֮µ
ָ㣬еǶԹȥ֮µĻع뷴˼ƪԻ¼侫ʡһƪǺʫ
ȵĶԻ֪ʶӵĶԻ̸ʷĻһƪǺͽݿ
ͳάĶԻֲͬߡμҵĶԻ̸ǲͬ
ߵĻ͹֮ʱһƪǺ³˹ĶԻ
յζֵĶԻһǰ˶쵼ˣ˶쵼ˣһ
ǰרȨĵһǣİ䲼ߣ̸ŽṤ˶Ͳ
ѹǶʷ

˵·

      Ϊһֲͬߣ˵·̣ԼĻνȵ
ֲ֮͡ǣһҲȴͳʶ̬
߱ڵߣȻֱĳֲͬߣٳΪ
ηɡĲ֮ıйأĸйء

1Ϊ֪η

      ˳һɫͥĸϹԱʱ
˾ԹӰԾӡȤǣΪˣͿʼΪ
ߡ
      ˵ͱನ˲һ˶ԵΪ¶
ҹ˲£ΪΪҵĵҵĹ
ʲôɺµ?һֱҪΪΪ嶷?ˣ
˼˲¾ͺ޹˼ɵش˵
Ϊ֪η
      һʷϣվʣͶսڼվɱ
һɣȻᳫ滰Ϊʲôµ
?ʦϳáʱʮꡣ
      ¸˼𺳡˸׵һѣҲ
ǸϵԱǵļӪʮط⣬
һҲǹʮֻ꣬ΪȥμӹĹ(ע
Ƕսʱһ֧װ)С˵ţ򵡷ɪȻԼ
񸦵ƭ˶ʱʧȥ˶ԹԼ˵ϵۣ
Ž̻ᡣ˼Ź嵫Ź

2Ҳ֪Ҫû˹Ҹʲô

      ᣬƴоۣŬ˼е⡣
ʶһɳ֪ʶӣ¡(Jacek Kuron)ͿƷ˹(Leszek
 Kolakowski)¡ҲŽṤĹʣ˳ǡŽṤĽ̸
Ʒ˹ִ֥ӸѧţѧС˼
ҪɡйѧӦİ
      ڴڼ䣬˻ʶ˵λԺյѧɳ(Adam Schaff)ɳ
ǲͷȨǲĺľɳ˼ȽϽţʮ
ھд˼˵Щ۵ֱʮ
ĺľΪˡ⣬ɳҲѧԵѧ൱Ϥд
Ǳѧ(Ҳ뱾)ɼ书ɳɻ򣬺
ְ
      ˶ɳ˵һоС飬?ʱɳѾЩȮ
ζˣɳϾҲʮϿʱ
ԼȻϿ˵Ըɳ˵ŶԼ
ľֲɣаǿɳ֪ʶӢҪ鷳
ҡǣһʮɵġΪӡ
С֯ͳˡ
      ڵʱĲκԷ֯Ǳֹģ˵ľֲȴҵ
һűɢɳⶥɡйأŸﺢǶ̫
ᣬȸûйء˵ֲĳԱ϶Ǹĺ
࣬ûдһʼͰǵˡ
      ˵Ĺ֮ͬһǶܴǶ档
ԳΪѰìܵˡר۸
ַ⣬޲׼רµ⣬⣬
Ҫڶθ⡣
      ֲ춱ɢˡ˵ߵ֡һǸ
¶ȫ϶˵Сʱʮꡣ¡
¸ˡ˲ţûϹһòϰء
¡˵¶ͬ־òϰйЩϹ¡
      һ꣬ʮ˵һαץΪμ˷Ե
֪ʶӵĿؽɿ¡˷²빫
ŵĻûϵšץ֮Ϊֻ졪
Ϊ¡ҲֻʮСʱ¡
      ᣬ˾ͺͱ곤һʿ(¡)վһ
Ĺ۵Щ˻ҪЩŲؽ
ơȫʿˡİѷԹ
רΪʹ˵ҵһж춹Ҳ֪Ҫû˹
Ҹʲô
      ᣬ˶ȹ(1965-1968)ɫĴѧУ԰С
֮ͣͼĳֺϷɵĽɫһɺ
ڵĹҡһΣƷ˹μǵһۻ(Ʒ˹
ɣĩ)Ʒ˹չһʴ
      ˼е?
      ǣȻǡ
      ˼ϵ?
      š
      ¶˻?
      Ȼˡ
      Ȼˣôһ?
      ܣܡ
      ˣƷ˹Ϊʲôû?

3Ҫƶһϡ

      һһת۵㡣
      ڽݿ˹工ˣ½ϵɻ˶ʷơ֮
˺ʮּϣҲƶͬĸĸǺ
ڵȴĶŲп!
      ڻɳ˴һȺѧǰʫܿάȵļǰϻ
ȦԵر˶ԵֵĿ顣ʱɳܿάȵ˼
Щ̨ʱʫ˷ɳƣ׷רƣ׷
뼤顣йɾЩܻԱȵĴ
䣬ָɴֹݳ˵ڡ˼һݳݵֶ
ֽŵЩʱ̨µĹڼȫվűɾЩʫ
ʱѷֲ̨̨£ֲϷʵ糡׳ա
      ֳֻڹҲܼҲֻڹҵһ׶βܼ
֮ǰȱľ˲ܶһźᣬǿҹ
ᣬֽѾͱƣҪﷴٽΨ
һ׶ΣѾǿҵķҶٸоĹ㷺
ԣר֯һڱϻδѺۣÿﶼ
ձղʱżȻĻΪĳ־
ζġŷġָɣźţʹܹһּӵķʽ
ҲǽСΣյķʽֱӵйѹֶʱк͹սɡ
      ˺׵͹ַʵ壬Ϊȥ̫ӡ̫
ֱǸѥɦҲףΪʲôֽԵķἤ
˵͵˵ľ֡춣ͳεĺϷǽ
ѳƵ֮ϵģֻԱҴ

      Ȼ֮ѹȥˡվ̹˿˲Ľͷ
ֺͲľҲμѹжһϣһֻˡ
      ڲҲһַɻ˶һαͶ
ʮ˸¡ΪҪذꡣʱ˼
һشԾһ̲סҪ˵
ҡҸл!ߵĽ׶δӴ˽˶Լ˵Ҫ
ƶһϡ
      ˿ʼֲͬߵĽ׶Ρǲͼ
ٷѰһϯ֮ءֲ߽ͬԼϵʺԼĻ
ٰѲϽԱеɣԼȥӡˢȥС·ƽ㲻
ٷԩԼܺߣǡ
      ڳֲ߽ͬ׶Σ˳ֱԲ䣬ԹרǴ
֮⣬һЭ˱ίԱᡣ
      ڵڶγ֮˱ǿ·Ͷڻɳһҵݳ
纸ʹ˺ܶ๤ѡľøĸ𲽺磬ʱѾ
д¸ʧҵҲǡ๤˵٣еĹͼ
⵽ֵŹȺίԱ߾ܣ˼ͥṩ
ɴ˽֪ʶ빤˵ˡ
      Ϊܹ۽һ֪ʶӣԼ񣬲ϰ
춰̵ĴͳΪءڣʼ
ĿʼǰѴͳ봫ͳһ
Լ塶̻ɡ͵͵档ⱾΪγɷרƵĴ
ṩ˼

4ҿʼ

      ˻䵽ֲͬߵɵġ
      ⵹⣬ΪȰ˻ԵԻ߳˿־Ӱȫ
һֵɵøо֪㷢
΢վڷӰ졣ѹȣΪ
еԼڵҪ⣬ȣѹѾôϿᣬҲѳ
ܡ˵մ䣬һĳֲͬߣܵ
ԽԽ㷺𾴡
      ǣҲѵʶֲͬľԡ
ĳһ㣬һҳһγ·ĻҾͻһȻζ˵
﷭ȥĽʵʲô˲˼롣Ļ
ˡ
      һŰȵ죬ĸ˹˵촬˴ģ
İչ˶ŽṤӦ˶Ͷ룬ᣬҲٹΪ
ĳһϵ¶̬ҿʼ
      
      Ƕ·̵һڲʵתͺ
־νɫתǵѡΪԱҰμұڳμң
Ȼ˳̳רд뱨ֽı༭Ϊһ֪ʶӡֽ
ɫת˼ݱûжٹϵʴ˴ٶ˵

п

      Ķ˵·̣Ķп롣

1

      ʱһֱѹԼĵԼɵˣ
£޼ɡҲв߼֮ԼҲ
ʶ⡣˵Ȼ֪˱ˡ׵Ѻݵ
͸֪ʲôĵΪʲôǵʱûй
ƵԼ?ΪʲôΪڱϵ¾Ͳͬķ
?
      ûлش⡣ڴˣҲͼһЩ͡
      ȣΪǳԼ˵֮顣˵
Ѿʶ󣬵ϻûνĶ㲻Ե
⣬Ͳ׳ֹƵе⡣һ˳Ūʲôǵˣ
ǳǺ޵˵ˣʵνˣ޵ˣǺ

      ⣬ȨרƲͬ춴ͳרơڴͳר£񻹶һ
ռ䣬רʱò¡ＺگȨרһռ䶼ȡɾ
ֻ֪רԣ֪ļȨԣпº͵
һä㣬Ϊڱϵ²ͬԼϡ
      ˵ķǡţ»Ҫ֪ٷ֮
ʮĲ֪ģǾͲô¸ˡȷˡڴ󲿷ַ
ߵ棬ηǳ֪йɣʮ֮˾
ıǡӦĺٸҪ򵳽ǹʣ
ķߣǲ治֪ҲͲ¸Ҳٷˡ
      ǣ˴СţɴţαϻҧˣȻӢηһ
ɼǾ仰Ҳֻһ֮ʡ
      ⶫ죬Ժ졣ںУ꾭ֺҪ
⣬ġһʼʹ󳬹ĳЧ
ʵ䷴ƶµˣ󲿷ݶúųеѹɵģе
ųɵġ춳ɫͥȱ˸ɣĿÿֲȴδܾš
⣬ֳɳ춷˹ֻ֮ĲȻСС;ȺȺķ
ǰѴΪᣬǵûбѹ壬֮ǿ
      ˵ιͬʱڵйٵʮꡣĸ
ǰɺһ֯һС̫ݶӡѧɳ
ƣҲǳͥϵĲпϾ˽⣬
޹ءҲʹԼȻʱǶйλ
дʫѧΣԡҲ죬ôôء?Ҳͬ
Ϊţ»ȻӸ˽̸УҲ֪һЩӰ
ʱսڲĲпĹ£ʢ£ø
˾͵ôǡҪ˵˼ϵ뾭ѵ̫ݶӡǱϾ
ֻѧɳȡìѰߡúԶɺȴǱд
̣гԱɱ

2춲

      бҪһĹˡ
      չʮĶ磬һ꣬Ϳʼ˹ʱļ
·ߡ³˹ֱ汾ǵڸ߲ļξֵһЩȴ
ӡһǧݣֱͽߣǵú³򶼺£
ϱʾ߳عֺ͵ίᣬųη
ѹѪ¼
      ¼ʹиĸıҪǴĸ쵼ӡʮ£
ĵСƽ¶ڽļӵµ˲
һǣӴ˿ʼνʮ¡ĳϣ½׶Ρй
ʮ¡(һʮ)ʮꡣ
      ʱѾֽоøĸ쵼ĸľѧҰ
˹ϣһһ½еµѡ٣ʼʵ˲ѡ
(йʮʮ)һͶƱ(й?
)ʶ̬ſ˵оȻһЩ̷ӳش
ʷ¼ĵӰݣڹ϶൱Ӱ졣
      Ǻܿأɻ⵽¶ѹơǷ֪ʶɻ
֮ѹƴѧͬ˷ͻһ궬죬춾øĸ
ǣ´ģ˰չչ⵽ѹ¶Ҳ̨֮

      ̨ĸִһǰθĸ·ߡľȷкת
ҲߡʮĩѳΪжȷչҡϣ
˼ÿȺڴĴӲ졣ġ͸ȡΪߣϰ
֪ξÿڶٿ鲢ʼΪٵһǹ
(ӡӡ)Ҳһֲͬߵֶ֯Դһֻ۱
һֻۣһѹһ᲻ܡŽṤ֮ǰˡ
      ˵ڵйѾܿˣĸҲúܲȥҪʲô
δݳޣ֪㡣ǺͶʮǰĲȱȰɡնȥʮ
֮ᣬйһרƻûн˵Ϊйɫʵ
йרƸӡµĹרƶǿάϵģĹԽ
һרƾͽԽ硣

3춷

      Ե֮󣬻ҪַΪʲô?
      дΪʲôҪԹ?ΪʲôǸԸΪѹƵ
ɣԸνڼȨרƵ?
      ԭǶֶ˵ǻԣ׷
ζѱǼֶūۡ־鱨飬
Ҫɣݻٴͳͬͳǲ壬
Źƽ壻Ӷᣬ裬ƶ׷ԡЧʺͷ
ѹڽ̣ɡ֮ɻǱɣ
Ǵͳɻִɣϲ廹ϲʱ壬㶼Ӧ÷Թ
塣ΪʲôܹγɷԹרƵĴϣ춴ˡ
      ˼ͬѹѧ˵Ϊһɺԡʫ
Ƚһһ˵˼һ˼ۡԷ
ָһ˼ߡʫ˶Դ˴ΪȻͬС
˭Ҫ˵˼˿ֲٲʲô֤˭
˵ľ飬˵ľͱ˵ʹࡣ
      룬һ뵽Լľ¸ҵҲһ
壬ɼ۱򵥡ǲԸǧ˼̽
Ƕξֻ̣һ򵥻ϽۡѾȥ
ҪشȡѵֻǼ򵥵ذһ˵޴ǲ
ʹɴ˱ôֻʹһ޴

4

      ˶,һꡣ֪һ꣬Ҳ
ѧ췴˶ʮᣬл͵ġѧ佻
̸˫֮СܽȻ˴˵ĿĿͿ
ζһеĻȻϧΪͬһˣǱ
ӵһͬ㣬ǾǷȨ
      ޶żѧѧҲˡѧ
µġˡָʱһСѿȣĸ￪ʼĳ˼
꣬ͳָνһ
      ЩⶼһЩ췴йĸ
췴˶ͬʱѧ췴˶ıȽоҵһ֮ı
дһ顶Ƥʿṩ˲ȤĲϺпϵķ
      һų־(Ĵʼ֮һ)һλ
ǿ˶ഺԺԡдӦ˵Ƿ¸Ĳ
ߣս˶Ƥʿǡһݼƾ
˵ġƧڵײһֱѰй
ΰʮ
      ֪ǿĸνƵĻ壬ë
ΪͳȴŲϸ췴Щ塣Щ˲֪
߶ǲϲƵģȻʵ벻ƣʱҲϲ
м̡벻мһһ˲ϵ췴Ȩ߼
ԼľȨֻԼһ˵Ȩ̶߳ȵĶá
бĽ?
      ˶òƷȨ˶ʵǡǡȨ˶
ëϯ쵼ǷʽںʾȨָͷ
ĳഺԣ˵ȻǱŤķԡԳơëϯĺС
עСְָ֣λ£ǡС١СָСʾ
һ󡱵ԴΪ١
      춶νײڵĳݣȥ壬ʵϡʮ
й˭ǵײ?ࡣë˼֮춣Աѹ
ԭȵνѹߣӶʹԼΪʵġѹߣͬ
ʱҪ¢šѹߡƣһ棬ʹ˳Ϊıѹ
ߣͬʱšѹߡԱһǿԱ˵ѹȣ
ѹȡ
      ˶ϧ֮Уͬǵĺܶ۵㡣Ʃ
˵ͬѧ˵Խսǿֲ
Ტۡĵʦ˷˹ɴָʮѧ
з˹

ġ˶

1ҿƵĸ      

      һλܳ˶սԼҡʱƣΪһ
סҿƵĸۡ
      ǵǿǻжĻ֪
һλΪ֮ǽӮ
ɣ򹲲ȨǷȨƹȨķΧڹ
֮⿪ٳһƬɵĻռ䣬ᡣ
      ȵ˼룬˼룬ŵ˼
˲ӱǣ˺ܰ˼춼Ȩ
ȡ˶Ǹ١ʲôж?Բ
СԾǰ˵ĳɹǰһ
      ŽṤ᲻ǹеһᣬǵһʹֳ
ڵĶᡣǰ̸ۡһ춹רֻ죬ܰ
òۼˣ֪֡һʵǵһ
ǡN+1ڵ鵳˵ǵһǰֻ鵳
齨춹֮ĵӦǵһЩˣ˹
鵳⵽ѹߺοת?
      ŽṤ죬˲ڳȰ蹤ǲҪ
ģΪĵֻѹӻɳϵ˹ʱȴ
ֿסǣûֳĹơΥ
ˡ
      ɲͬתηɵĻң׾֮¡Ϊ
ֽɫвͬҪ˵˽һ߶ȷչĳֲͬ
Ļ˻ùŵٺ޷򣬵
Ĺ۵㲻ܴӵתƵֲͬߵĻԵģ
һֲͬζʼռһֵκ¶ҡξ
ͬˣҪЭġ
      ЩƷʶԲͬǱرģҲǸ߹ģμȴȫ
ͻȻҪȡʤһʮҪͬߵĳ֮ǡǡ
ںɰܡһΪԼŶϧ߽Ĳͬһΰ
ֲͬߣǣһΪԼĲԶʹ˶⵽ѹμȴֻ
ŵμҡ
      һȺڵĹϵ⡣Ϊͬߣ㲻Ⱥڲⲻ׷
棻ΪμңҪõȺڵ⡢ֺ֧Ͳ롣¼ҹ˿ǲ
ͬߵĽȴμҵʧܡΪͬߣԼڴ
񽲻ǣͬĽšҸо
Ͼûʲô塣⣬Ȼڰ޳ţ
רͳεҹվֲ֧룬ͬ޲ԣΪ
˶μң㻹ڼȺڵͬʱǵȺڵķʶ
ҳһʵͶİ취һϣŽṤ˹Եİ


2      

      ֳѿø³˹ȷָ
սӥɼɣڲǸɼºɡĻҼ
ܣҲҷӮɣҿɲԸ䡣
      ˵ҲȤȻսϺͲ϶һ£˵
ϵһȸúܽŽṤ˶Ȼڳֲ֪ͬʶӡǱ
ίԱĻϷչģϾǹˣˣΪ
ЩԴ󣬲Ƶ֪ʶʿУӴ
ĹȺ岻ð(˾ڼйӴѧȺ岻ðһ)
ץĻ֡Ĳԣ¡˵֪ʶص㹥˵ֻ
Щ֡޲ſϺŽṤЭ顣һǱץѱ
ǳǿԼĵλҲȡһЩСż˵ˡ
˺ջ˵Ҳ̹ʣվλãϺ˴򽻵
㣬ѱ˴ͷˡ˺ܾӣҵͷúõġҲΪ
ϸȴż֮ʣʱ˺ܲ򹲲ò
̫࣬ͷŽṤŪĺ͹ٰ칤޼ֱͻȻϮʵʩ
ܣһץֲɲűѩڡ˵ᣬ
Һõͬ
      šı㣬侲ѡŽṤӮúϷڣһ
λʣǸﲻΪ?˵Ը⣬ȻôãΪʲô
ҪԴײ?˵ĲѾ޿־塣ͬ?
̾˵ȵȿ˵һֺε
ɳ̲ɱе¡ҲڸƵɵ¡㲻ܲʵ
úһ᲻Ǵһˣ롣
      ҵǣŽṤʤͷԣ⵽ֵ
һһŰһʮʮ賿³˹ȫϣʵʩܣȡ
ŽṤᡣ
      ŽṤ˶⵽صĴܡҲһдһƪ
۲ĽѵнŽṤڲ֮ڣ˶ʼʧأ
ºɲơ֮У˵ռϷ磬
ɤŸ󡣳ЩԴ󹤳ṤˣʹŽṤͷͷǲȡ
Ĳ裬ԽԽղסͿ¡üζա
      ڼѵ£ŽṤǿġͲεĿڰ
ᣬһʹ˶Իϯʼ˽һרƵʤ
      һžŶ£˺³˹һγ̸³
˹ͬٿԲ飬Ұ˫ͬƶתͣԭ³˹
ѴԩҶͷѡ
      ζԻʮΪζԻУǰĶָԽ˱˴˵
뷨Ϸѵá㼸ʱһר¶? (δ)
