κ⽻


 


	ʮһգйκټص֯Ĵ
ڼô׶ٿй˶ϯ飬ΪϺ
˾ԵһԴˣй˽µĽ׶Ρ
	κϯʿӦע⽻ۺ
֯񣬶ڵ˹Ӧøûڹڵ
γңӦľ档ϹȨԷʮļգؾ
ھ¡صļκΪйȨ˶Ĵ
ϯϯڸصˣҲκ⽻κ
ڼô󡢵¹ͷչһЩ⽻һ⽻硣

Ⱦ˵İţñ

	һžŰʮһ¶ʮգκٴ̤˼ôءһ
ѾʮηʼôˡηʼôĵһվΪҵ򿨶
гԤȾκǽһţñû뵽ȴ
˱仯
	ÿͰţñĴͳñӣǵЩ
ţǴģǵðտñӣһ־ı

	ɵǣȥʮһ¶ʮգйǽҲ
УõһñӡκһͬһҲ磬κ
Լʱִʽֳʱȴ֪ͰţñʽѾȡ

	һʵԭͰţñκײϺĽġ
ԣصй¹ڵ֪κҪϢᣬ򵱵ý巢һ
棬˵κйһڱҽﷸκιҵĹٷ
ӴΪǶйĸ档ԣгй
ѹȡ˸κñʽ
	κڽܵýɷǱʾйѹ
ûİţñҸ˵ûʲô¶Կ
ȨԼй½ȡɵʿȴһ
衣
	̫춵κѧݽֳ
ֽĶߺͿһţñ̫ļRi
ckBellʾĴ֮˸еɳܡκʱڳǱ
ʾⶥţñгǶ
	ڼôһЩۡܶλг
ǲʡҲгҮΪȻ˵ɫţñһ
ʮԪҮһ𡣿˵κ
Ƿɫţñ޹ؽҪҪԴٽйȨĹΪ
϶ֻҪκеļô˶ӦˡҲԿ
йôǶôֱӡء
	ڴ˳лһֵһᡣκַظУӦ
˵һ档ԭ˽ֵӢĵػٰ졣κ
֮ǰйפ¹ֹݽľٰ졣¹ݸݽ᳡
ĶʩѹҪȡ᳡ԼʹӢĶ»ȫ嶭²òͶ
ƱбʮƱʮƱͨ᳡ݽľ
ݽʮֳɹٶʿϯݽᣬҡκ
ᣬϯ˵ػٰĴ硣
	йҲ溣⻪˵йֿù


ôⳤ

	ʮһ¶ʮգκϵɶвμеġϹȨ
ԷʮᡱϷǴͼͼϹȨרԱޱѷŮʿҲ
ӦᡣκڴϷרݽ
	磬κͳϯļô⽻˹ͷƹ͡κ
ôⳤͼôǰйʱڼֱԲ
йȨ״ʾ˸лôⳤʾôһֱǳע
Ȩ⣬ҲйȨһŬ˫ͼô
⽻ߺȨĹϵ
	κⳤʾϣôĶԻܹһЩض
Ȩĵıءκ˵ע⵽˼ôڹձȨ
ǳģ練ˡﱣ͸ŮͯȨȵȣʾЩ
ؼܰѹԹȨȶߵĻô־
ҲܵõܺõĽκΪ춸Ȩעĳ̶ȣҲ
ʵȨȵйءǵȨΪ㡣˵Ϊʲô
ȨǿӲأΪй̨֧֡
ǲܽйĹҵȨĻôһЩСȨ
͸춽ΪЩַȨĹҲǻֵ֧ġκ˵
ʮ춹ŬϷǵȨǹȨ㡣죬
ַȨĹҵȨȴòǴˣ
ȨȵҲ½ˡʲôȥ֧йȡɡ
ȨأҪӹ֣Ҫ߹Ȩעȶȡ
	⣬ϢԴ˵йκζԼôķʣȡ
һЩرʩôʼﾯҲӵϢ˵κηʵпܵ
˺ԣʼﾯǿ˶κıʩκڼй
ֳ˾

ϯϹȨԱ̸

	ʮһ¶ʮգκڼô󰮵ɶгϯϹȨԷ
ʮᡱרݽκڻڼͬϷǴ
ͼͼϹȨרԱޱѷŮʿֱ˻̸
	κڡϹȨԷʮᡱϷݽ
κݽǿڵᣬ춲ǱȨַȨ
ȻźܴȨһϵַȨ˵һ
γַչĹңԸɵԼ۵ļල
ԣ𵽱Ȩá෴רƼȨңû
Ը֡ûзɵԼҲû۵ļල޷ַȨ
ΪгʹΪַȨԪסԹ跢
ЩַȨĹҵǴƲá	
	κ˵ȨûйġڵڶսУǿ˵
¹ɴⲢûоʹ˲ҵַ
ȨĿǰ˵ǲйǹѾ
쵽˼ô󣬲ҪָӼôμҡҪôô
ˣǻҪɺɡ˵ϵȨԭͱ
׼ձġһµġ	
	⣬κָʵϣҵȥȨ
ȨҪͨϵŬͶȥȡǵȨκΪ˭
ҪȨҪȫ෶ΧڵȨֻǾĳһ
ĳһȨΪʵϣκһһ˵Ȩ
ȫȨһ֣˴˲ɸѡκݽȫ
ҵ
	κϷǴͼͼ˻̸κͼͼ
ʾйһֱǳĺ֧ϷƶȵĶֱ죬
йҲڹעϷˡͼͼκʾһֱǳ֧
ȡȨĶ˵죬ϷҲҪһ룬Ӧ֧
й˶ʱϵκͼͼ˴˽ͨѶ绰Լ
ʱһ̸
	⣬κҲڻڼϹȨרԱޱѷ棬˫
йȨ⽻ޱѷŮʿ˵йҺܲκ
ȤĻشй㲻˵ˡ˫ʮѺãԼ
һμʱ䡣

¹ⳤ

	ʮգκӻʢֱӷɵ¹ȾͰݻεĵ¹
ⳤᡣ¹ڽʮ´ѡᣬ̵
̵õעչйҵȨˣйʿص
֧ܶ֡ⳤᣬҲαʾ֧Ȩ˶Ϊ
й¹ܾ㣨KrembΪټйפ´ʹ¬
ܾΪ׫дйκ¶ŭй
	κڻⳤǰʾ¹ڴѡ֮ᣬæ춵¹ڲŷ޵
ûγһȷĶԻߡˣйһҪᣬ
ر˷ʹ¹⽻ˡ¹Ҫŷ
һ¼ǰĶԻߡӢĩ۶б
һй򽻵Ĺ۵㣺ûбҪйԹɫԸ£
ǸҪԼĹͻչ⽻ûбҪ
йȡһӦ⽻ٵ˼
	磬κڰݻ¹ⳤʱ˵ÿ¾еϹȨίԱ
ᣬǹйʩѹʹȨ״Ҫᡣˣ¹
ӦŷһڻǴйַȨ᰸
ҵãйȨûκθơȻйǩϹȨԼ
ѹʿûκθı䣬̸Ͽű뵳йֶ
һƭ
	κرᵽǰֹ֧ӡĶߣ
ûվȡȨҵһߡʹ
ܵ˺йϾصĹҡطĴ󣬼
֧йȨ˺йУΪء
	κڻ̸лйġ˵ָйŵ
桰˵¹ĺѧïϰܵ
ѧ뵽йʣʮ·ڵ¹Ӵκᣬòȥй
ǩ֤ˡйԵ¹ĸ棬ѧɵĸ档ѧǲҪǩ
֤ġֻҪйֶõ
	¹ⳤʾ¹һ֧ϵȨ˶Ѿ
¹ܾ㣨Krembһй˿顣ǻ
עⷽ⡣ǵ¹ӭԸܵȨȺʿ

йеź
	
	ϣκڻ¹ⳤ֮ᣬ¹ѧԺ棬
ĿǡʿԵķɡϯݽи󱨿
ļߡйܾҲϯݽᡣѧԺǵ¹
ѵкܶרҲϯݽᡣŷ޸صһЩʿҲԶκ
档κй̸ֱ
	磬κڲܼݻ¹Ҫ¹
ʩ޵µĸ߼˹̩ɾл̸¹ʩ޵ί˹̩ɴӭκ
áκٴǿ֧й˵Ҫԡ˹̩ҲΪ¹
ⷽӦóе
	֮ᣬκֱݻ˵¹ȨίԱϯŮʿ̵
ϯ񵳣ǸκǰȨίԱ⽻ίԱ
ʮ´ѡ֮¹ȨίԱѾ⽻ίԱƽƽ˵
ִӹעȨ⡣¹Ҫע侭桢ս棬ҲҪע
Ȩ档ǵ¹⽻һ档¹ȨίԱԸල
ȡʩ֧йˡ
	ڰݻ϶κ˵¹һ̨ڶýĲɷá
	κ¹Ҫ̸ʱ⽻˾ͶԵ¹
˾档йҲ֪¹ȨȹȥľΪǿӲ
ѡ¹һ̽¹̬ȡѡκ
һ£̽¹񵳣̵̬ȡκһ¹
ʱ¹ʱⳤ˶ͻ˶ȽϵСⳤ
κ棬ѡκ͡
	ķ˵κ˵ߣһﷸ
ñƷйָκں⾭ĴжǱʾ
Ե¹ⳤκźͲϣ·᲻Ƶ
е¹ϵ顣

¹ı쳣ǿӲ

	ͬһ죬¹ԺǿӲ̬ȷйָ
Heye˵¹Ϊ̸ǺȻģﲻ֪ǯ
Ϊ¹⽻ErdmannͻǿȨڵ¹⽻ߵҪֵ
ĳԱȨҺʿĽӴָйȨ
״ĳƷϵ¹棬˫ϵضԷϹ͹ʷ
ΪݵĻ۵ͼֵ׼¹ⳤڵϹʾӼκһ
ȫǵ¹йȨ档
	¹ʩ޵ڵ֪йᣬ绰ĹʣҪת
κ¹һҪȨļֵκѹڵӲ
вйָ
	¹йȨ״ʱйɴʷй
Ϊ¹ۣոε񵳺̵ȴչʾԼһַ
񣬸춶Կйѹ
	ڵ¹ϯ˺ϯīָй
ҥԣκ˵Ǹűжˣͼƻκֺ֧
ΪκȡŵƽŬ֪κϯһֺƽ
ԡǱжԭ򣬶ɱѧȴܾ
ΣҪٴѪѹˡߣ˸йָ
Ҫκȡ𡱵ĴʩκڷʼôʱѾõ
һϢɳ
	йָ𣬸Ϊκܶɷκ
ıҲΪ

ùν

	ʮϣκַ糾͸ϵ˸ϯɹ
֯еļϹȨԷʮϵлӦϯ
ȨҺʿ
	ĿĻʽı޽еġǵ¹
һİ˵¹ĵһܷ͵ϧûеʩС꣬
¹¡ؾз˸ܻһʮꡣ޽ֻһ
ʮλȴһǧٶˡ
	Ļʽׯ¡أصȨҡʿ¹羫Ӣü
һáµְݽκݽٴǿȨҪԡ
˵꣬ɴڵ¹Ⱥ̫ʱμ˵ʱ¹
ǲܸ档ϣպܿͽȺչ⡣ɴⷢս
ӲȨʼġûȨûкƽһȥѹһ
ˣսпܷκݽܵȫӭ
	ʮշ˸ѧΪŷ˶ȨΡۻϣ
κָŷ˹ȨйȡԻԿߡǵӵ
ߡŷ޵һЩ
μ˵ǱͻͬйۡйıֽϿһ
йʤˣκ˵ŷ޹йȨ
䡰ͳһߡǾ¹ǰ⽻˶˵ڲǴ
йַȨϣͳһߡ꣬ŷ˹Ҷй
ȨԮҲ൱ͳһҸȨĹԱ˵ǶйȨԮ
ֻܶйٷǼǵģԹ֯Щ֯ǹԼ
ġȨ֯ŷ˽Ȩϵıʧߣ
йѵ죬ûܵҵǴ
	̸ȨϵĶԻʱκǿйȨԻֻ

ԻŷһЩҪйԻʵڴйͬйֽ
ԻⱾǴġνĶԻʧܵġκ˵ǲ
ԶԻϣܴʹйͬйɽжԻ
	μⳡ۵䡢ѧڡŷԱȨ֯
˵ȡκõܶʡ̨£к߲ܶɷͬ¹ֲ
ϯæ춷Э֯ͬԱҲۻˡ
	磬κصʮһλȨһ𣬻ù
֯ıáЩˣеսҵĹȣеΪȨܶϵ
ꡣκΪйȨ˶Ĵüν
	ϣκַĽڸĵ¹ѵѧԺݽ
ȨίԱϯͬ룬ĿΪ¹ߵ״
	糿ԭκµѡ鳤ݶȼ档
в֮ƣĴѩǵأķɻ޷ɣκֻźط
˷زļƻǰ裬μڰеĹģ󡢹
ߵļȨԷʮĻ

ͳ

	Ӧ¸صǰ˾ǰܷίԱϯϹȨ
ʮ֯ίԱϯ͵룬κΪڽ̺
˳ϯʮ°ʮһڰеȨԼȫ
κûеʱ򣬷ͳѾεľء
	λģǰƻԼʮҵȨҽӦϯ
еʮλټĵ뵽Ṭ뷨ͳ͡
ͳϣˣ˹˼ȫҪ䰬غϹĴϯʮ
յĴᡣ
	κû裬ǾѾΪۺ۽
ұֽű͡籨ԺĴƪ
ƬλＰйȨ⣬ԴʣȨˣȨ˵
ʮҪȨ֯ɵļ֯ίԱҲԴλĵΪ
ҪĹ֮һǣģʢĻûʼ˭Ѿ֪й
⣬κλġ
	⵱ȻΪҪĻʱйһοʼ
˶вšʿĴģȺȫԹ۵
ƣӶձߡκʱ򣺷ۺȨӽ
ӭӣǶйʾ÷ʽκĵã
ᵽйڽеĴͬʱҲرᵽ̨ھеԺг
ѡ١
	ͳϣ˵ľٶйΪ۽
ĵҪءԤټͻᣬΨû
ͳαʾϣйʿͳʮյĴ
ͬʱ֣ᵼй⽻ͻ
	ͳ˾ձ𾪡ӵĴۣȻ
ˡǽ¶йȫֹκĳϯұֽ
ۺԱʣûй˵ĳϯǶԷȨμ
ļĳŪӦ߱ʾûдĳϯҲ
ȥṬ硣⽻ΪʾͳޣΣҪ
ͳʽǳϯʮմ⽻Ҫ󡣷⽻ί
Աϯʮջκ
	ѹϣյһμд˵гϯ
ǷϯҪ˵Ըǿý
òĿǵΪֹﻹûյκ룬ʹ
ԥȥǾܾδ
	Ȩʮ֯ίԱϯ͵ջشߵ
ʱ˵ҪǲַģҿǱ֤κһȫ
̳ϯȫͬһ죬κյʽ롣ͬʱҲ
λй롣

Ȩʢĵһ

	磬κ˷ϯֿʣʹ
ʱġеĻ̸ĵһ̨ϰʱŽĿת˹
ϯʹκЦ̸ľͷǷ˵һڵϿغ
ദʮָжϣԱκ͡
ķҵӶ̨֪Ȩԭ⽻ʵ֮ѴǺ
̨ҲкϵŽĿﱨӢһȨ֯
Ҫȴ֯ڹȥӪκκӢʱݷ֯
ͷ
	뷨ٷ߲ʽ⻹ǵһΣԲסһλ
˵ǷȨ֯ܶĽŷ̵
а֮ڣǶУ̱ػƽ̡֧֡ͬ
һǲڷŷУͬ
֯ĳԱռԱľڣ֮ԽԽ֪й
йȨĽܲɷ֣ټϴﷴҪ
ԾͶԻйԶ֧֣𽥽Դ
ֺ֧ͶйȨĹעͬһ⡣ηԴκ
Ĺٽ˷ŷִ֧֧й˵
ںϡˣйȨ֧й˵Ǵǿˡ
	йڰϱ򷨹һ˿顣
ɽġ⿹ͻйĹй˺ϯ
鷨紦λᣬйڴˣ
вŵϢȥܶΪ˶ŭȻҲΪйĿ
ŭˡ
	ڽĴϣͳȨ⽲˻ȻڽȨ
ԭʱҲĻĲ⣬ҪַȨΪǴʱҲᵽ
˶ԻҪΣ͹ȥȽϣȨ˸࣬ĳ
Ϲ鳤ϵһӦĽ̨Ϸ
˵˵ʮҪΪձϹڹעȨϵıֲ
ϱʾϹҪһۺͨµļļҪرǿ
Ȩձԭ
	һķḻгɹļѱȨԭձԣ
ǿ⡣е߶ôһ򵥵ĹʶǾǣǿ
ĻԣһרѹĽڡ

йȨ𺳰

	ʮʮǷϹȨʮᣬȨʿ
ĸ߷塣Ҳйϯʿæһ졣磬κ
ȫȷԡȺעйĿǰڽеĴ
Ӫȱη˵ǵȨʿǵ
Ȩʲôأ
	ţκڷ˷⽻ǰ˾һ
λйʿķⳤҲǽ귨ڶԴйȨ˵
ϵһرһҪ¼͵¹ⳤκ
ĻһӰŷ˶й
	磬˺ϯ鷨紦ˣ»ϯ
й͹ͨѶפ̳ڼдйʧҵ͹˶չ
״йвšֺߵ˵Ĵ
ţǷɵĴϯԱǰò͡
һǰκͲ̳
һĹȥйȨ˵Į̬ȣ룬йʿƺ
ҪһɵĴͳɾ򣬿ɼһߡ
	ᣬκͲ̳ϯ㿪ʼķ֯ͷһ
ֵȫᡣͳϣڴϽ˻λ
Ҳϯ˴ᡣֱͨϹ鳤ŦԼμ˴Ტ˷
ϹȨԵĵ֮һǰͳ˹Ůϯ˴Ტܵ
Ļӭ
	κ֮ᣬ˶ϣ𾴵Ҫ
ΪĽ԰ҵĴĴᷢԣ˶ݡ

齨Ȩ
	
	ʮʮգй˺ϯϯκӦϯ˷Э
ڰƤĻľٰļϹȨʮĻ飬
Ӣʲټѧҵʲٽκ˵
ϣܼ㣬Һľ񡣵ǵҪķѧҡ
ӢӰκʱӪκĺǩ
֡
	κڻݽеľ¶רƴ
־δݻҵ˸䴴ġ
	ͬһ죬軹ˡޡۻᡣڻϣ
Ա÷飬գȫŷ޷Χ֯ġɱʮ
ͬһһõϯٶ޸Ķٶ
Ӧй˺ϯ鷨紦漴ͳϯ޸
Ȩ֯Ĵ鲢ʥᣬͳһﱸίԱᡣ

	λһҪɹǣϯ޸Ȩһͬ
κ飬ڰ轨һ޸Ȩ֯ɵ
ȨˣԽĿǰɢ޸רΪЩר
Ĵ˺֧й
	ޡֻɷ̵й˺ϯ鷨紦
󷨹ֲɹ۲죬ȨˣȨˣʷ
ֲϾٰġӦϯ鲢ԵԽϣ飬̨壬կ
ϯ֮֮࣬ң󳬳˻֯ߵ
ԽϣĴرָǹҵרܹ֮Ӳдȫй
֧֡й޸ϣڡ
	κڴ˷ԡر𲵳Ȩϵν
Ļ⡱Ļԡϯڷֲĸ˲̳ľ
˵йũԲȤԴ˵ֵձԡ

	κʮսӦŷᣬμɳ޷Ȩʮ

  ĸʢѩī̳ṩıдɣ