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ǰԷΪڶġĵСƽ֮Ϊɻģƺҫ
ΪйꡱѧĵȻСƽŭ¶ʮհ
ּ϶һмƻıǡҡҪ
ѪҲ׼ѪоӿɶԸ󲻺ãֻҪȥ
ˡҫĴȾͷɻ֣򲻻нĶ
ҪһЩˣҪץּ֡ձ鴫Ϊڶ졶
۵Ļ˵־ѹѧźšǣɱڵּû
мѧҶԿһԵġƽġѭҿƵУ
Ҫ󵱾ջƪۡУҲȡ̵Ŀ̬ȣû
Ѫ¼ʱ˫ԵĿ̬ȣ˶йǰϣ
ǣ־ܲջظѧԵۣѧҲԸްȫ¸Ρ
ǳ˿ճ־õĶţ棬ᵼǧѧ찲Ź㳡ھʳ
ڶѧʽΪйҵȫ
ͬ飬ڱÿϰϽУȫҲ׷ӦΪ
ǵİܻ漣Ȼ𣬳ڻɢԷһ
л岻Ϊΰ塣

      һлƷʵĿɸȺԷ˶Ѫϴʮ
ΪԵ˶ģȴǵСƽʮǰ
ģڰͬѧ֮ᣬԵʮ
ӰΧʵͼŰǵ̫ϻѾȥ
࣬Ӧֱͦ壬ƵСƽ¡ǡľ
͹۵һŰ˾˶Ϊġߺһܺƽѩ
ʵǩġȨȨʹԼҵؽйǧ
ۡʷֹ鿯żƶȣűȷ
˼롢ۡɡл
ϣΪ˳ƵҵĶЧĽ
̳˽ʯרƶͳȨ˳Ӧĺʷ
˱͵ʵйʷϵһѡ١ֵ
עǾʮ仯Ȼִ̨̨Ի
ŽȻ춵ߣһеĹ򣬿ӷɱ
˹ӡչеĸޡ

  

      ĵʵָ֣϶µĶֻͣͨ¶ϵķܶȥ
ȡʷϣʮ͵ĺʮ͵Ӣʮ͵Ƶ
ǾװԴһȫ練սʤᣬ
ѳΪת糱װѷǱ֮·رйʮս
֮ᣬ־ʮڣʵپһδĶҡʮǰ
йʷǣԱױõĲһֱǷ⽨ĸĳ
˶йͳϡɽɽ췴˶

      ʮԵķʽй˵ʮİ
췴̫ϤˣԾĸʱ췴˶ˡԶ
ά(Machievelli)߳ļšë󶫣һһ췴ɣ
ȳׯһĻԡϣĸѱȫ񶨣ë
ֱкͳҲΪʹޣ췴˼Ȼг
ƻ췴ɵ˷̬ںⲻ˻Ծм仹ż
ʡ̬ҪµһɣռɽΪ
ģȨһУͿΪΪ̰Ȩ
ȨƣΪ޳ԣ˵һǧΪ˵
ٻ죬Ϊ˴ﵽĿģϧκֶΣ֪ԵĻ׼򣩡
̬һŰ˾ѧҲֹձ飬Ȼ춰ʮ
ź˼Ӱ졣



      ĵ·뾭һ˼ɽ׶Ρִƣ
Ǿʮģʮ͵ĸ˶ʮߣʮ͵˶ŵȷ
йǧķ⽨רƴͳٹ̣˼ʮͲſʼ
Ĵﵽ߳һһ¶һѪָ˶ʱ
ԿѧȨءһžһǴֻе£Democracy
ScienceλԾйϡϡѧϡ˼˼һеĺ
ԣʹΪ֮ͷѪƴǡһ׳ɽӵĺӰ
һ꣬ҲΪйִָ˷йĻʷлʱ
ġľ񡱵ı־

      ǣ˶ᣬ춹Ʊ仯Ͷʮ¸Ӱ죬¶㿪ʼ
˼壬齨йĻ˼Ľ׼޲
רۣʹȫԼԭšһһʮһ˵
Ҫʵ壨DemocracyӦӢһ
¾͸Ŀ˵ºʲ׼רҲʲ׼Զѳ
ȨͶ׼ڡ¿ϣ٣
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      һе˵˵ʲôɡλ춾˵ֻ
ʷı󣬶ʶ̬ı仯ɵѿǱ
ʱӿĽ׼ĸ籩زˡȻʱкʡ¡ܹ
˼Ѭյ֪ʶӼȨƹ
ܵУӰ΢һľʵֳ¶㵱޲׼רᣬ
ɡȨ˼ȫΪˮޣ⵽Сɱ춹֮⡣

      һ߰˱չ춿Ժʿǣ
ġΪĸʦĵСƽȴ԰˼뵱а˵
ÿһҪһΡʲ׼ɻȾ˶ˣ
֣̽Ϊ˸ʽкܴյһŰߵͳ
ƹһŰһŰȫ1800ֱйѧѧʮƪ
Уרֻһƪ֪еһƪǡѧо
һƪѧҰޣK.J.ArrowġһԶǡԴͳ
۵սģ˾ݴˣ׫ĽͳۡƲˡ
ƪȫⰢԭⲢҳ߼ģһŰ˰
һŰ˰ǰᣬٷҲһЩ̸£αӲƷ
еĿŵطĴȨ塢ӢͳΡǿΣ
塣۵ȴԷġѹᣬθѹʶ
̬ܿƺһ£ǲԶˡ

ģ

      Ϊ÷չˣȻ˵޻̸֮ʣ
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ʱڳֵв׼ܸӣЩȨǮеıЩǹż
ļߣʹǿ˵ŬгзչģĿǰǹĵ
ֱйصľ⣬йػ۹顣

      ҪʵйҪһж˸񡢶˼Ͷо
Ķ֪ʶӡǲκȨţʶ
УͨԼ˼롢ۺжȥӰᣬٳҪǿ֪ʶ
ӵãΪʷκȽ˼붼Դ춶֪ʶӣзյ˼
ɹֻ֪ʶей֪ʶԹСƥ
𡱵㴫ͳ

      νɣӦ֪ʶԼɣ״ƹٷʶ̬ɵ
ҷպҹԴ̬ĵѧϰѳΪ֪ĳʶ
Чʵ˼Ķ˵ԼȻʱҲͶ
ȨҪҪȨ˼ʵϸ
Ȩ壬ΪֻҪĹȨˡ
ᣬֱʮڲȻȻͨϵѧϰ
ں˼˼Ĺٷʶ̬룬
һ͡³󡱵֪ʶӣһŬ
СŬǷ˼ѧϰɡ

      ־йҵ֪ʶӣҪи߶ȵθк
Ӧ侲ѵͷԺͶоеìͷȻҪӦָ
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壩

      й·ӦԵġƽġǱģӦװ
ͱ·ҪκʽרƣȡֶҲӦ
ԭӦú䣬ɲȡ췴˶õ֯
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ȫ㣣ܿܳΪɡȨ˽´Ϊ
ᡣ

      й·᫵ģҪԡԶɸꡢ
ɡӦܽᲢȡʷѵԵǰʵ͹Ӧ
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ʵʵĿԡ֪ﲻҪ󣬲ִ֡򣬻ʹ⸴ӻ
֦ϵĲκȺжĺ٣Ⱥڵ
ȫѪΪϷΪעߣμң
ǷƸꡢıȡȨƵ͡

      ġǰ죬ڴѪҡѪɺӡԼȫ
𷴿ԼȴԸͬһѪһ̬𾪣ƺǿδ
ϸѰȴԼؼë󶫡ĻӰġһᣬи
ۻڽС˼ѧó㳡Ӧðءת
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Ҳ˶ĲͶĳ룿־ҵ˶Ӧ֪Ҫ׷
˵ļֵ˵ϣǶ˵أǱȨȨУ
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йýΪ֮źˣ·½ѳĴ졣
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ȥҼˮָĿǰɶûУô
鵳Ҫ֣ѹкýϤɽȵȥ
ʱٷ֤άԪ׺ִĵλִΪİ
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ĵȱš



      йѧһǿ磬һϲ
Ȼûֱײʵ⣬ֻڳѧ˼߮
Թٷʶ̬ĸر˼ѧĳ𺳣
ԿɼģʹëʮʼĽ䡶塷͵Сƽ
ķɻȫʧˡǶйɵشףʹ
˼Ϊǰ˼˶һҪҲԾɲ֡춴
ѧ̸۵ʷ˼룬漰еʵ͵Ȩߵֱ
棬ۿռȻֱԲҪܶ౶һǴ
Ϊġ

      źǣϲ֮żһЩг͵Ĵ̶
ɺ鹹һνɵԱ⡣һ
λڽ湤ѧߣԾԻ
һȫձԵ۶ϣһΣֱֻܴ
ȨɻΪרƣʵһ۶ϣò֮䣬
Ŷʷʵˣϵεĺȫ㣡

      Ҷ֪Դ춶声ǰϣŵǰʵеľ
ֱÿ¿Ĵȫ幫ᣬǰһ
òPcricles,Ԫǰ495-ǰ322ҲΪľΪ
ϣȺڱκθ˿ϺõжϡȺҲ
˲׸ܡŵʵƵĶʮУȻγֹ䣬
ȨΪȡǵͳζǶģŵ
涨κɱͼƵ˶ŵƵĽ
ٵľ֡νֱֻܡɻΪרơ޻̸֮


      νȨָ˹ʽļΪȨTotalitari
anǶʮͶʮ˹Ȩųֵģָ
һר뼯ȨΡáĻ˼롢۽ȫ
ܿƣȨȫᡣһ꿪ʼĵ¹ɴ⣨
壩ȨԼʱĶҲˡһ꣬˹ͷĿīȷ
ؽ¹͵¹ϡΰȫҡΪ
ͨѹʶ̬ƺ͹ƻĵƭʹǧȺ
Ͻֻꡣ˿ðΪйĸרɴҡν
Ҫ׳ʮνȫǼʵǷġΪӹ
ϣ죬ܲɷֵģκΰṫɵȺڱ
編ŸרйĸʱȺר޹ءô˵
ֻܴȨ

ߣ

      ֶ췽ҹ̷ʽĿֲۣϽʮӺ⴫кܴ
гҷ񶨡ġ£Լָǡߵ
ĸۣʹ˶ʶ˻ңһЩΪҵ
ҲᵽҪǰ롰ơ෴
ļΪһ̸ҪͷϴһñӣΪ
ʾڡ

      ⲻ֪ͬɣ˼롢ɣƽȣ˸ϡ
ϺȨƽȣȨȨȨƲȨȣΣܷ
ɱڷǰƽȣκβܷԼĸ˺ȨƵĴڣ
ΪһġβǼ򵥵ġMajority decisionȥһ
ΪӶۣѡ٣ǿȵĻܲ
ѡ٣Էִߵļලȴʩʼһ´᳹
ɡƽȡξ񣬲ԱϹֲתõȨΪּԹ
񣬷ʵεģԷΪģŴŵǰҲ⡣
Ȼûгĵܷиϰ߷ȨԼӢһ˰
ٸҲˡʵеǾƣʵȨȫΪ
աΪ춴ͳרƾƣǳΪܾơConstitu
tional monarchyᣬǰܵɣܷԼԹ
ͨΪ塱ơ⣬ʹŵֱ
ƣҲ롣ɴ˿ɼҪڡǰϡ֣ȫ
׸

      Ȼִչˮƽŵȱݵģ
ʹĵǣ춵ʱȱȷȨֱʮͲŲģ
ϵĶʱַ˵ĺϷȨ棬ոףSocrates
ΰ˼Ҳݴһԩʮ͵õƽܸ߱
ûзչΪĵġ춱ȨΪǰִ
Σ֮ءĿ־֢ҪȨȵߵ
ڮ٣һõЪ˹

      ʮǰΪʮͷȨԡ꣬ϣ
չһȡȨΪ˶ʮĽ죬ɱ
ȨʶǴˡξƵصˣԼ־й
ԭѣһɽչ󣬷һЩң
Ҳһԥعʮ꣬еظей˼ɵļѺͽȡ
Ǳԥػصļַľ񣬼ѧй֮ڰ
ľģضԶ˼ɡ

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