  Ӣı

  --ά˹Ѷµķ̸

   ͮ

  ʱ䣺һžžһʮһ

  ص㣺ѧоԺ


      ̸һѧķչʷΪصذ
׷ݵոʱڷ
      һ˼룬Ҫʵƶȣʵƶȱ
˼롣һȻ󵽿ԽΪִԡ
ʲôִŬԼĸŬ
ֱʹͳ塣ģԶԶ춽ָ塣
˵ԴȻװ׵Ĳһߡ
ʱר̸ǧ꣬߱ʼȥǧΪҪı仯(
֮еһ˼ٵĻش)(2)ΪҪı仯
ӦⱾѱʹΪҪģʼ춶
µ׷˼뿪ʼΪѰ档µǺõģ
ȻµġĸͶԽ׷Ҫһ֣
ʼٸߡϸϸضָһȨɵᡣ
Ȩ˵ȨĳȺĳ塢ĳԱȨˣ
ԵģйԵԭ򡣻һ̶ԣԴ
ǶߵԡǾԣȨͻԡԴ
ˣҲ㡣

      򣺹Ե⣬кܶ಻ͬĿۣŶ
Σ
      һΣһ̶ԵĴܵɡ¬
Ϊʷ[]ǹ̶ԡɣ֪ﵽ߳ԶԶ¬
󡣴ĵԽҲһԴЩ֪ٶԵһԺ͹̶Ȩ
ɡ

      ΪġͬʱҲռĵԪʽ
ƶȰţ˵ıԵ⣬ԼصĸȨִ
˹ΪڸŵĶ()йͳУ
ڼȷϵ֮жģһ֮СЩϵ
̹ɸ˵Ҫ֡˲ảеĹµ(Ȼ
Ҳִŷġ)
      ˹Լڵ߰Ѹ˶Ϊһ֮
Ŀ״̬--Ȼ״̬(the state of nature)ڵ塣
Ȼ״̬۵ӰһֱԼ(޶˹ġԭλá(original position)
һ֤Ȼ״̬۸رһֶԸ(
)еȡȻ״̬̫ʧȥ˵˵ĸϵ
湹ȫգǹֵĳ󻯡¹壬ϲᡢԶ衢
ѡԼͬĻ岻ҪЩȥͼ¶塣
Ȼ״̬ϵ¶Ϊһֲ̫ǿ̫ˡ̫춼
Ȩɴʹǿб˴֮һЩ룬Ҳĳ׵Ȩ
߸ϡ

      򣺱ΪǸЩȨҪ춶Ը˵ĳ⡣
ֵĸ˼ǳǾġζеĸ˶еĹԣָ
ÿһʵʵĸˡЩҪصԸ˵Ķ壬Լԡĳԭ״̬
ļ衣Ƕ(EarnestGellner)СʯʱڵеδƱthes
wingvoteofthestoneageman.)һ˵ָѧѧжԵֻ̽
ĳּȻԭʼ״̬¬󡢻˹ڸϵҪԤ衣

      岢()ظ壬--Щص
ʹữ֮⡣Ʃ磬Ҫά(self-preservation)Ⲣ
ʲôңԼΪʲôҪάҡֻ˵ȷʵ
ڻ˹ûжҵĻ塣

      У㿴ԤĳԵġЩҪԼ
Ҫںͳǰ()ǸĴ졣Ҫǰһ˵Ĵл
Щ˸ӹʺͰȫ˳Ϊ()(
)(the liberal few and democraticmany)һֽ(libera
lism as liberation)ڼսУ춸
ȨֽǶڽкС屾һǿ
ĵԴڰʮһνӴ޶˹Ϊϵ
ȱʧеߡʮ޶˹÷ѧ
Ѿı֮¡½(Steven Luke)ֱ
ΪҲΪйĵ¶ԡ֮
һĽ뺴Ҫ⣬ǰĴڵԶ
      춽յڵ壬Ϊ˼й
˵ԡΪػĽ
ı[ָ޶˹]ĴڵԶ˼
塣޶˹ĵǰ֮£Сġ(the l
east advantaged)Ϊ᣻Ҳεʵʵ--
ҪðգҪһˣЩΪдҵЩҪ
ˡһЩŽˣʶ̬ϵĽǿԳ
յЩˡԳΪðռңеھúϵķ
ա

      ĽҪб(ambitiousmen)
¬ɡڸʲôĵЩбľӢЩðռң
춸ӹĹ(public-spiritedness)Ҫ
ġɡ--ʹȨҪĵ
ڵĶ
      ҵֹԴһʵĮĵ̬ȡ
ҪĴڡʿǿͶ֡
ǲԣֻ˵񣻶еʵϵû
õ㹻ӡںڸǱ͹ģΪڸ
һ(rational society)Ҫðյģðղ
Եġðաѡ(rationalchoice)ֵԵ
ȥðգԼϣ˵ĳɹ֮ϡѳ˳(freeride)ð
һ̶ϾһĹ񣬵ͬʱҲΪԼ--ǹ
ģĵġϣбҲԵġȷʵҪ
ᣬҲҪȷԼΪ˶õ(recognition)춺ڸ
˵һԹ--ͨ˶Լߵı(thelibera
lambition)ǿԼˡ

      򣺻֮һĽͱҪ಻ͬ˽Щˡ
ѳ˳춹Ʒ(publicgoods)ЩҪڲͬЩڲͬ
ͨðʵֵġ˽ηԽ--һĽά

      ߵıΪǰѹķչΪʵ
ֵΨһ;ΰͳܵ𾴵ԱȵȶЩְ
ˡǲֻм򵥵˽ϧκδ۵սԼĹְ(publicoffice)
Щˣ(ʱºйϵ[ֶָٵ])ҲЩӹţ
شˡ

      ΪЩ˾Ϊ˹ıǹŽеġҲ
ʱ࣬ٴʷ¼Ϊִǰʷ춼¼ΰ˵¼
ҵǣΪʲôͬıڽܹһɵ᣿յ
ֲעؾ˽УЩִ֪ʶ
ӺˡһʼͰĶִӡñķӹ
ĴԤĳִһ
⡣
      ЩضִЩ£ͨ
ҵııͨһҪΪ[Ŵ
]֮ˡҲпѧչѧǰԵֶ㱧ĺ
ƽ;

      ΪĲִ˵б춹ʱľӢΪǲ
õ˽Ҳͬʱ档빱˹(Ŵ˵ɺִ˵
)кܴġ˹ִ˵ɺͰֵɶǿ˽Ҫ
ԣرǲȨַʥԡǷΪ֤ԳԽ
ɶĶַڰֵһУǱǿġǿܲ
ҵйΪڷԲȡ䵭Ȯ̬ȵĸݡ
(Freedom to)ܵ±Ȩ壬Ҫ
ɣȡκϸĺϷԡ
      пά̸۹һֲĸ塣ֲĸָһ
ӰΪģǴеһԱ΢ģ
ͨġǿĹҡùҵʱ򣬹Ҳ㡣
ԽԽңֱ춱øпάʱڣΪ
Һ塣ΪһΣգǸؾ
㹻ĸԶ[ֻ]γɴ--״̬ķ档ĵԴΪ[
֮]ʹ壬˱СԼȻһ
ΣաֻܴͨɣûʹܹΪ(
ָ˼빱˹Ͱֵ岻̸ͬ¬ͻ˹
ɶ֣пά̸ǰԵġǾɵ
˲һȡᡢ츣ᣬǿܲǵɡ)
        ߳[]ķʽΪЩṩء
ԺͻᣬʹЩҪΪĴҵ֮֯
֮ڵĻһҪȷ[Ȩ߹]Ǽеķʽ
ͨһȨ[һжͨһȨ]ֻǻȨĵһᡣ
УȨӦǷɢ(distributed)֮ں֮ⶼ
ȨλӦЩµдҵ(б)˿ţܹ
[лѡ]ڱԶĵطѡְλ򿪱ٺ;Ӫµ⡣

      ķʽӦòǸ߸ϵĻڴڱģ
      뱻ѡ(getelected)Ҫ⣻ҵ
ҪĲƷ--Ƶһ⡣û
ԽǵȨ(poweroverthem)ֻԴǵȨ(powerfromthem)

      ȷ˵ߣˡ̵ˡ֪ʶӺʿ
ǵľӢλԴڵϿɡ
      ԡǱ뱻ˡ׼ʤѡƷ㲻Ϊ
У밴츣((tobenifitthesocietyintheopin
ionofthesociety)һ棬һѡõ׼Ӧ
ȥ¡ȥΪȥ졣һһж

      ֪ʶأ(ġơȻѧʿ)
      һѡһ֪ʶӺ֮ġսʮ͵¬
Ϳʼˡʱ֪ʶӿʼ˻һϵʲ׼Ϊ˽ֻ
Ǯ֪ʶ˼뿪ź͸춴ġʱ֪ʶӣ
Թʲ׼ʵԼıͺʱµĻս֪ʶ
Ӱʲ׼ǮԼǵļֵӦָܵժͲʵġ߱
Զ(un expressive)һѹ(supression)ҪǮ
бų(ҲǴͨϵֳʵнų)
Ƿѵġʲ׼һ̶ϻػģҲһЩ֪ʶ
ԼӪ֮УƩ֧ʱıصľ(liberatarian 
supporters of capitalism)

      [֧ʱ֪ʶ]ڣŷ޴½
Ϊ      ԡڶŷҮˡгԭܵӭġ


      £ͨѡõ׼ͨг֪ʶ
أ֪ʶͨʲôƣ
      ֪ʶӦóôѧ[ѧ]ѧʹǿԱ
빫۵һ롣ǿԹںʹ˵뷨ʱµ
Ϊ𵴴ڡںױ𵴣ϲ𵴡Ƿǵûв
ϲִθڡʹԽԽԶ

      ¡
      ԣ¡

      ҵǣִľӢ֮ϣֻ֮ǰ
ǵҪں׼ֺ׼гԶ׼
Һ֪ʶӣһ׼ʵʩ
      һַʽ˵ͼ˵ڡбʹнŸ(l
iberating)һҪ(һϵ)һַʽǴ
ҵӢõ֧̼֡Ҫ֪ʶӺõõĽԸӹ
š

      Щ¿ֻǾӢ֮ġ
      ԡ

      򣺶ʱҶԴֱԲļ֮һ(˹ѶЦ)
˴̡֪ʶӴ֪ʶ͹μҽΣⲻ
Ҳ᱾ʵһֽ͡ЩӢɹҵļ˶
еľӢʲôͬ
      жĽڿܵ±Ϊֻ֪
ҪʲôʲôӦʲôԹ˶ڷչȻ
Ϊȷӵһȷȡ()ѡ٣ȡ
Ҫ֮ʶ˼壬رëֱӻӵضͨ
ѧķʽ֪ʲôġͱΪΨһĴ
˵ǡѹҲѹӢȺš̶˾Ӣ
㣬ɡѡЩˡֻܱΩǴӣҲ[]Ͷ
ӵͳߡĳЩƻӵġѹԵġ̬ͳߡ

      ҳʱһЩƼźƶײкܸ
λ;õλ()ʵʺ͵ľӢûʲôǿ
ӦóϾӢıǼලҲǵĹ׸رͶ
֣ʵӦе֡äĿǿƽʵϿܻ
ԾӢļලƺ⡣ǵľӢλ֮ı(桢
λ)ӦýڶᷢչĹ׵ĻϡûξӢû
Ľͽչûйҵײ㣬ûлԾгû
׷֪ʶ˼֪ʶײ㡢ʿûпƼĻ˼ķչ
һᣬһɵ򣬾ӦӦرȨ
ۡ̽֡˼롢ȨƲȨЩȨҪľӢȺ
ĻӦ
      ƺ⣺һں;Ӣ֮--ڽ
ڶԾӢƺ⡣뵱ѡĲƷ[֮]㱻׼֮
ӰھӢ֮䡣ȨǳҪȨų
֧εĸԭ򡣡ļУñƽ
ҪҪʶĴڣ[Ĵ
]ǺõġǻģҲǺõġ

      򣺱õıִΪͻͳľӢҪս
ȡֵģִоӢļֵ
ԱõķݶֵͱġӢλͨ
ʶеľѡǰÿѡƽȨѡǿѪԵԡ
ԭǷƹ㵽أ
      ƽи޶ȡ

      ΪʲôھĽӦƽȺԭ
ƩŲϣڴѧнϵƽȨ(affirmative action)
      ϵġһǸ˵ϣĽƽ
ȵҪ߼ˡȡеŲȥ֮еĲ
ζÿƽȵ㣬Ϊ͵ÿͬıǮƽȵ
ʼǣԼŮȤʵ

      򣺵Ҳһ𣿻ҡ嶼ԼŮȤ
ѡǵļ̳ȨΪʲôհ죿
      Ǳ֮ǡֵشλ̳ǰеȨ
ĶŮֻΪļˡӣŲǹǷܹκ[һ
]еĲƲһǲͬ¡ܵİ취ǰѼ̳еԭ
ʹԼӵ˽춽ɸҺԱġַʽ
˵˽ƫֲͶһԵĴ̫Զ
ԡְǶ춼ͥһƫʹһ
ؿ(E.Burke)¬йܺõͬ("He loves hi
s kind and hated his kindred.")Ϊ¬ļ˽ӷڹ¶Ժ
ųࡣδʵڵ˲пʹ㿴㰮Ķ
ԭǵִ֮ģΪԭõİ취ǹʶǹ
ʶ(the consent of the governed)ӦþһЩʶͶƱʱ㹻
ԣԲǶǵıҪ

      ԭųָ֮˵˽
      ֮Ǿġԭų֮ΪǸԵԭ򣬼
翴Լĺӡκƫжǲȡġ

      ٶ̸һ̸Ϊķʽ
      ʶһչ֮İ취ΪʶԺͷԼ汸(
顢)Ϊ޴ƫͶƱʧ󣬲ѡƱ
ϡƽȨ¼á(affirmativeaction)ߣֻҪѡĹʶǺõ
ͬ⣬ҾúƽЩΪ[ǰֻ]˵֮
Ҳδɡ󲿷ҲΪһˣʹǸ

һԭǳ--ͨһĳȡùʶ(
ɣͳڶ֧ˡƽȨ¼á)

      һɵӢΪҪܵڹʶǣơһ
ܵū۵򵥵ĹʶܻᵼصĽΪӢһЩ
ΪӶ(Ʃ׼ˡ̫)
档һҵЩڲܲһЩаôЩ
ӦáڡѡٳպõĹʶ̱
ܻǿԡڶɵǷӦֻ治ɵᣬ㹻Ŭ
--ϢĴ--ʹĴմﵽĹ
ʶֱָΪԭĸ塣
ģɵͿԻ飬ôڲġⲿ
Իɻ
      ЩǷǳش⡣ǵľֻū۵
ĺģ¹ձҵתͨڶսսܡ
嵹̮ʱǺƽģûбûⲿսڶ
Ͷŷ̬Ȼûиı䡣κθı䶼ǺѵģΪ˲
ûʧܡشʧռͷһۣúƽķʽ
ʵϴӸıĽǶѡҪμɵԭ
ʹ[ɵԭ]ֻĺġرڶ
[Ҫγ]Щ˵ĶǵĶڶŷƺ
ģ嵹Լġڶ(йҲһ)
ġ˵ǵǣϵĹҡһɼ壬
Ƿ˹ʽķŻǽͷϵЩаԵ֮ͽ

      򣺻ص߽⡣йЩ--ʮ
--Ϊڽ岻ܴ˻жУ
˻õġĽ߶ǳжˡǵжȥһ
ɵᡣܷΪΪŵչ̸һ̸
      һĽȥƶ
ɡ(ʵɵĳĴΪǰᡣ)

      ǿƶȨ뾫ӢײĶӦɿʹ
Ӣ˼롢ա﷢Լһ̸̸ر
дЩȨĹϵ
      ҪɣҪеġ֪ʶӦɵķʽ
Ӧõķʽܲͬɶ춴ҲǳҪ[]ʹھ
ǰʹԴ͹šȻҪɣط
ɡ˰(ɷɱ)ȨʹɵľΪɡԡ
ɵĺͲɵһҪ𡣴ȷʵдȤ죬
Զ鲻Ȥ(Ц)ǲΪİˡرǹȨǰ
۶־塣

      ôȨأ
      ΪڲȨ֮ҲһҪϵ
ȨȻʲ׼ľ޴ƸҲƲٵˡһǺ
˽вƲɺҪΪܲͨ
˽ڸϽĹʶġԲȨҪȨ


      빲ʷ۲ͬ⣬ΪƸҵӢģ
ᡣ󲿷˴ЩӢĲƸе档Ļ
ΪʲôҪ˽вƲΪһȨ̶
      Щˣֻʹ֪ıΪܡ
ζչԼͼˣԼļֵʶҪ
ĸ˵ĸ塣ܹԼı㲻ĳضĹ
ʧȥǸ㻹ҵһźҪζ
һض˾

      ЩȨӦ޶𣿵Ƹ̫ʱ(㲻Ϊν̫
еĲƸ)ǷҪĳЩξõƶȰţ練˹
      ԡ˹ǺõģΪĲƸǽ춼
жӰ쾺ĲƸ

      ԾҪֵġгܱ֤ʱȨǷӦø
Ԥ
      ƽȻµľǳҪⷽ治ųԤΪ
õķʽǱ˰ƺŲ˰ơһҪᵽЩҪõ
˵ѡƱҶĳһ̫ġ(ϣ͵Ȼ)

      ڸΪҵıأЩҵת͹ң
Ȩ˺ǵļϵ˴ĲƸͻα֮УԹ
õƽײ·䱻ȡеĲƲΪһ̶
ģĲƽִ¢ϡؽ˾жҲ
ù֣ȡõĲƸǿƸľƽ塣
зǣ߼зչνƣʵʻȨͲƸ
¹
      ѾҲ˹ʹ--Ƹ--ʹΪƶ
ʵ㲻ƸǱضЩ˻ӵвƸȻ໥
ŻӵУһźãرǱӵкáѾ㹻ľ
ѵóۣȸеʱƹܲƸ㡣Ϊƹܲ
ľҪٵö࣬ǱʱҸȨ(򣺿Ǵҵ
͵)ԣȱԡܵƸһ̶ȵĲƽǺõģֻҪ
ϾĴڡ
      һĽвΪ⼸ǲɱġ
ǿһ㡣ԲƲûΪʱҲУЩӢ֮ӵ
˼ô⣬Ϊúȶİ취Ӧǽ
гƣЩƽĲƲĹҵ
Ҫһ˵ʱ䡣ȻûߺгҲԻʹá

      ΪڱϾǰ֮²ƸĲƽȱ֮Դ
Ʋáԭʲô
      ˹ʹ˵ķʽѾִһѡ

      ǵķʽҲִķ档
      ЩԶʧˣΪǲֹ׷ߵˮƽ
ƷֻҪߵˮƽ׷Ŀ꣬ʾӾúԭ
棬㶼Ӧñ־

      ǷӦ޶ȣ
      ԭϽҲֶ֧޶ȡҲԸ⿴˶ɫ
()ĳ޶ȵĹͬʱַɡ()
ҪΪɶһЩĶһͻĶܡ

      ǡҪа񡱡
      һЩʵĽʽ(رڲʿ١սļԺ
ٵķ(zoninglawinNewYork)ȡ)[ĳЩ]ս
ɵȨ

      ɵȨʱγһʲô۶Ǻġ
      һĻսЩ֪ʶҪĵ¹
ɵĺߺɫγߡȻԼɫ
ͬ(smile on)ɫҵǷɫ鷨ųԭ--Щ֪ʶӲ֧[
෨]֪ʶӿʼصȫĽǶȣ[]ͿԸı䡣ֻҪ
Ȼɿӳ棬ζŴӵнų(liberat
ion mean liberation from morality)[]Ѹı䡣

      ⷢڽ
      ڷڼֺܶɫǸȤ

      ҵĽһִκα߽ɫҵȻԣֻ
˵С⡣ҪͳͳĻͳ档ÿ˶Գ
Ϊɵĳˡ
      ǵģǸָķʹߡ

      ΪⷽҪ׵ġҪǣһּ
һֱص֪̬ȵȷֳһ̬
ѡȨȻӦÿˣԭÿ¡Ȩ
̳СȨ˼ִݱĸⲢζŴԭԶ
ÿһ--ȨȨԶ(ȨδӤǼ
)һĹ˵ЩҪȡ
ı仯Щ治ˡ˵Ҫĳ̶ֳȵı̬ԭ
ֻЩķ档
      зģǿǲԵġҪ
壬ʹǿô򵥵ǿ(ĳЩ)
ڽǶйһսҪϸ˼ʲôҪ
й෴ѡ[Ȼ䲢Ҫ塣]

      ΪǽӦҲ˵Ϊ
ԷЩκͷƶȰţȨơ
ȡ
      Ϊǿʼʱ;ҪһЩɹҵ

      򣺶ɹҵӦĲƲȨɡ򡢷һ
Ȩ
      ǵģȨҲȨҪƲȨչȨĿռ䡣

      ڷƱ֮µۡƲ빫Ӧ
Ҫ
      ԽԽáʶǰ(Ʃѡ
ҵ)ԽľԽá

      ̸̸ĵͱصľʲôͬ(liber
atarianism)?
      صľ(liberatarians)Ƕġֻ
߲ҪⲻȷΪ[]ͺ϶Ҫ
ߡ˵пάĲ⣬ΪԶ
ͻǿ

      ǰһҵʿ硣ʵϣһ
תҪ
      һɵεġζὨԼǲҪ


      ̸̸޶˹¿ӿµߡʮ޶˹
ġԭλá˱ԵĴڶʵеλú档
ΪΥ˹ʶԭ
      [ָ޶˹]̫壬˹ʶԭ壬
עߡ

      ޶˹ߣԼɶǵ
ʵڸǹܣȷϲ(the joy of being right)
رǵǳɹʱǵõĻر--ִ
      ǰ̸Ǹ춡񡱵Ĺ۵ơȷĶ
ʹԼҰġԼӶΪĹǻġ
ѵسԼıȷ֪ԼΪ׷£ôǿ
õıͲõıֱ֮ģװȫ˽

      򣺳ĳΪΣյ(ԡЦ)Ϊռо
˽ġΪЩ˽԰Ϊã
ƶȻҪͨ˽
      ǰӦúõķʽͶԼ࿼Լ

      ĶУߵڵĶһЩ
ӦͶ룬ЩӦãһᡢƶҪһЩȳ˽Ϊ
ıġ
      һֱСҰڸǵĴġֺıͼһ
Ϊĸȷɹ˳
ԣ()Ȼ˽ġһƵ˽һֺ󡢳ʵͿ
˽ҡⲻǸ¡С΢˽ң׷˽ҡ

      ǿıǵˣྫӢı

˰ѾӢȨȨأҲ˰ɶȨȨ
ά԰˼·Ӣĳֶϵ
ǽķ̸Ͽһ⡣
      ıΪ˽֤ɵ
      лл㡣

      (ֳͮ¼Ͳɷñʼ)
      
      ע
      (1)ά˹ƶǹѧڣϵAmbitionһʣĺҰ
˫˼ͼĻ򱧸
      (2)(Բ)Ϊԭб˵ע͡廰[]༭ʱΪ
ݡͬ