ɡ빲




                                     


1.ɵķչ

      1998ŵѧǡɭ(Amartya Sen)ɵ
չ(Development as Freedom)1999İ׵.ŵ
(Alfred A.Knopf)档һҪдǾѧרҵͨߵ飬ˣ
ֵһߴƼ 
      ɵķչһ˼룬þѧҡŵ(Kenneth
 J.Arrow)ĸǣ÷չڱϣҲɵ
ΪҪȡþ÷չͱΪ۵Ĺ۵㡪ֹ۵񳣳
ðν޼ֵǡɭͨʷ֤ݺϽķ
֤ˣ÷չǻģǻġ
      Ϲ鳤϶ɭڵоɹ̱˵:Ϲķչ
ϣɭڵǺ֪лࡣ
      ɵķչһ鹲366ҳݳΪ12£漰Ȩɡ
г÷չṫ漰˿⡢ʳ⡢⡢
⡢Ů⡢Ļ⣬ȵȡ߽˵ѧѧ;ѧ
һɸӵķһֶشʵ
չоһϵֱײУһ
ִξߵĽǶʵеĽ顣ˣߵⱾ飬ѧߡ
֪ʶӣҶμҡʵʹ߶кܴ档
      ڡɵķչһ߽һ֤һձļֵۡ
Ϊ۵ʵǶʮ͵Ĳʮͣۼǻĳ
ǲʺ⡣˶ʮͣʶⱾһ
󣬲ҪжĳǷƣ෴ұͨƲӦ
Ҫ߼ԶĻΪھܾĹ۵㼴ν
޼ֵǣֹ۵㲢ѧ߶ͣҾרͳ
Լ
      һΪרƱ绤ˣٳӡӣ֤˸֤
ȶ춾÷չǡɭӡˣӡȵ
ϤⱾνӡȵ⡣ָӡʵе
ɹΪʵƣӡһ˿ڶࡢɷּΪ
ӡŶԺͶڽ̵ĹңŵԱ˳ڵĺƽȶӡȵľ
ùȻԴʵȴûзġǡɭΪ
;÷չĹϵǺܸӵģûпŵ֤ݿ֤ר춾÷
չѧ繫ϣҪٽ÷չҪʵпžùгͶ
ͳڣǿȡЩʩìܡ
      ̸˿ʱ߶йǿԼƻߺͶŮ
顣ΪֻҪʵǡľߺĻߣķչ
òŲǿֶΣ˿ڵҲõơӡȵĿ(Keral
a)йգΪйȽϽӽʵ֤ڽͳ
ʷ棬ͬɹûвǿֶΣԱ
ʧัáʵǶ֪й˿ⲢȫȻ
ȻĺͱȻġë󶫡һˣڡټϵľƺ;
ߣ͹Ϲйũʵͳͳũµʳ
ͷ㣬һ˾Ͷһݿڻв£Ӿ
ˡ
      ƽṫǿҹעɭһɫʼ
ѧԺ޴˵ɭϽѧ;ѧĸӶʹشľ
ʱҵ»ɵķչһейڽоø
й塣

2.ģʽ

      Ү³ѧ˼ݴѧʥǸУ(Arend
 Lijphart)дġģʽ(Patterns of Democracy)һ顣
      һййתͺƶȽ˵ʵһǳ
ҪġǳʱĲο顣ϣⱾܾس뱾
      й飬йд˲٣Ҳ˲٣Щй
УĶ࣬ƶȵ٣ڽƶȵ鼮Уһܵ
࣬۵٣оĶ࣬ϵͳȽϵ١ʲôһй
ˣε֪ʶӣʿֻ˵Ȩѡ
Щԭԭ֯ʽ֯ʽƶʽ
ЩģʽͬͻģʽģЩŵЩײ
˾֪úٺˡ⵱ȻҲпԭΪйûо
»ֻȡǣϾֻһ׳ԭһ׾
ƶȺʵĲһת𶯣ƶȵѡճ̡
ǲܵȵӷżҵͼ·ϤͨǱδѡ
      ģʽⱾ飬ǡʮҵʽ
ƶȣȽʽֽ״нܣзϵͳ
ȽϡйȱٵġҲҪġƶȱȽ
Ȩѧ޲ء˵:벻˭ظ
д顣
      ģʽһѡȡʮΪȽϵľ֤:
ô󡢵󡢷¬ɭŲӢĴǡʱ
ձʿ䡢¹ɫС˹
ӡױǡίɴӡ˹ɡͰͶ˹
ϣë˹ӡȡͲ¼ǣԼʮ
Ҷ1977ǰʵжʮʷ
˻㹻ľԱоЩʵĹңϺ
ݿˡϷǵȹûоȽϵĶ
      ģʽһ鹲351ҳֳ17¡ȰƶȷΪʽ
(Westminster Model)ʽ(Consensus Model)ࡣνʽ
ҲɽָȨִҰԣӢ
νʽָɶܷȨߣʿʱ
Ȼᣬ߷ֱƶȡѡƶȡĹϵ뼯Ȩ
˾ڸʽʡһԺԺơ
۾ùȸ棬ʮҵľΪбȽо
ӶΪṩΪֹҲǶ緶Χƶȵ㷺ķ
ڽһƼ˵ʿɫһʽҪӢ
һƸһЩۺ͹ȥеĿһȥеĿ
ΪƸáΪƶͨͺʧҵ
Ʋֵȷ棬ʽȫʽһɹ
ƽȡԼʹ߸ӽѡƫõȷ棬ʽ
øɫ
      ҲνṹĻ֮Ĺϵ⡣һҲȡ
ĳνṹԻƶȣǳĻͳǷ
ĻҲνṹӰ졣߻Ӱ죬Ϊ͸ǣΪ
δйƶȹʱǼҪǵĻͳֿ
Խ
      
3.Ƥ顷

      Ƥ顷Ӣİ(The Black Book of Communism)ˡ1997
11£һͷƤ顷ڹ֪ʶ
ܴ䶯ΪһĹרƵ̱ʽܽᡱ
꣬ĹѧⱾӢİ棬īƺͿ(Jonatha
n MurphyMark Kramer)˺룬ȫ鹲858ҳ
      Ƥ顷صǽ¶µġСֲѹ
ݷΪ岿֣һһĹȨ1953˹
ȥΪֹרѹʷսͿֲ𹲲ʵйؿ
һŷޡܺߣġ޹壬塢
硣ʮһλѧ߷ֱдɡиŶ(Stephane Courtois)д
ĳƪԺͽۡ岿ֻ϶£ǵһ֣
˹ʱרƱ൱ʵһ250ҳһרڵ
֡޹塱дйĲҲн100ҳ׫дйֵѧ
(Jean-Louis Margolin)
      Ƥ顷ݼΪḻֻ߼򵥽й
Ĳ֡
      ойʮ͵
һǧ˵ﻹûаսνꡰսе
1927-31䣬йڽڲϴҲǷAB˶ܺ߶
ʮˣϴ˶˹ָĴϴҪ缸ꡣ1946-49ν
˶У˱ɱйľȨᣬ
Լǧ˱ϡ춷󼢻(1959-61)У
Ƹߴǧǧңⲻйʷϣȫ
ʷ϶ǿǰġ˵йĸ͹רܹ˴Լ
ǧ˵޹ֺ¼УСƽ˵һšһǧ
е족еɡ
      ŷͬͶŷ춹רѾ
Ļܵ£ܹȽ׼ȷػЩܺ
ĸϺ(˱ٺûм¼֮)йڹרͳ֮
£йµУȻЩҲ¶Ͼܲ
֣ھͻûбȽ׼ȷͳơϢԴ֤ʵĸ
䵣ĴʡίεŹĴڴ󼢻ж˰˰ˡ
˵йڴ󼢻жͺܿܳǧ
      ʣйµУë󶫸ΣرǴ
ĺĸȫëһָġûë󶫣û󼢻ģû
ĸĽۣҲоߵĹͬۡ
      Ƥ顷ʮֳأйˡĹȻ
Ҳ˹ѣƵ˹רƣ˱У
йרڼڶʵѹȺרƱûеõӦ
е㣬ڼΪΰˣľǡǾйʷ
ڰֲʱֱ죬Ϊ֤ߣûΪ³
ֵ֤ʡһ֪йˣӦΪԼΪǧ
ǧߣΪǵ

4.һ̡

      ˶ԡչҵۡ˵ġ
ָƶȵĸı䣬ںܶָñʽν
롰֮ν롰ƽԡǱ֮ͱˡ
һڵﾳеĴź塣
      ȻǲӦǣʮǰй˵Ŀһ
źͽܲͬ塣һרָƶȵĸı䣬Ҳһͱֶϵ
Ʃ硰ָһеġȻͲ˼
      ڵ꣬ĺҪḻö࣬Ҳͳöࡣʱһ
ʥۣҲһ˷ħۡڵӰסô
ѽ˼θλѶԸҲֻһ֪⡪ͶԸ
֮·ˡȥϼУ˹עСͷ˵
һӡĺӰĵġľᣬһʸǷ
£еһж˸ΪΪЩڸָ
бϡɱˣʮ֮˾ҲǶܸ
Ը־֤Լǡġ
      ڵ꣬һʵĺ弫㣬󡣸ֶΣҲĿģ
ڣҲδ޵Ŀ꣬Ҳ׷Ǿ壬Ҳǳҵ
ҲƷʣǼƻҲǾۣҲʵʷҲ
壬ԣҲǼ飬ǿ͹۹ɣҲ־ǹҲǹ
˵ڽ̣һ׵ڽ̣ڽ̻˸һڵ
Ŀеȫ壬Ǿ˵ǡǲһڹ
ȥʮݱ䣬ǾͲȥʮʷ
      ķʷѧҸߡ(Francois Furet)1995ˡһ
̡һ顣޴죬ʮ֡ȥ꣬
1999꣬ⱾӢ뱾The Passing of an Illusion֥Ӹѧ
棬ߵ׵²(Deborah Furet߱1997
ȥ)
      һ̡һ鹲596ҳݷΪ12£һǰһǡ
Ȿ⣬ĸʾʮ͵Ĺ
Ҳ˵ǴĽǶȫ淴˼ʮ͵Ĺʷ
      ζǣⱾ飬ȴǴӹʼ
Ƚһ¡ļ顱ǽ⵱Ȼ
Ϊ߱оʷרҡȽΪΪ
ĹǺͶʮ¸һֹ߳
Ͷкܴ𣬱˵ǵʶ̬ܲͬڹ
棬֪һ񱡹ţǰʷǰĸӢ
ĹٸúܵͣΨԷߣȻν
ʲ׼ΪΨзס˼Ͱѷ
ĵ͡෴һЩ˼ң簢أϰӢٸ
ĵ͡
      ˳㽲һʻԣ˵
ɡһʣȻ֮岻ͬӦʻ㡣
һʻκ壬ڵʱ
Ҫָ̻ĸĸһʳӢУʮͿʱָ
⿴ȥ͸һĺ෴ʵȻ֪
REVOLUTIONһԲ˶ѭ֮⣬Ҳܶʼ˼صԭ
㣬ɴ˿ɼ븴ٻ˵뷴˵ɸȷ
ĸһ˵ԽᣬԽָͷʼ˼
ƴþ磬ǰδеᣬʷ¼Ԫ
ҽ»죬İɽذš˰ʷظӰĽ
ճƽӹԿٵصĴ֮У춰˷񡢷
۵λá֮Ҳ
      ָڷͶ֮䣬ȷʵһͨ;
Ǿ׷Ƶڳ嶯ǸĳΪߵһ
ԼӷӸĳ֣ȥȥ⹲ȷǷ
Եġ
      ߽һսһ壬
ͷ˹壬ڶսɹֿ˹
壬սսĽ˥Ȼص棬
ʶ̬ʣȽ˹뷨˹ͬ
а֮ĹϵʱһŹ壬ΪˣԹ
˵
      Ϊǹˣ߶ԹΪʲôҲԼ
ΪڶྫӢں̶ܴϻһ˹
Զǲʱʵʲ׼
ʲ׼ƶֻʣǮһڵνɡ˼
͸֡ѧֵúԣЩѾ᲻ʲôִ
ƶȵƶȷǾǷʱ壬ʲ׼
˷ִִԡ
      ΪʧҲаʧܣôǷζа
ս?Ƿζţڼеƶ֮⣬Ҳûбѡ?
ǷӴ˾ʧȥ˸?һϣĹ۵λдʷ
սᡷ߸ɽȽϽӽֻ˽ʱȽɣЩȻʧ

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һ