  


  Ʒ˹ (Leszek Kolakowski)


      ʮĴɼ֪ʶӣΪԼӵһԺյľ
еԺǿ[1][2]ά[3]¿ķ[4]
ʿ[5]Фܿά[6]ն᯺Ȼձǣ
ʵߣϸϵߡͨǱ
˾ؽֹعΪ˱ȺΡֻ̣Ϊ
ӱԼ

      һҪӰ졣רƶȵԸߣȻ
˻ճܵΣպͱˣȴ޷ĳ
־ȸСȻĳֺ첻״ǲɱģǲڱ
֮仮һѸٶȷĽޡ˹̹˹[7
]ϣͳµĵ¹ļӶ[8]ͳµά˹[9]
һ޳ɡһ棬ס߲ˣͳԸ͵
ȴΡȺ߹ܾ뿪Լ˭˵
ǲԣٺͲƷ˹(Bukovsky)ȴϳԼ
ʮ¸᲻ñֹعٶ֪ʶ߹ıҵ
·ನŽṤṩȡɵĻᣬǾܾ
ЩٴΣ˿ܲҲ뿪˽ݿ˹工
[10]뿪˲ǽԼľִѧά
ϣ(Herbert)ҲˡӦøмЩˡʿ¡
ɲƷ[11]С˵Լ[12]˹[13]˹[14]Ʒ
˶Ⱥȴܲƶͳ
һı׼бʲôũʵֵĻһָΪȡ
ѡ

      һᵽĳλ֪ʶӡǾȻȻؼٶĳַʽ
רͳΪĳЩҪ棬ʹǱȵҲ
ѡΪȡ춷ԱһֶصĹƶȣʹ
ߴ˫ӵľأ뿪Լļ԰ֺ͹ȥһͬһѹ
ƶȵͳΡȻطһűҳ̶ȵĲǿ
ȽһϣڿǺͰµţ޷ڸ߶ǵš
ŵ㩤ɣȱ㩤뿪Խ
ϰȵȣһĿȻġͲ̫ҵԵĴ𰸣
һӳ̶ȽСĻ£ʹ߻ڱľδŵԽ


      Ҳо͵ߩ̫˵ķƱõ
ѰҴ𰸡̫Ҫס̫ͨһɸʽͽɵ
Դ͸Լ(ǵĸɷʹǵ棬һ
ϵ̫˲ͽȴ̫˵ϰףЩϰʹ̫
˾סһ𣬱Լܻ̻ͬ)мͿܲܳġľ
¾[15]оߺ̫䡣
ĻԸġڵϣǳ񣬵
̫ȴˡǿرԼеıӻеʧ
ȥĳ̶ֳ϶ͽĻ޶ԡһϵ̫̹
[16]ͽԣ۾סڻɳϺǲŵ˹˹Ļ
ûʲôЯıأά侫
һΧ̫ǽνĽ(šһмֵĴʻ
˫)̫˾Ծ˵ٶȺǿĲŷ޵ľ硣
Щˣ˼ºͰ˹̹Ϊʵߣǧ
̫˳Ϊ򩤩ѧѧơѧȩľӢ
ƺǴӼ״̬ٶΪִϵߡǶô
Ŭǲ(ٶд˶)ȫɥʧԭݶȫͬ
ȻΪߡֲȷĵλȱ
ȷݵ״̬ʹǱЩ춼̳жȻе˿Ķ
ʡ˵൱̶ϣ̫˻Իͳɾ͵ԭǡ
ǡǷ̫(ֻҪԶұֳַ̫)Ϊ
(Ƿˡˡ˹˻ߵ¹)̫˴ﵽϺ֪ʶ
ϰȫλͨ·Ӷʹ̫˴һԹߵԽλ

      ֪Թߵĵλṩ˻ȡ֪ʶԽԡοܿ
˿ΪЩѾɵճɲ(ǲɵ
һλοпά[17])ʥ̫˻ǻͽ
ȻӱܵˡԽһָڽ̵ĺģ
ڽĺģĳַʽءڽ̲̽ص
Ϣǣǵļ԰ڱ𴦡Ȼ֪ϢٴֽȻ
ͬĽ͡һʵ磬ԼΪʵʵ
ܲҺͿѣǷ̽徭ŵĹ۵㡣һֽǣͨ
۵ĵ·ϣΪṩ˿õĸᡣֽ̫-
֮Сڻʷϣȫʣӳֵ
һֱԵ󡣻̹ĺĹܽ£ǧ
Լ֮УʱĺôĿ꣬ȻԵĺʹģ
ȻʵģǵְǣȻҪȥǱ񶨵


      ѧû˵԰ȣʹǵֿסջ
ǣ֪ƶҲѧ԰֪ʶܳˣԶ
֪ࡪһдԵࡣԭ
аĿѺͷգʹ밲ȫ룬ǾΣա
սͿѣӶ춨ڵıҪԴ춲ȫУԴĳ
Դ޼ҿɹ顣

      ѧȫʵͽһʵ
塢Ȼ塢Ψ塢ѧͽ;ѧҲԳһ
ʵָһصϵۺгദĵ·Ǻڸİ취
һʵǵĴԸı䣬ʹֹ廳δڹ
á͵Ĵѧɹرһ۵ĹӶ¶˶
ɬʵ

      ̹״˵չӦ춵ڶٴ
͵Ĵ磬˹ŵɯ˵ǾĴ
۰̫˴԰иϵ˹ִ̹Ӱ˹̹ٱ
𵽺ķ˹ص˹ŵɯֵ̫κ
ȿԵһֲңҲԿһսԽΪɥͱ
ҲԳΪļԼԴȪǿ԰ѧϰ￴һѶΪ
֮£ҲԽȥ̲صĶصġɷѧأһ
زǵĽҿԷḻǵ˼롣ǿ߹
뱾˹Ķ֮Уһ־࣬д
໥ġʷϣӱȱȽǡҲ֪Ƿרо
ŷʷϸʽۼ˵ĻĻܡȻ
ʣûڶڽ̻ԭɵû
Щߺŷ޵֪ʶɾͺɾͽڴһ磬Ӣ
ͺĺŵɽͽ(Huguenots)ʮ°ҶڵʱܿݵĲѰұӻ
̼˷Ӻһλɻͽ(Unitarians)ʮ°
ŷĲһλɻͽ˶ĳߣǰ뵺
̫ˣԼԹͳεŷͶŷҵЩˣż
õлĻӭ״£˹ףʱ
Ǿ޴ĹסԵ۹֪ʶ˾޴Ӱ죬˵
һаӰ죬˭֪սأ

      ԸԸ⣬Ǳϵһʵǣһ
ʱʱߵʱʱЩߺᴩ½
Լ԰ļůԼ꣬Ǿļ԰ļ԰ʥ
ļ԰ǵļ԰ʵļ԰еļ԰׵޼ҿɹ
ܣڵȫ롣׵ǿܵ˹
[18]дʰǿǷԼָջش˵
ǳԼҲƵ˵ǶԼԭ
ƫĵҳϻȤ˵жʵԣǳֵûɡ

    ЩרͳΣ߱Լ⣬һЩҵ
û뿪ԼءȻǾбݣܵ
ƣӶ˹ȨŷͶŷҵڵ(ϣ
ʱ)Щҵ񵱼ȴоԼ
ڵĹҲԼػ֮䷢룬ʹЩ
һְ״̬ģλЩʹɥʧ˵λĹңʵ
Ҫ鹹䣬ᴦ춱ͳελļ䡣
Ŀŷ޵һѾˣŷ޵һأ
ȫ񶼽Լڵİ״̬ѵϵĳֲп
ʽǣ𣿼ʹϵӦҲʧΪһ
ѡ

------------------------------------
  ע

      [1]ǿ(Anaxagolasǰ500?-ǰ428)ϣѧңԼ
ѧ˵ΣƾСϸǵİǡ
      [2](Empedoclesǰ490?-ǰ430)ϣѧңμңʫˡ

      [3]ά(Ovidǰ43-Ԫ17?)ʫˣ׳ǡ
      [4]¿ķ(Occam1285-1349)ӢѧҺ;Ժѧң򷴶Խ
ʶͿ̼Ļڡ
      [5]ܿά(1798-1855)ʫˡ
      [6]ʿ(Hobbes)(1588-1679)Ӣѧңѧң򷴶Թ
ʮһꡣ
      [7]˹(Thomas Mann1875-1955)¹С˵ң1929ŵ
ѧ1933걻⣬
      [8]ļӶ(Chagall)(1887-1985)̫ңƾӷ
      [9]ά˹(Vitebsk)׶˹һС
      [10](Czeslaw Milosz1911-)ʫˡҡң1961ƾ
1980ŵѧ
      [11]ɰͿƷ(Nabokov)(1899-1977)С˵ңС

      [12](Joseph Conrad1857-1924)ӢС˵ҡ
      [13]˹(Ionesco1909-1994)ǳķϷңĵ
ʼˣ1922صǣ1939ַط
      [14]˹(Koestler1905-1983)ӢС˵ҡ
      [15]ľ¾(Talmud)̵̫ĽʥҪ䡣
      [16](Hassid)ʮ춲һ̫̽ɡ
      [17]пά(Alexis de Tocqueville1805-1859)μңʷѧ
ҡ
      [18]˹(Diogenes LaertiusԪͣ)ϣʷѧҡ
      (ԭ19851011׶̩ʿѧ롣עΪ)
